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Jović M, Prim D, Righini O, Tagan D, Stäuble M, Pignat M, Gallay S, Geiser M, Pfeifer ME. A novel point-of-care diagnostic prototype system for the simultaneous electrochemiluminescent sensing of multiple traumatic brain injury biomarkers. SENSORS & DIAGNOSTICS 2023; 2:964-975. [PMID: 37465008 PMCID: PMC10351028 DOI: 10.1039/d3sd00090g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are typically acquired when a sudden violent event causes damage to the brain tissue. A high percentage (70-85%) of all TBI patients are suffering from mild TBI (mTBI), which is often difficult to detect and diagnose with standard imaging tools (MRI, CT scan) due to the absence of significant lesions and specific symptoms. Recent studies suggest that a screening test based on the measurement of a protein biomarker panel directly from a patient's blood can facilitate mTBI diagnosis. Herein, we report a novel prototype system designed as a precursor of a future hand-held point-of-care (POC) diagnostic device for the simultaneous multi-biomarker sensing, employing a microarray-type spatially resolved electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (SR-ECLIA). The small tabletop prototype consists of a screen-printed electrode compartment to conduct multi-analyte ECL sandwich assays, a potentiostat module and a light collection module, all integrated into a compact 3D-printed housing (18.2 × 16.5 × 5.0 cm), as well as an sCMOS detector. Based on this design concept, further miniaturization, system integration, performance optimization and clinical evaluation shall pave the way towards the development of a portable instrument for use at the site of accident and healthcare. To demonstrate the system's feasibility, current performance and efficiency, the simultaneous detection of three mTBI biomarkers (GFAP, h-FABP, S100β) in 50% serum was achieved in the upper pg mL-1 range. The proposed device is amenable to the detection of other biomarker panels and thus could open new medical diagnostic avenues for sensitive multi-analyte measurements with low-volume biological sample requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Jović
- Diagnostic Systems Research Group, Institute of Life Technologies, School of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO Valais-Wallis) Rue de l'Industrie 19 1950 Sion Switzerland
| | - Denis Prim
- Diagnostic Systems Research Group, Institute of Life Technologies, School of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO Valais-Wallis) Rue de l'Industrie 19 1950 Sion Switzerland
| | - Ophélie Righini
- Diagnostic Systems Research Group, Institute of Life Technologies, School of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO Valais-Wallis) Rue de l'Industrie 19 1950 Sion Switzerland
| | - David Tagan
- Institute of Systems Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO Valais-Wallis) Rue de l'Industrie 23 1950 Sion Switzerland
| | - Mélanie Stäuble
- Diagnostic Systems Research Group, Institute of Life Technologies, School of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO Valais-Wallis) Rue de l'Industrie 19 1950 Sion Switzerland
| | - Marc Pignat
- Institute of Systems Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO Valais-Wallis) Rue de l'Industrie 23 1950 Sion Switzerland
| | - Steve Gallay
- Institute of Systems Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO Valais-Wallis) Rue de l'Industrie 23 1950 Sion Switzerland
| | | | - Marc E Pfeifer
- Diagnostic Systems Research Group, Institute of Life Technologies, School of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO Valais-Wallis) Rue de l'Industrie 19 1950 Sion Switzerland
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2
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Svigelj R, Zuliani I, Dossi N, Toniolo R. A portable electrochemiluminescence aptasensor for β-lactoglobulin detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:7935-7941. [PMID: 36131144 PMCID: PMC9568494 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04328-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cow’s milk allergy is one of the most common food allergies in children with a prevalence of around 2.5%. Milk contains several allergens; the main ones are caseins and β-lactoglobulin (β-LG). At regulatory level, β-LG is not explicitly named, but milk is included in the list of substances or products causing allergies or intolerances. Hence, the presence of β-LG can be a useful marker for determining the presence of milk in food. In this work, we present an aptasensor based on electrochemiluminescence (ECL) for the quantification of β-LG in real food matrices displaying integrated advantages consisting of high specificity, good sensitivity, portability, and cost effectiveness. The performance and applicability of this sensor were tested by analyzing a sample of skimmed milk and an oat-based drink proposed as a vegetable substitute for milk of animal origin. We obtained a linear correlation between the intensity of the signal and the concentration of β-LG standard solutions (y = x * 0.00653 + 1.038, R2 = 0.99). The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were found to be 1.36 and 4.55 μg L−1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Svigelj
- Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, via Cotonificio 108, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Ivan Zuliani
- Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, via Cotonificio 108, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Nicolò Dossi
- Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, via Cotonificio 108, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Rosanna Toniolo
- Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, via Cotonificio 108, 33100, Udine, Italy.
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3
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Jović M, Prim D, Saini E, Pfeifer ME. Towards a Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostic Platform for the Multiplex Electrochemiluminescent (ECL) Sensing of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) Biomarkers. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:172. [PMID: 35323442 PMCID: PMC8946848 DOI: 10.3390/bios12030172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Globally, 70 million people are annually affected by TBI. A significant proportion of all TBI cases are actually mild TBI (concussion, 70-85%), which is considerably more difficult to diagnose due to the absence of apparent symptoms. Current clinical practice of diagnosing mTBI largely resides on the patients' history, clinical aspects, and CT and MRI neuroimaging observations. The latter methods are costly, time-consuming, and not amenable for decentralized or accident site measurements. As an alternative (and/or complementary), mTBI diagnostics can be performed by detection of mTBI biomarkers from patients' blood. Herein, we proposed two strategies for the detection of three mTBI-relevant biomarkers (GFAP, h-FABP, and S100β), in standard solutions and in human serum samples by using an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunoassay on (i) a commercial ECL platform in 96-well plate format, and (ii) a "POC-friendly" platform with disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) and a portable ECL reader. We further demonstrated a proof-of-concept for integrating three individually developed mTBI assays ("singleplex") into a three-plex ("multiplex") assay on a single SPCE using a spatially resolved ECL approach. The presented methodology demonstrates feasibility and a first step towards the development of a rapid POC multiplex diagnostic system for the detection of a mTBI biomarker panel on a single SPCE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marc Emil Pfeifer
- Diagnostic Systems Research Group, Institute of Life Technologies, School of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO Valais-Wallis), 1950 Sion, Switzerland; (M.J.); (D.P.); (E.S.)
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4
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D'Alton L, Carrara S, Barbante GJ, Hoxley D, Hayne DJ, Francis PS, Hogan CF. A simple, low-cost instrument for electrochemiluminescence immunoassays based on a Raspberry Pi and screen-printed electrodes. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 146:108107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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5
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Takahashi F, Tanaka R, Arai Y, Tatsumi H, Jin J. Electrochemiluminescence of Tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II)/Tri-n-propylamine with an Electric Contactless Power Transfer System. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:1309-1313. [PMID: 33678726 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.21a002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemiluminescence (ECL) analytical device was developed using an electric contactless power transfer system. A mutually induced electromotive voltage was generated by wrapping an enameled wire around a commercial contactless charger. There was no electrical contact between the power supply and the electrochemical cell. For the tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)32+)/tri-n-propylamine system, a weak ECL signal was observed. When an inexpensive rectifier diode was introduced between the coil and the working electrode, the ECL intensity detection sensitivity increased by more than 100 times. The relationship between the waveform of the applied voltage and the ECL response was clarified, and the optimum conditions were determined. The intensity of the induced electromotive voltage was easily controlled by changing the number of turns in the coil. The proposed method is a safe, simple, and inexpensive technique without electrical contact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryutaro Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University
| | - Yuta Arai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University
| | | | - Jiye Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University
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Díez-Buitrago B, Saa L, Briz N, Pavlov V. Development of portable CdS QDs screen-printed carbon electrode platform for electrochemiluminescence measurements and bioanalytical applications. Talanta 2021; 225:122029. [PMID: 33592758 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.122029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a portable and disposable screen-printed electrode-based platform for CdS QDs electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection is presented. CdS QDs were synthesized in aqueous media and placed on top of carbon electrodes by drop casting. The CdS QDs spherical assemblies consisted of nanoparticles about 4 nm diameters and served as ECL sensitizers to enzymatic assays. The nanoparticles were characterized by optical techniques, TEM and XPS. Besides, the electrode modification process was optimized and further studied by SEM and confocal microscopy. The ECL emission from CdS QDs was triggered with H2O2 as cofactor and enzymatic assays were employed to modulate the CdS QDs ECL signal by blocking the surface or generating H2O2 in situ. Thiol-bearing compounds such as thiocholine generated through the hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) interacted with the surface of CdS QDs thus blocking the ECL. The biosensor showed a linear range up to 5 mU mL-1 and a detection limit of 0.73 mU mL-1 for AChE. Moreover, the inhibition mechanism of the enzyme was studied by using 1,5-bis-(4-allyldimethylammonium-phenyl)pentan-3-one dibromide with a detection limit of 79.22 nM. Furthermore, the natural production of H2O2 from the oxidation of methanol by the action of alcohol oxidase was utilized to carry out the ECL process. This enzymatic assay presented a linear range up to 0.5 mg L-1 and a detection limit of 61.46 μg L-1 for methanol. The reported methodology shows potential applications for the development of sensitive and easy to hand biosensors and was applied to the determination of AChE and methanol in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Díez-Buitrago
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 182, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain; Tecnalia, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Mikeletegi 2, 20009, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Laura Saa
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 182, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Nerea Briz
- Tecnalia, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Mikeletegi 2, 20009, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Valeri Pavlov
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 182, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain.
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Ibáñez D, González-García MB, Hernández-Santos D, Fanjul-Bolado P. Understanding the ECL interaction of luminol and Ru(bpy) 32+ luminophores by spectro-electrochemiluminescence. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:18261-18264. [PMID: 32785352 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02995e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A detailed analysis of the ECL interaction between luminol and tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)dichlororuthenium(ii) (Ru(bpy)32+) is required before using them in ECL systems for multianalyte detection purposes. Spectro-electrochemiluminescence demonstrates that not only must the emission properties be considered, but also their additional optical characteristics are involved in the explanation of the interaction mechanism between these luminophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ibáñez
- Metrohm DropSens, S. L. Vivero Ciencias de la Salud, C/Colegio Santo Domingo de Guzmán s/n, 33010 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
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8
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Dai W, Zhao W, Ma Y, Ye J, Jin J. Development of Miniaturized Electrochemiluminescence Instrument using Multi‐pixel Photon Counter as the Optical Detector. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202000094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanlin Dai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 P.R. China
| | - Wenyuan Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 P.R. China
| | - Ying Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 P.R. China
| | - Jianshan Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 P.R. China
| | - Jiye Jin
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Shinshu University 3-1-1 Asahi Matsumoto Nagano 390-8621 Japan
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9
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Lv Y, Zhou Z, Shen Y, Zhou Q, Ji J, Liu S, Zhang Y. Coupled Fluorometer-Potentiostat System and Metal-Free Monochromatic Luminophores for High-Resolution Wavelength-Resolved Electrochemiluminescent Multiplex Bioassay. ACS Sens 2018; 3:1362-1367. [PMID: 29882407 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The sensitive simultaneous detection of multiple biomarkers is critical for the early diagnosis of diseases. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) offers outstanding advantages, e.g., low background, over other optical sensing techniques. However, multiplexed ECL bioassay is hindered not only by the lack of generally available ECL spectrometers but also by the limited number of biocompatible monochromatic ECL luminophores for decades. Herein, we report addressing these issues by re-examination of the recent tabletop spectrofluorometer coupled potentiostat as a high-resolution ECL spectrum acquisition system and using carbon nitrides as monochromatic luminophores. A wavelength-resolved multiplexing ECL biosensor is demonstrated to simultaneously detect CA19-9 and mesothelin, two pancreatic cancer biomarkers, at a single-electrode interface. This work could initiate new opportunities for more general multiplex ECL biosensors with competitive performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqin Lv
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Zhixin Zhou
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Yanfei Shen
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Jingjing Ji
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Songqin Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Yuanjian Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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10
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García C, Navarro F, Celis F, Ruiz D, Toledo S, Sanhueza L, Quiñones A, Aguirre MJ. Electrochemical, spectroscopic and electrochemiluminescent characterization of self-assembled 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane/CdTe quantum dots hybrids on screen-printed electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.04.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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11
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Gross EM, Durant HE, Hipp KN, Lai RY. Electrochemiluminescence Detection in Paper-Based and Other Inexpensive Microfluidic Devices. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201700426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin M. Gross
- Department of Chemistry; Creighton University; Omaha NE 68178 USA
| | - Hannah E. Durant
- Department of Chemistry; Creighton University; Omaha NE 68178 USA
| | - Kenneth N. Hipp
- Department of Chemistry; University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Lincoln NE 68588-0304 USA
| | - Rebecca Y. Lai
- Department of Chemistry; University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Lincoln NE 68588-0304 USA
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12
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Neves MMPS, González-García MB, Hernández-Santos D, Fanjul-Bolado P. A Miniaturized Flow Injection Analysis System for Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence−Based Assays. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201700170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta M. P. S. Neves
- DropSens S.L.; Edificio CEEI; Parque Tecnológico de Asturias; 33428 Llanera, Asturias Spain
| | | | - David Hernández-Santos
- DropSens S.L.; Edificio CEEI; Parque Tecnológico de Asturias; 33428 Llanera, Asturias Spain
| | - Pablo Fanjul-Bolado
- DropSens S.L.; Edificio CEEI; Parque Tecnológico de Asturias; 33428 Llanera, Asturias Spain
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13
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Danis AS, Odette WL, Perry SC, Canesi S, Sleiman HF, Mauzeroll J. Cuvette-Based Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Detection System for the Assessment of Polymerizable Ruthenium Luminophores. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Danis
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal H3 A 0B8, QC Canada
| | - William L. Odette
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal H3 A 0B8, QC Canada
| | - Samuel C. Perry
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal H3 A 0B8, QC Canada
| | - Sylvain Canesi
- Département de Chimie; Université du Québec à Montréal; C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
| | - Hanadi F. Sleiman
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal, QC H3 A 0B8 Canada
| | - Janine Mauzeroll
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal H3 A 0B8, QC Canada
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Valenti G, Fiorani A, Li H, Sojic N, Paolucci F. Essential Role of Electrode Materials in Electrochemiluminescence Applications. ChemElectroChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Valenti
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”; University of Bologna; Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Andrea Fiorani
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”; University of Bologna; Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Haidong Li
- University of Bordeaux; INP Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255, ENSCBP; 33607 Pessac France
| | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux; INP Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255, ENSCBP; 33607 Pessac France
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”; University of Bologna; Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
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