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Kambayashi R, Goto A, Takahara A, Saito H, Izumi-Nakaseko H, Takei Y, Akie Y, Hori M, Sugiyama A. Characterization of remodeling processes in the atria of atrioventricular block dogs: Utility as an early-stage atrial fibrillation model. J Pharmacol Sci 2024; 156:19-29. [PMID: 39068031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2024.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
To characterize utility of atrioventricular block (AVB) dogs as atrial fibrillation (AF) model, we studied remodeling processes occurring in their atria in acute (<2 weeks) and chronic (>4 weeks) phases. Fifty beagle dogs were used. Holter electrocardiogram demonstrated that paroxysmal AF occurred immediately after the production of AVB, of which duration tended to be prolonged in chronic phase. Electrophysiological analysis showed that inter-atrial conduction time and duration of burst pacing-induced AF increased in the chronic phase compared with those in the acute phase, but that atrial effective refractory period was hardly altered. Echocardiographic study revealed that diameters of left atrium, right pulmonary vein and inferior vena cava increased similarly in the acute and chronic phases. Histological evaluation indicated that hypertrophy and fibrosis in atrial tissue increased in the chronic phase. Electropharmacological characterization showed that i.v. pilsicainide effectively suppressed burst pacing-induced AF with increasing atrial conduction time and refractoriness of AVB dogs in chronic phase, but that i.v. amiodarone did not exert such electrophysiological effects. Taken together, AVB dogs in chronic phase appear to possess such pathophysiology as developed in the atria of early-stage AF patients, and therefore they can be used to evaluate drug candidates against early-stage AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Kambayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Ai Goto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Akira Takahara
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Saito
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan; CMIC Bioresearch Center, CMIC Pharma Science Co., Ltd., 10221 Kobuchisawa, Hokuto, Yamanashi 408-0044, Japan
| | - Hiroko Izumi-Nakaseko
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Takei
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Yasuki Akie
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan; CMIC Bioresearch Center, CMIC Pharma Science Co., Ltd., 10221 Kobuchisawa, Hokuto, Yamanashi 408-0044, Japan
| | - Masaaki Hori
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 6-11-1 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sugiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan; Yamanashi Research Center of Clinical Pharmacology, 73-5 Hatta, Fuefuki, Yamanashi 406-0023, Japan; Organization for the Promotion of Research and Social Collaboration, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan.
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Di Martino RMC, Maxwell BD, Pirali T. Deuterium in drug discovery: progress, opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2023; 22:562-584. [PMID: 37277503 PMCID: PMC10241557 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00703-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Substitution of a hydrogen atom with its heavy isotope deuterium entails the addition of one neutron to a molecule. Despite being a subtle change, this structural modification, known as deuteration, may improve the pharmacokinetic and/or toxicity profile of drugs, potentially translating into improvements in efficacy and safety compared with the non-deuterated counterparts. Initially, efforts to exploit this potential primarily led to the development of deuterated analogues of marketed drugs through a 'deuterium switch' approach, such as deutetrabenazine, which became the first deuterated drug to receive FDA approval in 2017. In the past few years, the focus has shifted to applying deuteration in novel drug discovery, and the FDA approved the pioneering de novo deuterated drug deucravacitinib in 2022. In this Review, we highlight key milestones in the field of deuteration in drug discovery and development, emphasizing recent and instructive medicinal chemistry programmes and discussing the opportunities and hurdles for drug developers, as well as the questions that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tracey Pirali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
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Metabolic activation of drugs by cytochrome P450 enzymes: Biochemical insights into mechanism-based inactivation by fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitors and chemical approaches to attenuate reactive metabolite formation. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115336. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Site-directed deuteration of dronedarone preserves cytochrome P4502J2 activity and mitigates its cardiac adverse effects in canine arrhythmic hearts. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:3905-3923. [PMID: 36213535 PMCID: PMC9532722 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P4502J2 (CYP2J2) metabolizes arachidonic acid (AA) to cardioprotective epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). Dronedarone, an antiarrhythmic drug prescribed for treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) induces cardiac adverse effects (AEs) with poorly understood mechanisms. We previously demonstrated that dronedarone inactivates CYP2J2 potently and irreversibly, disrupts AA-EET pathway leading to cardiac mitochondrial toxicity rescuable via EET enrichment. In this study, we investigated if mitigation of CYP2J2 inhibition prevents dronedarone-induced cardiac AEs. We first synthesized a deuterated analogue of dronedarone (termed poyendarone) and demonstrated that it neither inactivates CYP2J2, disrupts AA-EETs metabolism nor causes cardiac mitochondrial toxicity in vitro. Our patch-clamp experiments demonstrated that pharmacoelectrophysiology of dronedarone is unaffected by deuteration. Next, we show that dronedarone treatment or CYP2J2 knockdown in spontaneously beating cardiomyocytes indicative of depleted CYP2J2 activity exacerbates beat-to-beat (BTB) variability reflective of proarrhythmic phenotype. In contrast, poyendarone treatment yields significantly lower BTB variability compared to dronedarone in cardiomyocytes indicative of preserved CYP2J2 activity. Importantly, poyendarone and dronedarone display similar antiarrhythmic properties in the canine model of persistent AF, while poyendarone substantially reduces beat-to-beat variability of repolarization duration suggestive of diminished proarrhythmic risk. Our findings prove that deuteration of dronedarone prevents CYP2J2 inactivation and mitigates dronedarone-induced cardiac AEs.
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Kambayashi R, Goto A, Onozato M, Izumi-Nakaseko H, Takei Y, Matsumoto A, Kawai S, Fukushima T, Sugiyama A. Simultaneous analyses of hemodynamic and electrophysiological effects of oseltamivir along with its pharmacokinetic profile using the canine paroxysmal atrial fibrillation model. J Pharmacol Sci 2021; 148:179-186. [PMID: 34924124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since information of antiviral drug oseltamivir on the anti-atrial fibrillation (AF) property is still limited, we assessed it using the canine paroxysmal AF model. Oseltamivir in doses of 3 and 30 mg/kg/10 min was intravenously infused to the isoflurane-anesthetized, chronic atrioventricular block dogs (n = 6) with monitoring hemodynamic and electrophysiological variables, in which AF was induced by 10 s of burst pacing on atrial septum. Oseltamivir decreased AF incidence and AF duration, and prolonged AF cycle length in a dose-dependent manner. The low and high doses attained the peak plasma drug concentrations of 9.7 and 96.5 μg/mL, which were approximately 100 and 1000 times greater than those observed in human clinical cases, respectively. The low dose of oseltamivir decreased mean blood pressure without altering sinoatrial or idioventricular rate, whereas its high dose reduced each of them. Oseltamivir delayed inter-atrial conduction in dose- and frequency-dependent manners, whereas it prolonged atrial effective refractory period in dose-dependent but frequency-independent manners. The high dose prolonged ventricular effective refractory period, which was not detected with the low dose. These findings can be used for repurposing oseltamivir as an anti-AF drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Kambayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Ai Goto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Mayu Onozato
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroko Izumi-Nakaseko
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Takei
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Akio Matsumoto
- Department of Aging Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kawai
- Department of Inflammation & Pain Control Research, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fukushima
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sugiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan; Department of Aging Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan; Department of Inflammation & Pain Control Research, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan.
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