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Meng S, Zhu N, Han D, Li B, Zhang X, Zhang J, Liu T. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Methoxypolyethylene-Glycol-Substituted Abiraterone Derivatives as Potential Antiprostate Cancer Agents. Mol Pharm 2024. [PMID: 38815167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Globally, prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed tumor and a cause of death in older men. Abiraterone, an orally administered irreversible CYP17 inhibitor, is employed to treat prostate cancer. However, abiraterone has several clinical limitations, such as poor water solubility, low dissolution rate, low bioavailability, and toxic side effects in the liver and kidney. Therefore, there is a need to identify high-efficiency and low-toxicity water-soluble abiraterone derivatives. In this work, we aimed to design and synthesize a series of abiraterone derivatives by methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG) modification. Their antitumor activities and toxicology were analyzed in vitro and in vivo. The most potent compound, 2e, retained the principle of action on the CYP17 enzyme target and significantly improved the abiraterone water solubility, cell permeability, and blood safety. No significant abnormalities were observed in toxicology. mPEG-modification significantly improved abiraterone's antitumor activity and efficiency while reducing the associated toxic effects. The finding will provide a theoretical basis for future clinical application of mPEG-modified abiraterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Meng
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Han
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Bole Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianjun Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, People's Republic of China
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2
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Elshazly AM, Gewirtz DA. Making the Case for Autophagy Inhibition as a Therapeutic Strategy in Combination with Androgen-Targeted Therapies in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5029. [PMID: 37894395 PMCID: PMC10605431 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15205029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor targeting remains the primary therapeutic strategy in prostate cancer, encompassing androgen biosynthesis inhibitors and androgen receptor antagonists. While both androgen-receptor-positive and "castration-resistant" prostate cancer are responsive to these approaches, the development of resistance is an almost inevitable outcome leading to the castration-resistant form of the disease. Given that "cytoprotective" autophagy is considered to be a predominant mechanism of resistance to various chemotherapeutic agents as well as to radiation in the cancer literature, the purpose of this review is to evaluate whether autophagy plays a central role in limiting the utility of androgen deprivation therapies in prostate cancer. Unlike most of our previous reports, where multiple functional forms of autophagy were identified, making it difficult if not impossible to propose autophagy inhibition as a therapeutic strategy, the cytoprotective form of autophagy appears to predominate in the case of androgen deprivation therapies. This opens a potential pathway for improving the outcomes for prostate cancer patients once effective and reliable pharmacological autophagy inhibitors have been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Elshazly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - David A. Gewirtz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
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Barysevich MV, Laktsevich-Iskryk MV, Scherbakov AM, Salnikova DI, Andreeva OE, Sorokin DV, Shchegolev YY, Hurski AL, Zhabinskii VN, Khripach VA. Synthesis and biological activity of 21,22-cyclosteroids and their derivatives. Steroids 2022; 188:109135. [PMID: 36336105 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.109135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of 21,22-cyclosteroids has been achieved starting from pregnenolone acetate. The key transformation was the Kulinkovich reaction of 17-vinyl steroids with esters. The resulting cyclopropanols were further subjected to three-membered ring-opening under various conditions including to base-, palladium or visible light-promoted isomerization and cross-coupling reaction. A number of steroidal Δ2-6-ketones and 3β-hydroxy-Δ5-enes with functional groups at C-21 - C-23 have been synthesized via the 21,22-cyclosteroids. The antiproliferative and antihormonal activity of the obtained compounds on the cell lines of prostate (22Rv1) and breast (MCF-7) cancer was studied. The androgen receptor activity was assessed by reporter assay when the expression of signalling proteins was evaluated by immunoblotting. (20S,22R)-22-Acetoxy-21,22-cyclo-5α-cholest-5-ene with the moderate antiandrogenic potency revealed IC50 values of 18.4 ± 1.2 and 14.6 ± 1.4 µM against MCF-7 and 22Rv1 cells, respectively, and its effects on the expression of AR-V7, cyclin D1 and BCL2 were explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryia V Barysevich
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Kuprevich st, 5/2, 220141 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Marharyta V Laktsevich-Iskryk
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Kuprevich st, 5/2, 220141 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Alexander M Scherbakov
- Department of Experimental Tumor Biology, Blokhin N.N. National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia, Kashirskoe shosse, 24, 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | - Diana I Salnikova
- Department of Experimental Tumor Biology, Blokhin N.N. National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia, Kashirskoe shosse, 24, 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga E Andreeva
- Department of Experimental Tumor Biology, Blokhin N.N. National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia, Kashirskoe shosse, 24, 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | - Danila V Sorokin
- Department of Experimental Tumor Biology, Blokhin N.N. National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia, Kashirskoe shosse, 24, 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri Y Shchegolev
- Department of Experimental Tumor Biology, Blokhin N.N. National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia, Kashirskoe shosse, 24, 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alaksiej L Hurski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Kuprevich st, 5/2, 220141 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Vladimir N Zhabinskii
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Kuprevich st, 5/2, 220141 Minsk, Belarus.
| | - Vladimir A Khripach
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Kuprevich st, 5/2, 220141 Minsk, Belarus
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4
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Baker A, Khalid M, Uddin I, Khan MS. Targeted non AR mediated smart delivery of abiraterone to the prostate cancer. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272396. [PMID: 36018864 PMCID: PMC9416994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second-deadliest tumor in men all over the world. Different types of drugs with various delivery systems and pathways were developed, but no one showed prominent results against cancer. Meanwhile, nanoparticles have shown good results against cancer. Therefore, in the given study, citrate mediated synthesized gold nanoparticles (CtGNPs) with immobilized survivin antibodies (SvGNPs) were bioconjugated to the substantially potent drug abiraterone (AbSvGNPs) to develop as a combinatorial therapeutic against prostate cancer. The AbSvGNPs are made up of CtGNPs, survivin antibodies, and abiraterone. The selected drug abiraterone (Abira) possesses exceptionally good activity against prostate cancer, but cancer cells develop resistance against this drug and it also poses several severe side effects. Meanwhile, survivin antibodies were used to deliver AbSvGNPs specifically into cancer cells by considering survivin, an anti-apoptotic overexpressed protein in cancer cells, as a marker. The survivin antibodies have also been used to inhibit cancer cells as an immunotherapeutic agent. Similarly, CtGNPs were discovered to inhibit cancer cell proliferation via several transduction pathways. The given bioconjugated nanoparticles (AbSvGNPs) were found to be substantially effective against prostate cancer with an IC50 of 11.8 and 7.3 μM against DU145 and PC-3 cells, respectively. However, it was found safe against NRK and showed less than 25% cytotoxicity up to 20μM concentration. The as-synthesized nanoparticles CtGNPs, SvGNPs, and AbSvGNPs were characterized by several physical techniques to confirm their synthesis, whereas the immobilization of survivin antibodies and bioconjugation of Abira was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy, DLS, TEM, FTIR, and zeta-potential. The anticancer potential of AbSvGNPs was determined by MTT, DAPI, ROS, MITO, TUNEL ASSAY, and caspase-3 activity against DU145 and PC3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Baker
- Nanomedicine & Nanobiotechnology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abduaziz University, Al-kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Uddin
- Department of Physics, SRM University-AP, Amaravati, India
| | - Mohd Sajid Khan
- Nanomedicine & Nanobiotechnology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
- * E-mail: ,
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5
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Gan J, Liu S, Zhang Y, He L, Bai L, Liao R, Zhao J, Guo M, Jiang W, Li J, Li Q, Mu G, Wu Y, Wang X, Zhang X, Zhou D, Lv H, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Qian C, Feng M, Chen H, Meng Q, Huang X. MicroRNA-375 is a therapeutic target for castration-resistant prostate cancer through the PTPN4/STAT3 axis. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:1290-1305. [PMID: 36042375 PMCID: PMC9440249 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00837-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional role of microRNA-375 (miR-375) in the development of prostate cancer (PCa) remains controversial. Previously, we found that plasma exosomal miR-375 is significantly elevated in castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) patients compared with castration-sensitive PCa patients. Here, we aimed to determine how miR-375 modulates CRPC progression and thereafter to evaluate the therapeutic potential of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (hucMSC)-derived exosomes loaded with miR-375 antisense oligonucleotides (e-375i). We used miRNA in situ hybridization technique to evaluate miR-375 expression in PCa tissues, gain- and loss-of-function experiments to determine miR-375 function, and bioinformatic methods, dual-luciferase reporter assay, qPCR, IHC and western blotting to determine and validate the target as well as the effects of miR-375 at the molecular level. Then, e-375i complexes were assessed for their antagonizing effects against miR-375. We found that the expression of miR-375 was elevated in PCa tissues and cancer exosomes, correlating with the Gleason score. Forced expression of miR-375 enhanced the expression of EMT markers and AR but suppressed apoptosis markers, leading to enhanced proliferation, migration, invasion, and enzalutamide resistance and decreased apoptosis of PCa cells. These effects could be reversed by miR-375 silencing. Mechanistically, miR-375 directly interfered with the expression of phosphatase nonreceptor type 4 (PTPN4), which in turn stabilized phosphorylated STAT3. Application of e-375i could inhibit miR-375, upregulate PTPN4 and downregulate p-STAT3, eventually repressing the growth of PCa. Collectively, we identified a novel miR-375 target, PTPN4, that functions upstream of STAT3, and targeting miR-375 may be an alternative therapeutic for PCa, especially for CRPC with high AR levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqing Gan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Biotherapy Center, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Liangzi He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Lu Bai
- Biotherapy Center, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Ran Liao
- Biotherapy Center, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Biotherapy Center, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Madi Guo
- Biotherapy Center, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Biotherapy Center, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Jiade Li
- Biotherapy Center, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Qi Li
- Biotherapy Center, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Guannan Mu
- Biotherapy Center, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Yangjiazi Wu
- Biotherapy Center, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Xinling Wang
- Biotherapy Center, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Xingli Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Biotherapy Center, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Huimin Lv
- Biotherapy Center, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Zhengfeng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Yanqiao Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - MeiYan Feng
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Qingwei Meng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Xiaoyi Huang
- Biotherapy Center, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China.
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Le HTT, Murugesan A, Candeias NR, Ramesh T, Yli-Harja O, Kandhavelu M. P2Y1 agonist HIC in combination with androgen receptor inhibitor abiraterone acetate impairs cell growth of prostate cancer. Apoptosis 2022; 27:283-295. [PMID: 35129730 PMCID: PMC8940814 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01716-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
P2Y receptors belong to the large superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors and play a crucial role in cell death and survival. P2Y1 receptor has been identified as a marker for prostate cancer (PCa). A previously unveiled selective P2Y1 receptor agonist, the indoline-derived HIC (1-(1-((2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl)indoline-4-carbonitrile), induces a series of molecular and biological responses in PCa cells PC3 and DU145, but minimal toxicity to normal cells. Here, we evaluated the combinatorial effect of HIC with abiraterone acetate (AA) targeted on androgen receptor (AR) on the inhibition of PCa cells. Here, the presence of HIC and AA significantly inhibited cell proliferation of PC3 and DU145 cells with time-dependent manner as a synerfistic combination. Moreover, it was also shown that the anticancer and antimetastasis effects of the combinratorial drugs were noticed through a decrease in colony-forming ability, cell migration, and cell invasion. In addition, the HIC + AA induced apoptotic population of PCa cells as well as cell cycle arrest in G1 progression phase. In summary, these studies show that the combination of P2Y1 receptor agonist, HIC and AR inhibitor, AA, effectively improved the antitumor activity of each drug. Thus, the combinatorial model of HIC and AA should be a novel and promising therapeutic strategy for treating prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hien Thi Thu Le
- Molecular Signaling Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and BioMediTech, P.O.Box 553, 33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - Akshaya Murugesan
- Molecular Signaling Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and BioMediTech, P.O.Box 553, 33101, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Biotechnology, Lady Doak College, Thallakulam, Madurai, 625002, India
| | - Nuno R Candeias
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 8, 33101, Tampere, Finland
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Thiyagarajan Ramesh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Olli Yli-Harja
- Computational Systems Biology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology and BioMediTech, Tampere University, P.O.Box 553, 33101, Tampere, Finland
- Institute for Systems Biology, 1441N 34th Street, Seattle, WA, 98103-8904, USA
| | - Meenakshisundaram Kandhavelu
- Molecular Signaling Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and BioMediTech, P.O.Box 553, 33101, Tampere, Finland.
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Soylu H, Kırca M, Avcı S, Ozpolat B, Ustunel I. Antiandrogen abiraterone and docetaxel treatments affect Notch1, Jagged1 and Hes1 expressions in metastatic prostate cancer cells. Exp Mol Pathol 2021; 119:104607. [PMID: 33482170 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2021.104607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men. A Notch signaling pathway is an important pathway in cell proliferation, differentiation, and fate. However, currently, the effects of abiraterone based-anti-androgene therapy and docetaxel, the most commonly used standard chemotherapy in prostate cancer treatment, on Notch signaling pathway are unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effects of abiraterone acetate and docetaxel on the expression of Notch1, Jagged1 and Hes1 in prostate cancer cell lines. METHODS In vitro effects of abiraterone acetate and docetaxel were examined on Notch1, Jagged1, and Hes1 expression in LNCaP and PC3 PCa cell lines by immunofluorescence, Western blot, and qRT-PCR. MTT proliferation assay was used to evaluate cell proliferation and survival. RESULTS We found that in the treatment of PC3 cells with abiraterone acetate, docetaxel, and their combination, only mRNA expressions of Notch1, Jagged1 and Hes1 were affected compared to control, but these expression differences were not observed in protein expression. In LNCaP cells, abiraterone acetate and the combination groups reduced Notch1 protein expression. All treatment groups did not alter Jagged1 expression compared to control, but significantly increased the Hes1 gene and protein expression. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that abiraterone and docetaxel treatments affects the expression of Notch signal pathway proteins. But these drugs especially cause significant upregulation in Hes1 expression in PCa cells. Therefore, co-application of Notch signaling inhibitors together with docetaxel and abiraterone chemotherapy, it was thought that decreased Hes1 expression could be stopped the deterioration of the prognosis of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Soylu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Duzce University, 81620 Duzce, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kırca
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kutahya Health Sciences University, 43100 Kutahya, Turkey
| | - Sema Avcı
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, 07070 Antalya, Turkey
| | - Bulent Ozpolat
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ismail Ustunel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, 07070 Antalya, TURKEY.
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