Guanabenz-an old drug with a potential to decrease obesity

Spring viraemia of carp virus modulates the time-dependent unfolded protein response to facilitate viral replication

Introduction

The spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV) poses a significant threat to global aquaculture, yet effective antiviral drugs and vaccines remain unavailable. Understanding the interplay between host-pathogen interactions and SVCV replication is crucial for devising preventive strategies.

Methods

ZF4 cells were exposed to UV-inactivated SVCV or live SVCV at different multiplicities of infection, and the modulation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) was assayed by qPCR at different times. Moreover, ZF4 cells were treated with several UPR modulators to investigate their effect on viral replication. The UPR was also modulated in vivo in zebrafish larvae, and its impact on the survival against SVCV infection was evaluated.

Results and conclusions

This study reveals how SVCV exploits the host's UPR to facilitate its replication. SVCV targets the immunoglobulin heavy chain-binding protein (BiP) and the activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) during early infection to enhance viral RNA synthesis and translation. At later stages, activation of the BiP, the PKR-like ER kinase (PERK), and the inositol-requiring enzyme 1 alpha (IRE1α) pathways supports the release of viral progeny and induces cellular processes, including immune responses and apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, the data demonstrate that modulating UPR pathways, particularly ATF6 and PERK, significantly affect viral replication, providing a novel avenue for antiviral drug development. Preliminary in vivo studies suggest the feasibility of chemically modulating the UPR to combat SVCV, though optimizing administration conditions to maximize efficacy while minimizing side effects warrants further investigation. These findings offer critical insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying SVCV pathogenesis and highlight promising targets for therapeutic intervention.

Mammalian integrated stress responses in stressed organelles and their functions

The integrated stress response (ISR) triggered in response to various cellular stress enables mammalian cells to effectively cope with diverse stressful conditions while maintaining their normal functions. Four kinases (PERK, PKR, GCN2, and HRI) of ISR regulate ISR signaling and intracellular protein translation via mediating the phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 α (eIF2α) at Ser51. Early ISR creates an opportunity for cells to repair themselves and restore homeostasis. This effect, however, is reversed in the late stages of ISR. Currently, some studies have shown the non-negligible impact of ISR on diseases such as ischemic diseases, cognitive impairment, metabolic syndrome, cancer, vanishing white matter, etc. Hence, artificial regulation of ISR and its signaling with ISR modulators becomes a promising therapeutic strategy for relieving disease symptoms and improving clinical outcomes. Here, we provide an overview of the essential mechanisms of ISR and describe the ISR-related pathways in organelles including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. Meanwhile, the regulatory effects of ISR modulators and their potential application in various diseases are also enumerated.

Discovery of Guanfacine as a Novel TAAR1 Agonist: A Combination Strategy through Molecular Modeling Studies and Biological Assays

Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) is an attractive target for the design of innovative drugs to be applied in diverse pharmacological settings. Due to a non-negligible structural similarity with endogenous ligands, most of the agonists developed so far resulted in being affected by a low selectivity for TAAR1 with respect to other monoaminergic G protein-coupled receptors, like the adrenoreceptors. This study utilized comparative molecular docking studies and quantitative-structure activity relationship (QSAR) analyses to unveil key structural differences between TAAR1 and alpha2-adrenoreceptor (α2-ADR), with the aim to design novel TAAR1 agonists characterized by a higher selectivity profile and reduced off-target effects. While the presence of hydrophobic motives is encouraged towards both the two receptors, the introduction of polar/positively charged groups and the ligand conformation deeply affect the TAAR1 or α2-ADR putative selectivity. These computational methods allowed the identification of the α2A-ADR agonist guanfacine as an attractive TAAR1-targeting lead compound, demonstrating nanomolar activity in vitro. In vivo exploration of the efficacy of guanfacine showed that it is able to decrease the locomotor activity of dopamine transporter knockout (DAT-KO) rats. Therefore, guanfacine can be considered as an interesting template molecule worthy of structural optimization. The dual activity of guanfacine on both α2-ADR and TAAR1 signaling and the related crosstalk between the two pathways will deserve more in-depth investigation.