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Zhu Y, Wang H, Xiang X, Hayat K, Wu R, Tian J, Zheng H, Xie M, Li B, Du S. A dose-dependent effect of UV-328 on photosynthesis: Exploring light harvesting and UV-B sensing mechanisms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 473:134670. [PMID: 38781858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Benzotriazole ultraviolet (UV) stabilizers (BUVs) have emerged as significant environmental contaminants, frequently detected in various ecosystems. While the toxicity of BUVs to aquatic organisms is well-documented, studies on their impact on plant life are scarce. Plants are crucial as they provide the primary source of energy and organic matter in ecosystems through photosynthesis. This study investigated the effects of UV-328 (2-(2-hydroxy-4',6'-di-tert-amylphenyl) benzotriazole) on plant growth indices and photosynthesis processes, employing conventional physiological experiments, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis, and computational methods. Results demonstrated a biphasic response in plant biomass and the maximum quantum yield of PS II (Fv/Fm), showing improvement at a 50 μM UV-328 treatment but reduction under 150 μM UV-328 exposure. Additionally, disruption in thylakoid morphology was observed at the higher concentration. RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analysis identified key differentially expressed genes (light-harvesting chlorophyll-protein complex Ⅰ subunit A4, light-harvesting chlorophyll b-binding protein 3, UVR8, and curvature thylakoid 1 A) related to photosynthetic light harvesting, UV-B sensing, and chloroplast structure pathways, suggesting they may contribute to the observed alterations in photosynthesis activity induced by UV-328 exposure. Molecular docking analyses further supported the binding affinity between these proteins and UV-328. Overall, this study provided comprehensive physiological and molecular insights, contributing valuable information to the evaluation of the potential risks posed by UV-328 to critical plant physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Hua Wang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Xiaobo Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Kashif Hayat
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Ran Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Jiaying Tian
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Haoyi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Minghui Xie
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Beier Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Shaoting Du
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China.
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Gao L, Wu H, Dang J, Zhang S, Tian S, Zhang Q, Wang W. New insight into the removal process of benzotriazole UV stabilizers by UV/H 2O 2: Integrating quantum chemical calculation with CFD simulation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132245. [PMID: 37562354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Benzotriazole UV stabilizers (BT-UVs) are important UV absorbers. As high-production chemicals and potential hazards, their ubiquitous presence in aquatic environments is of greatly pressing concern. Herein, the removal of six typical BT-UVs by UV/H2O2 was comprehensively investigated by quantum chemistry calculation integrated with CFD simulation. Utilizing such a micro and macro incorporated model in treating contaminants is the first report. From the micro-view, degradation mechanisms of BT-UVs by •OH oxidation were determined, and corresponding rate constants were obtained with values of 109∼1010 M-1s-1. In a macroscopic aspect, combining the established kinetic model and CFD simulation, the effects of UV lamp power (P), volumetric flow rate (Qv), and H2O2 dosage ([H2O2]0) on removal yields of BT-UVs were expounded, increasing P or [H2O2]0 or decreasing Qv are effective in improving removal yields of BT-UVs, but the enhancement was abated when P or [H2O2]0 increased to a certain level. When [H2O2]0 is 5 mg/L and Qv is decreased from 0.1 to 0.05 m3/h, the removal yields of BT-UVs could achieve more than 95% (P = 150 W) and 99% (P = 250 W), respectively. This work provides a new interdisciplinary insight for investigating organic contaminant removal in potential industrial applications of UV/H2O2 systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li'ao Gao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Hongjin Wu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Juan Dang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Shibo Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Shuai Tian
- Department of Cardiology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, China; Guangdong Innovative Engineering and Technology Research Center for Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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Fischer C, Leibold E, Hiller J, Göen T. Human metabolism and excretion kinetics of benzotriazole UV stabilizer UV-327 after single oral administration. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:165-176. [PMID: 36335248 PMCID: PMC9816242 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03401-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
UV-327 (2-(5-chloro-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-(tert-butyl)phenol) is used as an ultraviolet (UV) absorber in plastic products and coatings. Due to its ubiquitous distribution in the environment, human exposure is conceivable. In the study presented herein, initial information on the human in vivo metabolism of UV-327 was obtained by single oral administration to three volunteers. Urine and blood samples were collected up to 72 h after exposure. One study participant additionally donated plasma samples. Maximum blood and plasma levels of UV-327 and its two monohydroxylated metabolites UV-327-6-mOH and UV-327-4-mOH were reached 6 h post-exposure. Almost the entire amount found in blood and plasma samples was identified as UV-327, whereas the two metabolites each accounted for only 0.04% of the total amount, indicating that UV-327 is well-absorbed from the intestine, but only partially metabolized. Plasma to blood ratios of UV-327, UV-327-6-mOH, and UV-327-4-mOH ranged from 1.5 to 1.6. Maximum urinary excretion rates of UV-327, UV-327-6-mOH, UV-327-4-mOH, and UV-327-4 + 6-diOH were reached 9-14 h post-exposure. However, only about 0.03% of the orally administered dose of UV-327 was recovered as UV-327 and its metabolites in urine, indicating that biliary excretion may be the major route of elimination of UV-327 and its hydroxylated metabolites. The present study complements the insight in the complex absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) processes of benzotriazole UV stabilizers (BUVSs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Fischer
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 9-11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Edgar Leibold
- BASF SE, Product Safety, Carl-Bosch‑Straße 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen Am Rhein, Germany
| | - Julia Hiller
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 9-11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Göen
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 9-11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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Liu Y, Gao L, Qiao L, Huang D, Lyu B, Li J, Wu Y, Zheng M. Concentrations, Compound Profiles, and Possible Sources of Organic UV Filters in Human Milk in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:15930-15940. [PMID: 36260437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) filters are of great concern due to their wide occurrence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. Little is known about human exposure to UV filters. A total of 3467 individual human milk samples from 24 Chinese provinces were collected during 2017-2019. The concentrations of 12 UV filters in 100 pooled milk samples were determined. The total UV filter concentration was 78-846 (mean 235 ± 120) ng/g lipid weight. The highest and lowest total mean concentrations were for samples from Qinghai and Sichuan provinces, respectively. A significant positive correlation was found between UV radiation levels and UV concentrations in the samples. The dominant UV filters were 2-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl) benzotriazole (UV-P) and ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC), which contributed means of 32 and 22%, respectively, to the total concentrations. Plastic products and sunscreens were probably the sources of UV-P and EHMC in the human milk from China, respectively. The mean 2-(3,5-di-tert-amyl-2-hydroxyphenyl) benzotriazole (UV-328) concentration was 2.6 ± 2.6 ng/g lipid weight. The UV filter profiles were similar to profiles for samples from Japan, the Philippines, and Switzerland but not for samples from Korea and Vietnam. The estimated daily UV filter intake for breastfed infants was below the corresponding reference dose. This was the first large-scale study of UV filters in human milk and will help assess the risks posed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Lin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Di Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bing Lyu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
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Durner J, Schrickel K, Watts DC, Becker M, Draenert ME. Direct and indirect eluates from bulk fill resin-based-composites. Dent Mater 2022; 38:489-507. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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