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Workplace environmental exposure level guide: n-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Toxicol Ind Health 2022; 38:309-329. [PMID: 35658636 DOI: 10.1177/07482337221093838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
n-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is a widely used solvent with a mild amine-like odor that can exist in a vapor or aerosol at moderate temperatures. In humans, NMP was reported to induce weak and transient eye irritation and headache. NMP was not a dermal sensitizer and has a low acute toxicity via oral, dermal, and inhalation routes. NMP was not genotoxic/mutagenic in a battery of in vitro and in vivo studies. Furthermore, NMP was not carcinogenic in rats although species-specific liver tumors were identified in mice. Chronic studies in the rat provided a NOAEL of 10 ppm (40 mg/m3) causing only minor effects in males (slightly reduced mean body weight) at 100 ppm (400 mg/m3). Developmental toxicity was considered the critical endpoint (decreased fetal body weights at non-maternally toxic doses). Benchmark dose and PBPK models were utilized to derive an internal dose of 350-470 mg·h/L as a NOAEL for this response and a human equivalent air concentration of 350-490 ppm. With the application of adjustment factors, an 8-h time-weighted average WEEL value of 15 ppm (60 mg/m3) was derived and is expected to provide a significant margin of safety against any potential adverse health effects in workers. To address the potential for respiratory irritation, a short-term exposure level of 30 ppm (120 mg/m3) was derived, and a skin notation is assigned because of the contribution of dermal absorption to the systemic toxicity of NMP.
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The European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU): Human biomonitoring guidance values (HBM-GVs) for the aprotic solvents N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone (NEP). Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 238:113856. [PMID: 34619432 PMCID: PMC8573589 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Toxicologically and/or epidemiologically derived guidance values referring to the internal exposure of humans are a prerequisite for an easy to use health-based interpretation of human biomonitoring (HBM) results. The European Joint Programme HBM4EU derives such values, named human biomonitoring guidance values (HBM-GVs), for priority substances which could be of regulatory relevance for policy makers and have been identified by experts of the participating countries, ministries, agencies and stakeholders at EU and national level. NMP and NEP are such substances for which unresolved policy relevant issues should be clarified by targeted research. Since widespread exposure of the general population in Germany to NMP and NEP was shown for the age groups 3–17 years and 20–29 years, further investigations on exposure to NMP and NEP in other European countries are warranted. The HBM-GVs derived for both solvents focus on developmental toxicity as decisive endpoint. They amount for the sum of the two specific urinary NMP metabolites 5-HNMP and 2-HMSI and likewise of the two specific urinary NEP metabolites 5-HNEP and 2-HESI to 10 mg/L for children and 15 mg/L for adolescents/adults. The values were determined following a consultation process on the value proposals within HBM4EU. A health-based risk assessment was performed using the newly derived HBM-GVGenPop and exposure data from two recent studies from Germany. The risk assessment revealed that even when considering the combined exposure to both substances by applying the Hazard Index approach, the measured concentrations are below the HBM-GVGenPop in all cases investigated (i.e., children, adolescents and young adults). HBM-GVs are a prerequisite for an easy to use health-based risk assessment of human biomonitoring results. For NMP and NEP metabolites in urine, respectively, HBM-GVs were set for children and adolescents/adults. First HBM exposure data indicate widespread exposure of German children, adolescents and young adults to NMP and NEP. The Hazard Index approach revealed that even when combined exposure to both solvents is assessed, HBM-GVs are not exceeded.
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Durrani T, Clapp R, Harrison R, Shusterman D. Solvent-based paint and varnish removers: a focused toxicologic review of existing and alternative constituents. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:1325-1341. [PMID: 32342556 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Paint and varnish removers constitute a major potential source of organic solvent exposure to contractors and home improvement enthusiasts. Unfortunately, the leading paint remover formulations have traditionally contained, as major ingredients, chemicals classified as probable human carcinogens (eg, methylene chloride) or reproductive toxicants (eg, N-methylpyrrolidone). In addition, because of its unique toxicology (ie, hepatic conversion to carbon monoxide compounding generic solvent narcosis and arrythmogenesis), high volatility, and rigorous requirements for personal protective equipment, methylene chloride exposures from paint removers have been linked to numerous deaths involving both occupational and consumer usage. The aim of this review is to summarize the known toxicology of solvent-based paint remover constituents (including those found in substitute formulations) in order to provide health risk information to regulators, chemical formulators, and end-users of this class of products, and to highlight any data gaps that may exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur Durrani
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert Clapp
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert Harrison
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dennis Shusterman
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Koga T, Kumazawa S, Okimura Y, Zaitsu Y, Umeshita K, Asahina I. Evaluation of Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid-Coated β-Tricalcium Phosphate Bone Substitute as a Graft Material for Ridge Preservation after Tooth Extraction in Dog Mandible: A Comparative Study with Conventional β-Tricalcium Phosphate Granules. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13163452. [PMID: 32764407 PMCID: PMC7475865 DOI: 10.3390/ma13163452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)-coated β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) with N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) liquid activator (PLGA/β-TCP) on alveolar ridge preservation after tooth extraction in dog mandible. Thirty-two extraction sites were prepared in eight dog mandibles. A distal root of the mandibular premolar was extracted and randomly grafted with one of the following bone substitutes: (1) PLGA/β-TCP, (2) β-TCP, or (3) left empty as a control, and wounds were closed with keratinized mucosa graft. Post-operative wound healing was observed and scored to evaluate safety. After 12 and 24 weeks, the bone regeneration was evaluated with micro-computed tomography (CT) images and histomorphometric analyses. Gingival epithelization progressed over time without complication or infection. Micro-CT images and histological observation revealed that both PLGA/β-TCP and β-TCP granules supported sufficient new bone formation. Although bone formation and substrate resorption were delayed slightly with the PLGA and the NMP-containing plasticizer as compared to those treated with conventional β-TCP, it can be concluded that the PLGA and the NMP-containing plasticizer that facilitated the in situ hardening properties of the material had no negative influence on the biocompatibility of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamitsu Koga
- Department of Regenerative Oral Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan;
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Imaki-ire General Hospital, Kagoshima 892-8502, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kumazawa
- R&D Department, Sunstar Inc., Takatsuki 569-1195, Japan; (S.K.); (Y.O.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yusuke Okimura
- R&D Department, Sunstar Inc., Takatsuki 569-1195, Japan; (S.K.); (Y.O.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yumi Zaitsu
- R&D Department, Sunstar Inc., Takatsuki 569-1195, Japan; (S.K.); (Y.O.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Kazuhiko Umeshita
- Safety Analysis R&D Promotion Department, Sunstar Inc., Takatsuki 569-1195, Japan;
| | - Izumi Asahina
- Department of Regenerative Oral Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-95-819-7704
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Okada M, Matsuura T, Akizuki T, Hoshi S, Shujaa Addin A, Fukuba S, Izumi Y. Ridge preservation of extraction sockets with buccal bone deficiency using poly lactide‐co‐glycolide coated β‐tricalcium phosphate bone grafts: An experimental study in dogs. J Periodontol 2019; 90:1014-1022. [DOI: 10.1002/jper.18-0574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Munehiro Okada
- Department of PeriodontologyGraduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesTokyo Medical and Dental University Bunkyo‐ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Takanori Matsuura
- Department of PeriodontologyGraduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesTokyo Medical and Dental University Bunkyo‐ku Tokyo Japan
- PeriodonticsDental HospitalTokyo Medical and Dental University Bunkyo‐ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Tatsuya Akizuki
- Department of PeriodontologyGraduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesTokyo Medical and Dental University Bunkyo‐ku Tokyo Japan
- PeriodonticsDental HospitalTokyo Medical and Dental University Bunkyo‐ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Shu Hoshi
- Department of PeriodontologyGraduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesTokyo Medical and Dental University Bunkyo‐ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Ammar Shujaa Addin
- Department of PeriodontologyGraduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesTokyo Medical and Dental University Bunkyo‐ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Shunsuke Fukuba
- Department of PeriodontologyGraduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesTokyo Medical and Dental University Bunkyo‐ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Yuichi Izumi
- Department of PeriodontologyGraduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesTokyo Medical and Dental University Bunkyo‐ku Tokyo Japan
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Metabolites of the alkyl pyrrolidone solvents NMP and NEP in 24-h urine samples of the German Environmental Specimen Bank from 1991 to 2014. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2018; 91:1073-1082. [PMID: 30167791 PMCID: PMC6908567 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-018-1347-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to get a first overview of the exposure to the solvents and reproductive toxicants N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone (NEP) in Germany. NMP and NEP metabolite concentrations were determined in 540 24-h urine samples of the German Environmental Specimen Bank collected from 1991 to 2014. With these data we were able to investigate NMP/NEP exposures over time and to evaluate associated risks. METHODS NMP metabolites 5-hydroxy-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (5-HNMP) and 2-hydroxy-N-methylsuccinimide (2-HMSI) and NEP metabolites 5-hydroxy-N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone (5-HNEP) and 2-hydroxy-N-ethylsuccinimide (2-HESI) were determined by stable isotope dilution analysis using solid phase extraction followed by derivatization (silylation) and GC-EI-MS/MS. RESULTS We were able to quantify 5-HNMP and 2-HMSI in 98.0 and 99.6% and 5-HNEP and 2-HESI in 34.8 and 75.7% of the samples. Metabolite concentrations were rather steady over the timeframe investigated, even for NEP which has been introduced as an NMP substitute only in the last decade. Calculated median daily intakes in 2014 were 2.7 µg/kg bw/day for NMP and 1.1 µg/kg bw/day for NEP. For the combined risk assessment of NMP and NEP exposure, the hazard index based on the human biomonitoring assessment I values (HBM I values) was less than 0.1. CONCLUSIONS Based on the investigated subpopulation of the German population, individual and combined NMP and NEP exposures were within acceptable ranges in the investigated timeframe. Sources of NEP exposure in the 90s and 00s remain elusive.
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Vidal A, Cano-Sancho G, Marín S, Ramos A, Sanchis V. Multidetection of urinary ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol and its metabolites: pilot time-course study and risk assessment in Catalonia, Spain. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2015.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The presence of two main mycotoxins, ochratoxin A (OTA) and deoxynivalenol (DON), is widespread in cereal-based foodstuffs marketed in Europe. The objectives of this study were to develop and validate a multi-detection analytical methodology to simultaneously assess the urinary concentrations of OTA, DON and their metabolites, and to apply this methodology in a preliminary follow-up trial in Catalonia (Spain). Hence, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method was developed to simultaneously assess the urinary levels of OTA, DON, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3-glucoside), deoxynivalenol-3-glucuronide (DON-3-glucuronide), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) and de-epoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1). Urine mycotoxins levels and food dietary intake were prospectively monitored in a group of volunteers throughout a restriction period followed by a free-diet period. The proposed multi-detection methodology for urinary OTA and DON metabolites was validated, providing suitable recovery, linearity and precision. The results from the pilot trial showed that urinary OTA, DON and its metabolites were detected in most background samples, displaying moderate reductions after the restriction period and subsequently recovering the background levels. Despite the restriction period, some DON metabolites, such as 3-ADON or DOM-1, were still found in urine samples, placing alternative sources of DON exposure other than the ones considered in the study under suspicion. DON and DON-3-glucuronide were significantly associated with consumption of bread, pasta and pastries, while OTA was only associated with consumption of wine and breakfast cereals. The urinary levels of OTA were significantly correlated with plasmatic levels of OTA and ochratoxin α, supporting the results from the multidetection method in urine. The results also showed that the high exposure to DON could be held throughout the time by the same person, exceeding the tolerable daily intake systematically instead of eventually. The estimates of OTA exposure through urine are largely higher than those obtained with the dietary approach. The background levels found in urine revealed that the exposure to DON and OTA could be of concern for the Catalonian population, thus, further studies applying this biomonitoring methodology in a larger sample of Catalonian population are needed to accurately characterise the human health risks at population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Vidal
- Food Technology Department, XaRTA-UTPV, Agrotecnio Center, University of Lleida, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - G. Cano-Sancho
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8627, USA
| | - S. Marín
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8627, USA
| | - A.J. Ramos
- Food Technology Department, XaRTA-UTPV, Agrotecnio Center, University of Lleida, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - V. Sanchis
- Food Technology Department, XaRTA-UTPV, Agrotecnio Center, University of Lleida, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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Stoffmonographie für N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidon (NMP) und „Human-Biomonitoring“-Werte für die Metaboliten 5-Hydroxy-NMP und 2-Hydroxy-N-methylsuccinimid im Urin von Erwachsenen und Kindern. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2015; 58:1175-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-015-2217-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Koslitz S, Meier S, Schindler BK, Weiß T, Koch HM, Brüning T, Käfferlein HU. Biomonitoring of N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone in automobile varnishers. Toxicol Lett 2014; 231:142-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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[Guide values for 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone in indoor air. Report of the German Ad-hoc Working Group on indoor Guidelines of the Indoor Air Hygiene Committee and of the States' Supreme Health Authorities]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2014; 57:1232-41. [PMID: 25248818 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-014-2041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The German Ad-hoc Working Group on Indoor Guidelines of the Indoor Air Hygiene Committee and the States' Supreme Health Authorities is issuing indoor air guide values to protect public health. No human studies of sufficient quality are available for health evaluation of 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone in air. In a well-documented chronic inhalation toxicity study in rats significant impairment of weight gain development has been observed (LOAEC = 400 mg/m(3)). The Working Group used this LOAEC as the point of departure for the derivation of guide value II. The conversion of repeated inhalation to continuous exposure (6-24 h; 5-7 days) used a factor of 5.6. By applying an interspecies factor of 2.5 for toxicodynamics, a factor of 10 to account for individual differences and an additional factor of 2 to include sensitive subgroups, results in a health hazard guide value (RW II) of 1 mg 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone/m(3) indoor air (rounded). By using the NOAEC of 40 mg/m(3) from the same study and applying the same assessment factors as above a precautionary guide value (RW I) of 0.1 mg 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone/m(3) is calculated.
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Koch HM, Bader M, Weiss T, Koslitz S, Schütze A, Käfferlein HU, Brüning T. Metabolism and elimination of N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone (NEP) in human males after oral dosage. Arch Toxicol 2013; 88:893-899. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1150-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Haufroid V, Jaeger VK, Jeggli S, Eisenegger R, Bernard A, Friedli D, Lison D, Hotz P. Biological monitoring and health effects of low-level exposure to N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone: a cross-sectional study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2013; 87:663-74. [PMID: 24078144 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-013-0906-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the value of urinary 5-hydroxy-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (5-HNMP) and 2-hydroxy-N-methylsuccinimide (2-HMSI) in a population of workers exposed to N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and to look for health effects of exposure to this organic solvent. METHODS Airborne NMP was determined according to the NIOSH method. Urinary 5-HNMP and 2-HMSI (after and before next shift) were determined by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Outcomes were effects on lung, kidney, skin and mucous membranes, nervous system, haematopoiesis and liver determined by clinical examination and laboratory measurements. Univariate statistical methods and multiple regressions were used to analyse results. Skin resorption, smoking and other potential confounders were taken into account. RESULTS Three hundred twenty-seven workers were eligible out of which 207 workers (63%) participated. Ninety-one of these worked with NMP. Occupational exposure to NMP did often not occur daily and ranged from non-detectable to 25.8 mg/m3 (median = 0.18). Urinary 2-HMSI (mg/l; before next shift) was the best biomarker of exposure to NMP, explaining about 70% of the variance, but most likelihood ratios did not allow for ruling exposure in or out, at these low levels of exposure. Creatinine adjustment did not improve the results clearly. No clear and consistent health effects could be associated with NMP exposure. No indication for a bias due to non-participation was found. CONCLUSIONS Biological monitoring, primarily urinary 2-HMSI (mg/l; before next shift), is of value to estimate exposure to NMP even when exposure is irregular and low. Likelihood ratios of urinary 5-HMNP or 2-HMSI are, however, not quite satisfactory at these low levels. No irritant or other health effects were found.
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Nieh CH, Tsujimura S, Shirai O, Kano K. Amperometric biosensor based on reductive H2O2 detection using pentacyanoferrate-bound polymer for creatinine determination. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 767:128-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Meier S, Schindler BK, Koslitz S, Koch HM, Weiss T, Käfferlein HU, Brüning T. Biomonitoring of exposure to N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone in workers of the automobile industry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 57:766-73. [PMID: 23337464 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mes111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is an important organic solvent for varnishes in industry. NMP has been previously shown to be a developmental toxicant in rodents. This study reports current exposures to NMP in the spraying department of an automobile plant using biological monitoring. Two specific metabolites, 5-hydroxy-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (5-HNMP) and 2-hydroxy-N-methyl-succinimide (2-HMSI), were analyzed in 69 urine samples of 14 workers exposed to NMP and 9 nonexposed controls. Three different working tasks ('loading' and 'cleaning' of the sprayer system and 'wiping/packing' of the sprayed materials) and three sampling times (preshift, postshift, and preshift of the following day) were studied in exposed workers. Median exposures of 5-HNMP and 2-HMSI in postshift urine of exposed workers were 0.91 and 0.52mg g(-1) creatinine, respectively, whereas median levels in controls were below the limit of detection. Decreased levels of 5-HNMP were observed in preshift urine samples on the following day (0.39mg g(-1) creatinine) in exposed workers, while the concentration of 2-HMSI did not change (0.49mg g(-1) creatinine). Highest exposures occurred during sprayer cleaning with a maximum level of 8.31mg g(-1) creatinine of 5-HNMP in postshift urine. In contrast to 'wipers/packers', no decrease in 5-HNMP could be observed in preshift urine samples on day 2 of the 'loaders' and 'cleaners'. Overall, exposure in terms of 5-HNMP postshift and 2-HMSI preshift of the following day were well below the current biological limit values of the European Union (70 and 20mg g(-1) creatinine). Our results provide initial data on NMP exposure in the automobile industry and suggest that the analysis of 5-HNMP in preshift samples also provides essential information, particularly in situations involving direct handling of liquid NMP-containing formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetlana Meier
- Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung, Institut der Ruhr Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
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Jongeneelen FJ, Berge WFT. A generic, cross-chemical predictive PBTK model with multiple entry routes running as application in MS Excel; design of the model and comparison of predictions with experimental results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 55:841-64. [PMID: 21998005 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mer075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM Physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models are computational tools, which simulate the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of chemicals. The purpose of this study was to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model with a high level of transparency. The model should be able to predict blood and urine concentrations of environmental chemicals and metabolites, given a certain environmental or occupational exposure scenario. MODEL The model refers to a reference human of 70 kg. The partition coefficients of the parent compound and its metabolites (blood:air and tissue:blood partition coefficients of 11 organs) are estimated by means of quantitative structure-property relationship, in which five easily available physicochemical properties of the compound are the independent parameters. The model gives a prediction of the fate of the compound, based on easily available chemical properties; therefore, it can be applied as a generic model applicable to multiple compounds. Three routes of uptake are considered (inhalation, dermal, and/or oral) as well as two built-in exercise levels (at rest and at light work). Dermal uptake is estimated by the use of a dermal diffusion-based module that considers dermal deposition rate and duration of deposition. Moreover, evaporation during skin contact is fully accounted for and related to the volatility of the substance. Saturable metabolism according to Michaelis-Menten kinetics can be modelled in any of 11 organs/tissues or in liver only. Renal tubular resorption is based on a built-in algorithm, dependent on the (log) octanol:water partition coefficient. Enterohepatic circulation is optional at a user-defined rate. The generic PBTK model is available as a spreadsheet application in MS Excel. The differential equations of the model are programmed in Visual Basic. Output is presented as numerical listing over time in tabular form and in graphs. The MS Excel application of the PBTK model is available as freeware. EXPERIMENTAL The accuracy of the model prediction is illustrated by simulating experimental observations. Published experimental inhalation and dermal exposure studies on a series of different chemicals (pyrene, N-methyl-pyrrolidone, methyl-tert-butylether, heptane, 2-butoxyethanol, and ethanol) were selected to compare the observed data with the model-simulated data. The examples show that the model-predicted concentrations in blood and/or urine after inhalation and/or transdermal uptake have an accuracy of within an order of magnitude. CONCLUSIONS It is advocated that this PBTK model, called IndusChemFate, is suitable for 'first tier assessments' and for early explorations of the fate of chemicals and/or metabolites in the human body. The availability of a simple model with a minimum burden of input information on the parent compound and its metabolites might be a stimulation to apply PBTK modelling more often in the field of biomonitoring and exposure science.
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GC-MS determination of creatinine in human biological fluids as pentafluorobenzyl derivative in clinical studies and biomonitoring: Inter-laboratory comparison in urine with Jaffé, HPLC and enzymatic assays. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:2582-92. [PMID: 20462809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In consideration of its relatively constant urinary excretion rate, creatinine in urine is a useful biochemical parameter to correct the urinary excretion rate of endogenous and exogenous biomolecules. Assays based on the reaction of creatinine and picric acid first reported by Jaffé in 1886 still belong to the most frequently used laboratory approaches for creatinine measurement in urine. Further analytical methods for creatinine include HPLC-UV, GC-MS, and LC-MS and LC-MS/MS approaches. In the present article we report on the development, validation and biomedical application of a new GC-MS method for the reliable quantitative determination of creatinine in human urine, plasma and serum. This method is based on the derivatization of creatinine (d(0)-Crea) and the internal standard [methyl-trideutero]creatinine (d(3)-Crea) with pentafluorobenzyl (PFB) bromide in the biological sample directly or after dilution with phosphate buffered saline, extraction of the reaction products with toluene and quantification in 1-μl aliquots of the toluene extract by selected-ion monitoring of m/z 112 for d(0)-Crea-PFB and m/z 115 for d(3)-Crea-PFB in the electron-capture negative-ion chemical ionization mode. The limit of detection of the method is 100 amol of creatinine. In an inter-laboratory study on urine samples from 100 healthy subjects, the GC-MS method was used to test the reliability of currently used Jaffé, enzymatic and HPLC assays in clinical and occupational studies. The results of the inter-laboratory study indicate that all three tested methods allow for satisfactory quantification of creatinine in human urine. The GC-MS method is suitable for use as a reference method for urinary creatinine in humans. In serum, creatine was found to contribute to creatinine up to 20% when measured by the present GC-MS method. The application of the GC-MS method can be extended to other biological samples such as saliva.
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Poet TS, Kirman CR, Bader M, van Thriel C, Gargas ML, Hinderliter PM. Quantitative risk analysis for N-methyl pyrrolidone using physiologically based pharmacokinetic and benchmark dose modeling. Toxicol Sci 2009; 113:468-82. [PMID: 19875680 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing an occupational exposure limit (OEL) for N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) is important due to its widespread use as a solvent. Based on studies in rodents, the most sensitive toxic end point is a decrease in fetal/pup body weights observed after oral, dermal, and inhalation exposures of dams to NMP. Evidence indicates that the parent compound is the causative agent. To reduce the uncertainty in rat to human extrapolations, physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models were developed to describe the pharmacokinetics of NMP in both species. Since in utero exposures are of concern, the models considered major physiological changes occurring in the dam or mother over the course of gestation. The rat PBPK model was used to determine the relationship between NMP concentrations in maternal blood and decrements in fetal/pup body weights following exposures to NMP vapor. Body weight decrements seen after vapor exposures occurred at lower NMP blood levels than those observed after oral and dermal exposures. Benchmark dose modeling was used to better define a point of departure (POD) for fetal/pup body weight changes based on dose-response information from two inhalation studies in rats. The POD and human PBPK model were then used to estimate the human equivalent concentrations (HECs) that could be used to derive an OEL value for NMP. The geometric mean of the PODs derived from the rat studies was estimated to be 350 mg h/l (expressed in terms of internal dose), a value which corresponds to an HEC of 480 ppm (occupational exposure of 8 h/day, 5 days/week). The HEC is much higher than recently developed internationally recognized OELs for NMP of 10-20 ppm, suggesting that these OELs adequately protect workers exposed to NMP vapor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torka S Poet
- Battelle Pacific Northwest Division, Center for Biological Monitoring and Modeling, Richland, Washington 99352, USA.
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Nishimura S, Yasui H, Miyauchi H, Kikuchi Y, Kondo N, Takebayashi T, Tanaka S, Mikoshiba Y, Omae K, Nomiyama T. A cross-sectional observation of effect of exposure to N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) on workers' health. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2009; 47:355-362. [PMID: 19672008 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.47.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed at clarifying the effect of exposure to N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) on workers' health. Fifteen male NMP-exposed workers and 15 referent male workers were recruited for this study. Exposure concentrations were assessed by determining NMP in the breathing zones and urinary NMP. Clinical examinations, motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities in the dominant arm, and neurobehavioral tests were carried out. The subjects were asked to complete self-administered questionnaires for subjective symptoms and psychological assessment. The mean NMP exposure concentrations ranged from 0.14 to 0.26 ppm, and urinary NMP levels at the end of each workday ranged from 0.17 to 0.22 mg/l, throughout the work week. In terms of clinical data, motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities, neurobehavioral tests, and subjective symptom assessments, there were no differences and no dose-dependent changes in either the means or the prevalence of abnormal findings between NMP-exposed and referent workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Nishimura
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
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Bolt HM. International symposium on genotoxic and carcinogenic thresholds. Arch Toxicol 2008; 82:981-2. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-008-0374-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Bader M, Wrbitzky R, Blaszkewicz M, Schäper M, van Thriel C. Human volunteer study on the inhalational and dermal absorption of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) from the vapour phase. Arch Toxicol 2007; 82:13-20. [PMID: 17721780 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-007-0230-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is a versatile organic solvent frequently used for surface cleaning such as paint stripping or graffiti removal. Liquid NMP is rapidly absorbed through the skin but dermal vapour phase absorption might also play an important role for the uptake of the solvent. This particular aspect was investigated in an experimental study with 16 volunteers exposed to 80 mg/m(3) NMP for 8 h under either whole-body, i.e. inhalational plus dermal, or dermal-only conditions. Additionally, the influence of moderate physical workload on the uptake of NMP was studied. The urinary concentrations of NMP and its metabolites 5-hydroxy-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (5-HNMP) and 2-hydroxy-N-methylsuccinimide (2-HMSI) were followed for 48 h and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Percutaneous uptake delayed the elimination peak times and the apparent biological half-lives of NMP and 5-HNMP. Under resting conditions, dermal-only exposure resulted in the elimination of 71 +/- 8 mg NMP equivalents as compared to 169 +/- 15 mg for whole-body exposure. Moderate workload yielded 79 +/- 8 mg NMP (dermal-only) and 238 +/- 18 mg (whole-body). Thus, dermal absorption from the vapour phase may contribute significantly to the total uptake of NMP, e.g. from workplace atmospheres. As the concentration of airborne NMP does not reflect the body dose, biomonitoring should be carried out for surveillance purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bader
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Hannover Medical School, OE 5370, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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