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Oliveira LA, Sanches MA, Segundo WOPF, Santiago PAL, Lima RQ, Cortez ACA, Souza ÉS, Lima MP, Lima ES, Koolen HHF, Dufossé L, Souza JVB. Exploring colorant production by amazonian filamentous fungi: Stability and applications. J Basic Microbiol 2024; 64:e2300444. [PMID: 38051942 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202300444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the production, stability and applicability of colorants produced by filamentous fungi isolated from soil samples from the Amazon. Initially, the isolates were evaluated in a screening for the production of colorants. The influences of cultivation and nutritional conditions on the production of colorants by fungal isolates were investigated. The colorants produced by selected fungal isolates were chemically characterized using the Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry technique. The antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities, stability evaluation and applicability of the colorants were investigated. As results, we observed that the isolates Penicillium sclerotiorum P3SO224, Clonostachys rosea P2SO329 and Penicillium gravinicasei P3SO332 stood out since they produced the most intense colorants. Compounds produced by Penicillium sclerotiorum P3SO224 and Clonostachys rosea P2SO329 were identified as sclerotiorin and penicillic acid. The colorant fraction (EtOAc) produced by these species has antimicrobial activity, stability at temperature and at different pHs, stability when exposure to light and UV, and when exposed to different concentrations of salts, as well as being nontoxic and having the ability to dye fabrics and be used as a pigment in creams and soap. Considering the results found in this study, it was concluded that fungi from the soil in the Amazon have the potential to produce colorants with applications in the textile and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana A Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Michele A Sanches
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Walter O P F Segundo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Paulo A L Santiago
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Q Lima
- Centro Universitário do Norte-UNINORTE, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Ana C A Cortez
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia-INPA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Érica S Souza
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Maria P Lima
- Departamento de Produtos Naturais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia-INPA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Emerson S Lima
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Hector H F Koolen
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Metabolômica e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Laurent Dufossé
- Chemistry and Biotechnology of Natural Products (CHEMBIOPRO), ESIROI Agroalimentaire, Université de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, France
| | - João V B Souza
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia-INPA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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Pandey S, Meshram V, Yehia HM, Alzahrani A, Akhtar N, Sur A. Efficient production and characterization of melanin from Thermothelomyces hinnuleus SP1, isolated from the coal mines of Chhattisgarh, India. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1320116. [PMID: 38293558 PMCID: PMC10826702 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1320116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
In the present study, fungi were isolated and screened from barren land in south-eastern Coalfields limited (SECL) in Chhattisgarh, India. Out of 14 isolated fungi, only three fungal isolates exhibited pigmentation in screening studies. The isolated fungal strain SP1 exhibited the highest pigmentation, which was further utilized for in vivo production, purification, and characterization of melanin pigment. The physical and chemical properties of the fungal pigment showed insolubility in organic solvents and water, solubility in alkali, precipitation in acid, and decolorization with oxidizing agents. The physiochemical characterization and analytical studies of the extracted pigment using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) confirmed it as a melanin pigment. The melanin-producing fungus SP1 was identified as Thermothelomyces hinnuleus based on 18S-rRNA sequence analysis. Furthermore, to enhance melanin production, a response surface methodology (RSM) was employed, specifically utilizing the central composite design (CCD). This approach focused on selecting efficient growth as well as progressive yield parameters such as optimal temperature (34.4°C), pH (5.0), and trace element concentration (56.24 mg). By implementing the suggested optimal conditions, the production rate of melanin increased by 62%, resulting in a yield of 28.3 mg/100 mL, which is comparatively higher than the actual yield (17.48 ± 2.19 mg/100 mL). Thus, T. hinnuleus SP1 holds great promise as a newly isolated fungal strain that could be used for the industrial production of melanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Pandey
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Vineet Meshram
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Anjaneya University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Hany M. Yehia
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Home Economics, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdulhakeem Alzahrani
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadeem Akhtar
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Arunima Sur
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
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Arslan NP, Dawar P, Albayrak S, Doymus M, Azad F, Esim N, Taskin M. Fungi-derived natural antioxidants. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-24. [PMID: 38156661 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2298770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
In humans, exogenous antioxidants aid the endogenous antioxidant system to detoxify excess ROS generated during oxidative stress, thereby protecting the body against various diseases and stressful conditions. The majority of natural antioxidants available on the consumer market are plant-based; however, fungi are being recognized as alternative sources of various natural antioxidants such as polysaccharides, pigments, peptides, sterols, phenolics, alkaloids, and flavonoids. In addition, some exogenous antioxidants are exclusively found in fungi. Fungi-derived antioxidants exhibit scavenging activities against DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide radicals in vitro. Furthermore, in vivo models, application of fungal-derived antioxidants increase the level of various antioxidant enzymes, such as catalases, superoxide dismutases, and glutathione peroxidases, and reduce the level of malondialdehyde. Therefore, fungi-derived antioxidants have potential to be used in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. This review summarizes the antioxidant potential of different fungi (mushrooms, yeasts, and molds)-derived natural compounds such as polysaccharides, pigments, peptides, ergothioneine, ergosterol, phenolics, alkaloids, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pranav Dawar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Seyda Albayrak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Meryem Doymus
- Vocational School of Health Services of Hinis, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fakhrul Azad
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nevzat Esim
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science and Art Faculty, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Mesut Taskin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Suthar M, Dufossé L, Singh SK. The Enigmatic World of Fungal Melanin: A Comprehensive Review. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:891. [PMID: 37754999 PMCID: PMC10532784 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic dyes are generally not safe for human health or the environment, leading to the continuous search and growing demand for natural pigments that are considered safer, biodegrade more easily, and are environmentally beneficial. Among micro-organisms, fungi represent an emerging source of pigments due to their many benefits; therefore, they are readily viable on an industrial scale. Among all the bioactive pigments produced by fungi, melanin is an enigmatic, multifunctional pigment that has been studied for more than 150 years. This dark pigment, which is produced via the oxidative polymerization of phenolic compounds, has been investigated for its potential to protect life from all kingdoms, including fungi, from biotic and abiotic stresses. Over time, the research on fungal melanin has attracted a significant amount of scientific interest due to melanin's distinct biological activities and multifarious functionality, which is well-documented in the literature and could possibly be utilized. This review surveys the literature and summarizes the current discourse, presenting an up-to-date account of the research performed on fungal melanin that encompasses its types, the factors influencing its bioactivity, the optimization of fermentation conditions to enhance its sustainable production, its biosynthetic pathways, and its extraction, as well as biochemical characterization techniques and the potential uses of melanin in a wide range of applications in various industries. A massive scope of work remains to circumvent the obstacles to obtaining melanin from fungi and exploring its future prospects in a diverse range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Suthar
- National Fungal Culture Collection of India, Biodiversity and Palaeobiology Group, MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411004, India;
- Faculty of Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, India
| | - Laurent Dufossé
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biotechnologie des Produits Naturels (ChemBioPro), ESIROI Agroalimentaire, Université de La Réunion, F-97400 Saint-Denis, France
| | - Sanjay K. Singh
- National Fungal Culture Collection of India, Biodiversity and Palaeobiology Group, MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411004, India;
- Faculty of Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, India
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Tong C, Luo J, Xie C, Wei J, Pan G, Zhou Z, Li C. Characterization and Biological Activities of Melanin from the Medicinal Fungi Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10282. [PMID: 37373428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanin is a complex natural pigment that is widely present in fungi. The mushroom Ophiocordyceps sinensis has a variety of pharmacological effects. The active substances of O. sinensis have been extensively studied, but few studies have focused on the O. sinensis melanin. In this study, the production of melanin was increased by adding light or oxidative stress, namely, reactive oxygen species (ROS) or reactive nitrogen species (RNS), during liquid fermentation. Subsequently, the structure of the purified melanin was characterized using elemental analysis, ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and pyrolysis gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GCMS). Studies have shown that O. sinensis melanin is composed of C (50.59), H (6.18), O (33.90), N (8.19), and S (1.20), with maximum absorbance at 237 nm and typical melanin structures such as benzene, indole, and pyrrole. Additionally, the various biological activities of O. sinensis melanin have been discovered; it can chelate heavy metals and shows a strong ultraviolet-blocking ability. Moreover, O. sinensis melanin can reduce the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species and counteract the oxidative damage of H2O2 to cells. These results can help us to develop applications of O. sinensis melanin in radiation resistance, heavy metal pollution remediation, and antioxidant use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Prevention, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jian Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Prevention, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Chaolu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Prevention, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Junhong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Prevention, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Prevention, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Prevention, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Chunfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Prevention, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Liu R, Meng X, Mo C, Wei X, Ma A. Melanin of fungi: from classification to application. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:228. [PMID: 36149606 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03415-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Melanin is a secondary metabolite composed of complex heterogeneous polymers. Fungal melanin is considered to be a sustainable and biodegradable natural pigment and has a variety of functional properties and biological activities. On one hand, due to its own specific properties it can play the role of antioxidant, anti-radiation, adsorption, and photoprotection. On the other hand, it has good biological activities such as hepatoprotective effect, hypolipidemic effect and anti-cancer. Therefore, it is widely used in various fields of daily life, including dyeing, food, biomedical and commercial industry. It is conducive to environmental protection and human health. However, the insolubility of fungal melanin in water, acids and organic solvents has been an obstacle to its commercial applications. Thus, the chemical modification methods of fungal melanin are summarized to increase its solubility and expand the application fields. Although fungal melanin has been used in many industries, as the structure and function of fungal melanin and modified melanin are further studied, more functional properties and bioactivities are expected to be discovered for a wide range of applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruofan Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianfu Meng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Cuiyuan Mo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuetuan Wei
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Aimin Ma
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Microbial Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 430070, Wuhan, China.
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