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Kröger P, Shanmugaratnam S, Scheib U, Höcker B. Fine-tuning spermidine binding modes in the putrescine binding protein PotF. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101419. [PMID: 34801550 PMCID: PMC8666671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A profound understanding of the molecular interactions between receptors and ligands is important throughout diverse research, such as protein design, drug discovery, or neuroscience. What determines specificity and how do proteins discriminate against similar ligands? In this study, we analyzed factors that determine binding in two homologs belonging to the well-known superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins, PotF and PotD. Building on a previously designed construct, modes of polyamine binding were swapped. This change of specificity was approached by analyzing local differences in the binding pocket as well as overall conformational changes in the protein. Throughout the study, protein variants were generated and characterized structurally and thermodynamically, leading to a specificity swap and improvement in affinity. This dataset not only enriches our knowledge applicable to rational protein design but also our results can further lay groundwork for engineering of specific biosensors as well as help to explain the adaptability of pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Kröger
- Department for Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sooruban Shanmugaratnam
- Department for Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Scheib
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birte Höcker
- Department for Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany.
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Dai K, Yang Z, Ma X, Chang YF, Cao S, Zhao Q, Huang X, Wu R, Huang Y, Xia J, Yan Q, Han X, Ma X, Wen X, Wen Y. Deletion of Polyamine Transport Protein PotD Exacerbates Virulence in Glaesserella (Haemophilus) parasuis in the Form of Non-biofilm-generated Bacteria in a Murine Acute Infection Model. Virulence 2021; 12:520-546. [PMID: 33525975 PMCID: PMC7872090 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1878673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are small, polycationic molecules with a hydrocarbon backbone and multiple amino groups required for optimal cell growth. The potD gene, belonging to the ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transport system potABCD, encodes the bacterial substrate-binding subunit of the polyamine transport system, playing a pivotal role in bacterial metabolism and growth. The swine pathogen Glaesserella parasuis possesses an intact pot operon, and the studies presented here mainly examined the involvement of PotD in Glaesserella pathogenesis. A potD-deficient mutant was constructed using a virulent G. parasuis strain SC1401 by natural transformation; immuno-electron microscopy was used to identify the subcellular location of native PotD protein; an electron microscope was adopted to inspect biofilm and bacterial morphology; immunofluorescence technique was employed to study cellular adhesion, the levels of inflammation and apoptosis. The TSA++-pre-cultured mutant strain showed a significantly reduced adhesion capacity to PK-15 and MLE-12 cells. Likewise, we also found attenuation in virulence using murine models focusing on the clinical sign, H&E, and IFA for inflammation and apoptosis. However, when the mutant was grown in TSB++, virulence recovered to normal levels, along with a high level of radical oxygen species formation in the host. The expression of PotD could actively stimulate the production of ROS in Raw 264.7. Our data suggested that PotD from G. parasuis has a high binding potential to polyamine, and is essential for the full bacterial virulence within mouse models. However, the virulence of the potD mutant is highly dependent on its TSA++ culture conditions rather than on biofilm-formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Dai
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ma
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, China
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University , NY, USA
| | - Sanjie Cao
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Xia
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, China
| | - Qigui Yan
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, China
| | - Xinfeng Han
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoping Ma
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, China
| | - Xintian Wen
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, China
| | - Yiping Wen
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, China
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3
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Dai K, Ma X, Yang Z, Chang YF, Cao S, Zhao Q, Huang X, Wu R, Huang Y, Yan Q, Han X, Ma X, Wen X, Wen Y. Polyamine Transport Protein PotD Protects Mice against Haemophilus parasuis and Elevates the Secretion of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines of Macrophage via JNK-MAPK and NF-κB Signal Pathways through TLR4. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040216. [PMID: 31847381 PMCID: PMC6963478 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The potD gene, belonging to the well-conserved ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transport system potABCD, encodes the bacterial substrate-binding subunit of the polyamine transport system. In this study, we found PotD in Haemophilus (Glaesserella) parasuis could actively stimulate both humoral immune and cellular immune responses and elevate lymphocyte proliferation, thus eliciting a Th1-type immune response in a murine immunity and infection model. Stimulation of Raw 264.7 macrophages with PotD validated that Toll-like receptor 4, rather than 2, participated in the positive transcription and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL–1β, IL–6, and TNF–α using qPCR and ELISA. Blocking signal-regulated JNK–MAPK and RelA(p65) pathways significantly decreased PotD-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Overall, we conclude that vaccination of PotD could induce both humoral and cellular immune responses and provide immunoprotection against H. parasuis challenge. The data also suggest that Glaesserella PotD is a novel pro-inflammatory mediator and induces TLR4-dependent pro-inflammatory activity in Raw 264.7 macrophages through JNK–MAPK and RelA(p65) pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (K.D.); (X.M.); (Z.Y.); (S.C.); (Q.Z.); (X.H.); (R.W.); (Y.H.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (X.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaoyu Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (K.D.); (X.M.); (Z.Y.); (S.C.); (Q.Z.); (X.H.); (R.W.); (Y.H.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (X.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Zhen Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (K.D.); (X.M.); (Z.Y.); (S.C.); (Q.Z.); (X.H.); (R.W.); (Y.H.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (X.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 14850, USA
- Correspondence: (Y.-F.C.); (Y.W.); Tel.: +1-607-253-3675 (Y.-F.C.); +86-135-5006-2555 (Y.W.)
| | - Sanjie Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (K.D.); (X.M.); (Z.Y.); (S.C.); (Q.Z.); (X.H.); (R.W.); (Y.H.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (X.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Qin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (K.D.); (X.M.); (Z.Y.); (S.C.); (Q.Z.); (X.H.); (R.W.); (Y.H.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (X.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (K.D.); (X.M.); (Z.Y.); (S.C.); (Q.Z.); (X.H.); (R.W.); (Y.H.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (X.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Rui Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (K.D.); (X.M.); (Z.Y.); (S.C.); (Q.Z.); (X.H.); (R.W.); (Y.H.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (X.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (K.D.); (X.M.); (Z.Y.); (S.C.); (Q.Z.); (X.H.); (R.W.); (Y.H.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (X.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Qigui Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (K.D.); (X.M.); (Z.Y.); (S.C.); (Q.Z.); (X.H.); (R.W.); (Y.H.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (X.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Xinfeng Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (K.D.); (X.M.); (Z.Y.); (S.C.); (Q.Z.); (X.H.); (R.W.); (Y.H.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (X.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaoping Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (K.D.); (X.M.); (Z.Y.); (S.C.); (Q.Z.); (X.H.); (R.W.); (Y.H.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (X.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Xintian Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (K.D.); (X.M.); (Z.Y.); (S.C.); (Q.Z.); (X.H.); (R.W.); (Y.H.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (X.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Yiping Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (K.D.); (X.M.); (Z.Y.); (S.C.); (Q.Z.); (X.H.); (R.W.); (Y.H.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (X.M.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-F.C.); (Y.W.); Tel.: +1-607-253-3675 (Y.-F.C.); +86-135-5006-2555 (Y.W.)
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Yodsang P, Pothipongsa A, Mäenpää P, Incharoensakdi A. Involvement of polyamine binding protein D (PotD) of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 in spermidine uptake and excretion. Curr Microbiol 2014; 69:417-22. [PMID: 24828249 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0605-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The in vivo function of polyamine binding protein D (PotD) in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 for the transport of spermidine was investigated using Synechocystis mutant disrupted in potD gene. The growth rate of potD mutant was similar to that of wild-type when grown in BG11 medium. However, the mutant exhibited severely reduced growth compared to the wild-type when BG11 medium was supplemented with 0.5 mM spermidine. The mutant accumulated a higher spermidine level than the wild-type when grown in the medium with or without spermidine. Transport experiments revealed that the mutant had a reduction in both the uptake and the excretion of spermidine. Moreover, [(14)C]spermidine-loaded wild-type and mutant cells showed a decrease of [(14)C]spermidine excretion when the assay medium contained exogenous spermidine. These data suggest that PotD is involved in both the uptake and the excretion of spermidine in Synechocystis cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panutda Yodsang
- Laboratory of Cyanobacterial Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Nasrallah GK, Abdelhady H, Tompkins NP, Carson KR, Garduño RA. Deletion of potD, encoding a putative spermidine-binding protein, results in a complex phenotype in Legionella pneumophila. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:703-16. [PMID: 24928741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
L. pneumophila is an intracellular pathogen that replicates in a membrane-bound compartment known as the Legionella-containing vacuole (LCV). We previously observed that the polyamine spermidine, produced by host cells or added exogenously, enhances the intracellular growth of L. pneumophila. To study this enhancing effect and determine whether polyamines are used as nutrients, we deleted potD from L. pneumophila strain JR32. The gene potD encodes a spermidine-binding protein that in other bacteria is essential for the function of the PotABCD polyamine transporter. Deletion of potD did not affect L. pneumophila growth in vitro in the presence or absence of spermidine and putrescine, suggesting that PotD plays a redundant or no role in polyamine uptake. However, deletion of potD resulted in a puzzlingly complex phenotype that included defects in L. pneumophila's ability to form filaments, tolerate Na(+), associate with macrophages and amoeba, recruit host vesicles to the LCV, and initiate intracellular growth. Moreover, the ΔpotD mutant was completely unable to grow in L929 cells treated with a pharmacological inhibitor of spermidine synthesis. These complex and disparate effects suggest that the L. pneumophila potD encodes either: (i) a multifunctional protein, (ii) a protein that interacts with, or regulates a, multifunctional protein, or (iii) a protein that contributes (directly or indirectly) to a regulatory network. Protein function studies with the L. pneumophila PotD protein are thus warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gheyath K Nasrallah
- Department of Health Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Hany Abdelhady
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Nicholas P Tompkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Kaitlyn R Carson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Rafael A Garduño
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Medicine - Division of Infectious Diseases, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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PotD protein stimulates biofilm formation by Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Lett 2013; 35:1099-106. [PMID: 23539287 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-013-1184-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In natural environments bacteria often adopt a biofilm-growth mode. PotD is a spermidine/putrescine-binding periplasmic protein belonging to polyamine transport system and we have examined its role during biofilm formation and for planktonic growth in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) strains that either over-express PotD (PotD+), or under-express it (PotDi) and also in a control strain with vector pET26b(+) (PotD0). The three strains displayed similar growth in planktonic growth-mode, but over expression of PotD protein greatly stimulated the formation of biofilms, while less biofilm formed by strain PotDi in comparison to strain PotD0. The expressions of five genes, recA, sfiA, groEL, groES, and gyrA, were increasingly expressed in PotD+ biofilm cells. Thus, PotD is likely to change the rate of polyamine synthesis, which stimulates the expression of SOS genes and biofilm formation.
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Yodsang P, Raksajit W, Brandt AM, Salminen TA, Mäenpää P, Incharoensakdi A. Recombinant polyamine-binding protein of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 specifically binds to and is induced by polyamines. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2011; 76:713-719. [PMID: 21639853 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297911060137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
His-tagged Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 PotD protein (rPotD) involved in polyamine transport was overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The purified rPotD showed saturable binding kinetics with radioactively labeled polyamines. The rPotD exhibited a similar binding characteristic for three polyamines, with putrescine having less preference. The K(d) values for putrescine, spermine, and spermidine were 13.2, 8.3, and 7.8 µM, respectively. Binding of rPotD with polyamines was maximal at pH 8.0. Docking of these polyamines into the homology model of Synechocystis PotD showed that all three polyamines are able to interact with Synechocystis PotD. The binding modes of the docked putrescine and spermidine in Synechocystis are similar to those of PotF and PotD in E. coli, respectively. Competition experiments showed specific binding of rPotD with polyamines. The presence of putrescine and spermidine in the growth medium could induce an increase in PotD contents, suggesting the role of PotD in mediating the transport of polyamine in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Yodsang
- Laboratory of Cyanobacterial Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Jantaro S, Pothipongsa A, Khanthasuwan S, Incharoensakdi A. Short-term UV-B and UV-C radiations preferentially decrease spermidine contents and arginine decarboxylase transcript levels of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Curr Microbiol 2010; 62:420-6. [PMID: 20680281 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-010-9724-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the short term effect of ultraviolet (UV) radiations on changes in pigments and polyamine contents, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 cells after exposure to UV-radiation were extracted by dimethylformamide and perchloric acid for pigments and polyamines determination, respectively. Cell growth was slightly decreased after 1 h exposure to UV-A and UV-B radiations. UV-C had little effect on cell growth despite the decrease of photosynthetic rate by about 18%. UV-A and UV-B decreased the contents of chlorophyll a and carotenoids whereas UV-C decreased chlorophyll a but had no effect on carotenoids. Spermidine contents were unaffected by UV-A, in contrast to the reduction of 25 and 50% by UV-B and UV-C, respectively. All three types of UV-radiation particularly reduced perchloric acid-insoluble spermidine. Importantly, putrescine and spermine which accounted for less than 1% of intracellular polyamines were increased by about three- to eight-fold by UV-B and UV-C, respectively. The changes in polyamines contents by UV-B and UV-C were consistent with the changes in transcript levels of arginine decarboxylase mRNA, but not with the protein levels. The decrease in the transcripts of adc2 but not adc1 was observed with UV-B and UV-C treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saowarath Jantaro
- Laboratory of Cyanobacterial Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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