1
|
Gielen E, Aldvén M, Kanis JA, Borgström F, Senior E, Willems D. Cost-effectiveness of romosozumab for the treatment of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis at high risk of fracture in Belgium. Osteoporos Int 2024:10.1007/s00198-024-07043-2. [PMID: 38565690 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-024-07043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of sequential treatment with romosozumab-to-alendronate compared to alendronate monotherapy and teriparatide-to-alendronate, in postmenopausal osteoporotic women from a Belgian healthcare perspective. Romosozumab-to-alendronate was found to be cost-effective compared to alendronate monotherapy and dominant compared to teriparatide-to-alendronate for osteoporotic women at high risk of fracture in Belgium. PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of sequential treatment with romosozumab followed by alendronate compared to alendronate monotherapy and teriparatide followed by alendronate, in postmenopausal osteoporotic women at high risk of fracture, from a Belgian healthcare perspective. Romosozumab is reimbursed in Belgium since December 2021. METHODS A Markov microsimulation model was used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of romosozumab-to-alendronate compared to alendronate monotherapy and to teriparatide-to-alendronate over a lifetime horizon. Patients transition between five different health states every 6 months based on fracture risks or death. The model was populated with Belgium-specific epidemiological and cost data, where available. The fracture risk reduction of romosozumab treatment was collated from the ARCH study, and from a published network meta-analysis. Costs were included from a healthcare perspective (NIHDI). Cost-effectiveness was reported in terms of costs per quality-adjusted life year (QALY), reported in Euro (€) 2022. Deterministic (DSA) and probabilistic sensitivity analyses (PSA) were performed. RESULTS Romosozumab-to-alendronate was associated with 0.12 additional QALYs at an additional cost of €2314 compared to alendronate monotherapy, resulting in an ICER of €19,978. Compared to teriparatide-to-alendronate, romosozumab-to-alendronate was found to be dominant, with higher QALYs and lower costs. The base-case results were robust to uncertainty in the input parameters when conducting the sensitivity analysis. CONCLUSION Sequential treatment with romosozumab followed by alendronate was found to be cost-effective compared to alendronate monotherapy and dominant compared to teriparatide followed by alendronate for postmenopausal women with osteoporosis at high risk of fracture in Belgium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Gielen
- Department of Geriatrics, UZ Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
- Geriatrics & Gerontology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | | | - John A Kanis
- University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Mary MacKillop Health Institute, Catholic University of Australia, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Han YX, Mo YY, Wu HX, Iqbal J, Cai JM, Li L, Bu YH, Xiao F, Jiang HL, Wen Y, Zhou HD. Safety and efficacy of sequential treatments for postmenopausal osteoporosis: a network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. EClinicalMedicine 2024; 68:102425. [PMID: 38312239 PMCID: PMC10835219 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The sequential anti-osteoporotic treatment for women with postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) is important, but the order in which different types of drugs are used is confusing and controversial. Therefore, we performed a network meta-analysis to compare the efficacy and safety of available sequential treatments to explore the most efficacious strategy for long-term management of osteoporosis. Methods In this network meta-analysis, we searched the PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to September 19, 2023 to identify randomised controlled trials comparing sequential treatments for women with PMO. The identified trials were screened by reading the title and abstract, and only randomised clinical trials involving sequential anti-osteoporotic treatments and reported relevant outcomes for PMO were included. The main outcomes included vertebral fracture risk, the percentage change in bone mineral density (BMD) in different body parts, and all safety indicators in the stage after switching treatment. A frequentist network meta-analysis was performed using the multivariate random effects method and evaluated using the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA). Certainty of evidence was assessed using the Confidence in the Network Meta-Analysis (CINeMA) framework. This study is registered with PROSPERO: CRD42022360236. Findings A total of 19 trials comprising 18,416 participants were included in the study. Five different sequential treatments were investigated as the main interventions and compared to the corresponding control groups. The intervention groups in this study comprised the following treatment switch protocols: switching from an anabolic agent (AB) to an anti-resorptive agent (AR) (ABtAR), transitioning from one AR to another AR (ARtAAR), shifting from an AR to an AB (ARtAB), switching from an AB to a combined treatment of AB and AR (ABtC), and transitioning from an AR to a combined treatment (ARtC). A significant reduction in the incidence of vertebral fractures was observed in ARtC, ABtAR and ARtAB in the second stage, and ARtC had the lowest incidence with 81.5% SUCRA. ARtAAR and ABtAR were two effective strategies for preventing fractures and improving BMD in other body parts. Especially, ARtAAR could improve total hip BMD with the highest 96.1% SUCRA, and ABtAR could decrease the risk of total fractures with the highest 94.3% SUCRA. Almost no difference was observed in safety outcomes in other comparisons. Interpretation Our findings suggested that the ARtAAR and ABtAR strategy are the effective and safe sequential treatment for preventing fracture and improving BMD for PMO. ARtC is more effective in preventing vertebral fractures. Funding The National Natural Science Foundation of China (82170900, 81970762), the Hunan Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and the Hunan Province High-level Health Talents "225" Project.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xin Han
- National Clinical Research Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Metabolic Bone Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yu-Yao Mo
- National Clinical Research Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Metabolic Bone Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hui-Xuan Wu
- National Clinical Research Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Metabolic Bone Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Junaid Iqbal
- National Clinical Research Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Metabolic Bone Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jun-Min Cai
- National Clinical Research Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Metabolic Bone Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Long Li
- National Clinical Research Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Metabolic Bone Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yan-Hong Bu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fen Xiao
- National Clinical Research Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Metabolic Bone Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hong-Li Jiang
- National Clinical Research Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Metabolic Bone Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Wen
- National Clinical Research Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Metabolic Bone Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hou-De Zhou
- National Clinical Research Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Metabolic Bone Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hiligsmann M, Silverman SL, Singer AJ, Pearman L, Wang Y, Caminis J, Reginster JY. Comparison of the cost-effectiveness of sequential treatment with abaloparatide in US men and women at very high risk of fractures. Aging Clin Exp Res 2024; 36:14. [PMID: 38289413 PMCID: PMC10827834 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-023-02682-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoporotic-related fractures represent an increasing burden to patients, health care systems and society. AIMS This study estimated cost-effectiveness of sequential treatment with abaloparatide (ABL) followed by alendronate (ALN) compared to relevant alternative strategies in US men and women aged 50 to 80 years at very high fracture risk (bone mineral density T-score ≤ - 2.5 and a recent fracture). METHODS A lifetime Markov-based microsimulation model was used to estimate healthcare costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Comparators were sequential treatment with unbranded teriparatide (TPTD)/ALN, generic ALN monotherapy, and no treatment. Analyses were conducted based on initial fracture site (hip, vertebral, or any fracture) and treatment efficacy data (derived from clinical trials or a recent network meta-analysis). RESULTS From all analyses completed, sequential ABL/ALN demonstrated more QALYs for lower healthcare costs versus unbranded TPTD/ALN. No treatment was dominated (higher costs for less QALYs) versus ALN monotherapy. Sequential ABL/ALN resulted in favorable cost-effectiveness (at US threshold of $150,000/QALY) versus generic ALN monotherapy in men aged ≥ 50 years with any fracture type, women aged ≥ 65 years with any fracture type, and women aged ≥ 55 years having a hip or vertebral fracture. DISCUSSION Similar cost-effectiveness of sequential ABL/ALN versus unbranded TPTD/ALN, ALN monotherapy, and no treatment was observed in both US men and women at very high fracture risk, with a moderate improvement in cost-effectiveness in men versus women and in patients with a hip or vertebral fracture. CONCLUSIONS Sequential therapy with ABL/ALN was cost-effective in US men and women at very high risk of fractures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mickael Hiligsmann
- Department of Health Services Research, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Stuart L Silverman
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles and the OMC Clinical Research Center, Beverly Hills, CA, USA
| | - Andrea J Singer
- MedStar Georgetown University Hospital and Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Yves Reginster
- Division of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Epidemiology of Musculoskeletal Health and Aging, Liège, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Guan H, Wang W, Jiang Z, Zhang B, Ye Z, Zheng J, Chen W, Liao Y, Zhang Y. Magnetic Aggregation-Induced Bone-Targeting Nanocarrier with Effects of Piezo1 Activation and Osteogenic-Angiogenic Coupling for Osteoporotic Bone Repair. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2312081. [PMID: 38102981 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis, characterized by an imbalance in bone homeostasis, is a global health concern. Bone defects are difficult to heal in patients with osteoporosis. Classical drug treatments for osteoporotic bone defects have unsatisfactory efficacy owing to side effects and imprecise delivery problems. In this study, a magnetic aggregation-induced bone-targeting poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid, PLGA)-based nanocarrier (ZOL-PLGA@Yoda1/SPIO) is synthesized to realize dual-targeted delivery and precise Piezo1-activated therapy for osteoporotic bone defects. Piezo1 is an important mechanotransducer that plays a key role in regulating bone homeostasis. To achieve dual-targeting properties, ZOL-PLGA@Yoda1/SPIO is fabricated using zoledronate (ZOL)-decorated PLGA, superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO), and Piezo1-activated molecule Yoda1 via the emulsion solvent diffusion method. Bone-targeting molecular mediation and magnetic aggregation-induced properties can jointly and effectively achieve precise delivery to localized bone defects. Moreover, Yoda1 loading enables targeted and efficient mimicking of mechanical signals and activation of Piezo1. Experiments in vivo and in vitro demonstrate that ZOL-PLGA@Yoda1/SPIO can activate Piezo1 in bone defect areas of osteoporotic mice, improve osteogenesis through YAP/β-catenin signaling axis, promote a well-coordinated osteogenesis-angiogenesis coupling, and significantly accelerate bone reconstruction within the defects without noticeable side effects. Overall, this novel dual-targeting nanocarrier provides a potentially effective strategy for the clinical treatment of osteoporotic bone defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Guan
- The School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Infectious Diseases, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, China
| | - Zichao Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Boyu Zhang
- The School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
| | - Zhipeng Ye
- The School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
| | - Judun Zheng
- Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Infectious Diseases, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
- Orthopaedic Research Institute of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Yuhui Liao
- Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Infectious Diseases, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, China
| | - Yingze Zhang
- The School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
- Orthopaedic Research Institute of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao J, Zhou G, Yang J, Pan J, Sha B, Luo M, Yang W, Liu J, Zeng L. Effects of resveratrol in an animal model of osteoporosis: a meta-analysis of preclinical evidence. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1234756. [PMID: 37575330 PMCID: PMC10414791 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1234756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol compound that is widely present in herbal medicines such as Reynoutria japonica Houtt., Veratrum nigrum L., and Catsiatora Linn and is used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat metabolic bone deseases. Animal experiments have shown that resveratrol may have a strong treatment effect against osteoporosis (OP). The purpose of this study was to explore the efficacy of resveratrol in treating OP animal models based on preclinical research data. Methods This study was completed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We searched the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases from inception to May 8, 2023, to identify animal experiments on the treatment of OP with resveratrol. The effect sizes of bone mineral density (BMD), parameters of micro-CT, serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin were expressed as the mean differences (MDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RevMan 5.4 software was used for data analysis. Results This meta-analysis included a total of 15 animal experiments, including 438 OP rats. The meta-analysis results showed that compared with the control group, resveratrol (<10, 10-25, 40-50, ≥ 60 mg/kg/day) significantly increased femoral and lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) in OP rats (p < 0.05). Resveratrol (<10 mg/kg/day) significantly increased the BMD of the total body (MD = 0.01, 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.01, p < 0.001). In terms of improving the parameters related to micro-CT, resveratrol (40-50 mg/kg/day) can increase trabecular thickness and trabecular number and reduce trabecular spacing (p < 0.05). Compared with the control group, resveratrol can reduce the concentration of calcium and phosphorus in serum but has no significant effect on serum ALP and osteocalcin (p > 0.05). The results of subgroup analysis showed that resveratrol increased the whole-body BMD of SD rats (p = 0.002) but did not improve the whole-body BMD of 3-month-old rats (p = 0.17). Conclusion Resveratrol can increase BMD in OP rat models, and its mechanism of action may be related to improving bone microstructure and regulating calcium and phosphorus metabolism. The clinical efficacy of resveratrol in the treatment of OP deserves further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Zhao
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The Research Team on Bone and Joint Degeneration and Injury of Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanghui Zhou
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junzheng Yang
- The Fifth Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianke Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bangxin Sha
- The Fifth Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minghui Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiyi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Liu
- The Research Team on Bone and Joint Degeneration and Injury of Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- The Fifth Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Second Chinese Medicine Hospital (Guangdong Province Enginering Technology Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingfeng Zeng
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The Research Team on Bone and Joint Degeneration and Injury of Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hiligsmann M, Silverman SS, Singer AJ, Pearman L, Mathew J, Wang Y, Caminis J, Reginster JY. Cost-Effectiveness of Sequential Abaloparatide/Alendronate in Men at High Risk of Fractures in the United States. PHARMACOECONOMICS 2023; 41:819-830. [PMID: 37086385 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-023-01270-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Abaloparatide (ABL) significantly increases bone mineral density in men with osteoporosis similar to what was reported in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. The cost effectiveness of sequential treatment with ABL followed by alendronate (ALN) in men at high fracture risk was compared to relevant alternative treatments. METHODS A Markov-based microsimulation model based on a lifetime US healthcare decision maker perspective was developed to evaluate the cost (expressed in US$2021) per quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained of sequential ABL/ALN. Comparators were sequential treatment unbranded teriparatide (TPTD)/ALN, generic ALN monotherapy, and no treatment. Discount rates of 3% were used. Consistent with practice guidelines, patients received 18 months of ABL or TPTD followed by ALN for 5 years, or 5 years of ALN monotherapy. Analyses were conducted in high-risk men aged over 50 years defined as having a bone mineral density T-score ≤-2.5 and a recent fracture. Time-specific risk of subsequent fracture after a recent fracture, incremental costs up to 5 years following fractures, real-world medication adherence, and mostly US men-specific data were included in the model. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the robustness of results. RESULTS Over the full age range, sequential ABL/ALN led to more QALYs for lower costs than sequential unbranded TPTD/ALN, while no treatment was dominated (more QALYs, lower costs) by ALN monotherapy. The costs per QALY gained of sequential ABL/ALN were lower than the US threshold of US$150,000 versus generic ALN monotherapy. The probabilities that sequential ABL/ALN was cost effective compared to ALN monotherapy were estimated at 51% in men aged 50 years and between 88 and 90% in those aged ≥ 60 years. CONCLUSIONS Sequential therapy using ABL/ALN may be cost effective compared with generic ALN monotherapy in US men aged ≥ 50 years at high fracture risk, especially in those aged ≥ 60 years. Unbranded TPTD/ALN and no treatment were dominated interventions (less QALY, more costs) compared with ABL/ALN or ALN monotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Hiligsmann
- Department of Health Services Research, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Stuart S Silverman
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles and the OMC Clinical Research Center, Beverly Hills, CA, USA
| | - Andrea J Singer
- MedStar Georgetown University Hospital and Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jean-Yves Reginster
- Division of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|