1
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Tie C, Cui X, Zhang Z, Geng Y, Liu T, Rong X, Zheng X. Novel Structure-Driven Predict-to-Hit Strategy for PC Double Bond Positional Isomer Identification Based on Negative LC-MRM Analysis. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 38330201 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
As the predominant phospholipids in mammalian cells, phosphatidylcholines (PCs) have been demonstrated to play a crucial role in a multitude of vital biological processes. Research has highlighted the significance of the diversity in PC isomers as instigators of both physiological and pathological responses, particularly those with variations in the position of double bonds within their fatty chains. Profiling these PC isomers is paramount to advancing our understanding of their biological functions. Despite the availability of analytical methods utilizing high-resolution secondary mass spectrometry (MS2) fragmentation, a novel approach was imperative to facilitate large-scale profiling of PC isomers while ensuring accessibility, facility, and reliability. In this study, an innovative strategy centered around structure-driven predict-to-hit profiling of the double bond positional isomers for PCs was meticulously developed, employing negative reversed-phase liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring (RPLC-MRM). This novel methodology heightened the sensitivity. The analysis of rat lung tissue samples resulted in the identification of 130 distinct PC isomers. This approach transcended the confines of available PC isomer standards, thereby broadening the horizons of PC-related biofunction investigations. By optimizing the quantitation reliability, the scale of sample analysis was judiciously managed. This work pioneers a novel paradigm for the exploration of PC isomers, distinct from the conventional methods reliant on high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). It equips researchers with potent tools to further explore the biofunctional aspects of lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Tie
- State Key Laboratory for Fine Exploration and Intelligent Development of Coal Resources, Ding 11 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100083, China
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Ding 11 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xinge Cui
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK & PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Ding 11 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yicong Geng
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Ding 11 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ting Liu
- SCIEX, Analytical Instrument Trading Co., Ltd., 518 North Fuquan Road, Shanghai 200335, China
| | - Xiaojuan Rong
- Xinjiang Institute of Material Medica, 140 North Xinhua Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830004, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK & PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China
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2
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Wang HYJ, Hsu FF. Structural characterization of phospholipids and sphingolipids by in-source fragmentation MALDI/TOF mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:2089-2102. [PMID: 35013808 PMCID: PMC8882230 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03843-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipids (PLs) and sphingolipids (SLs) perform critical structural and biological functions in cells. The structure of these lipids, including the stereospecificity and double-bond position of fatty acyl (FA) chains, is critical in decoding lipid biology. In this study, we presented a simple in-source fragmentation (ISF) MALDI/TOF mass spectrometry method that affords complete structural characterization of PL and SL molecules. We analyzed several representative unsaturated lipid species including phosphatidylcholine (PC), plasmalogen PC (pPC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI), cardiolipin (CL), sphingomyelin (SM), and ceramide (Cer). Fragment ions reflecting the FA chains at sn-1 and sn-2 position, and those characteristics of the head groups of different PL classes, are readily identified. Specific fragment ions from cleavages of the C-C bond immediately adjacent to the cis C=C double-bond position(s) of FA chains and the trans C=C double bond of the sphingosine constituents allow precise localization of double bonds. The identities of the exemplary product ions from vinylic, allylic, and double-bond cleavages were also verified by LIFT-TOF/TOF. Identification of individual PL species in the lipid mixture was also carried out with ISF-MALDI/TOF. Together, this approach provides a simple yet effective method for structural characterization of PLs and SLs without the additional modification on the instrument hardware, and serves as a simple tool for the identification of lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hay-Yan J Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan.
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8127, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Fong-Fu Hsu
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8127, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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3
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Heiles S. Advanced tandem mass spectrometry in metabolomics and lipidomics-methods and applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:5927-5948. [PMID: 34142202 PMCID: PMC8440309 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics and lipidomics are new drivers of the omics era as molecular signatures and selected analytes allow phenotypic characterization and serve as biomarkers, respectively. The growing capabilities of untargeted and targeted workflows, which primarily rely on mass spectrometric platforms, enable extensive charting or identification of bioactive metabolites and lipids. Structural annotation of these compounds is key in order to link specific molecular entities to defined biochemical functions or phenotypes. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS), first and foremost collision-induced dissociation (CID), is the method of choice to unveil structural details of metabolites and lipids. But CID fragment ions are often not sufficient to fully characterize analytes. Therefore, recent years have seen a surge in alternative tandem MS methodologies that aim to offer full structural characterization of metabolites and lipids. In this article, principles, capabilities, drawbacks, and first applications of these "advanced tandem mass spectrometry" strategies will be critically reviewed. This includes tandem MS methods that are based on electrons, photons, and ion/molecule, as well as ion/ion reactions, combining tandem MS with concepts from optical spectroscopy and making use of derivatization strategies. In the final sections of this review, the first applications of these methodologies in combination with liquid chromatography or mass spectrometry imaging are highlighted and future perspectives for research in metabolomics and lipidomics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Heiles
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich Buff Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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4
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Randolph CE, Shenault DM, Blanksby SJ, McLuckey SA. Localization of Carbon-Carbon Double Bond and Cyclopropane Sites in Cardiolipins via Gas-Phase Charge Inversion Reactions. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:455-464. [PMID: 33370110 PMCID: PMC8557092 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cardiolipins (CLs) are comprised of two phosphatic acid moieties bound to a central glycerol backbone and are substituted with four acyl chains. Consequently, a vast number of distinct CL structures are possible in different biological contexts, representing a significant analytical challenge. Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) has become a widely used approach for the detection, characterization, and quantitation of complex lipids, including CLs. Central to this approach is fragmentation of the [CLs - H]- or [CL - 2H]2- anions by collision-induced dissociation (CID). Product ions in the resulting tandem mass spectra confirm the CL subclass assignment and reveal the numbers of carbons and degrees of unsaturation in each of the acyl chains. Conventional CID, however, affords limited structural elucidation of the fatty acyl chains, failing to discriminate isomers arising from different site(s) of unsaturation or cyclopropanation and potentially obscuring their metabolic origins. Here, we report the application of charge inversion ion/ion chemistry in the gas phase to enhance the structural elucidation of CLs. Briefly, CID of [CL - H]2- anions generated via negative ion ESI allowed for the assignment of individual fatty acyl substituents and phosphatidic acid moieties. Next, gas-phase derivatization of the resulting CL product ions, including fatty acyl carboxylate anions, was effected with gas-phase ion/ion charge inversion reactions with tris-phenanthroline magnesium reagent dications. Subsequent isolation and activation of the charge-inverted fatty acyl complex cations permitted the localization of both carbon-carbon double bond and cyclopropane motifs within each of the four acyl chains of CLs. This approach was applied to the de novo elucidation of unknown CLs in a biological extract revealing distinct isomeric populations and regiochemical relationships between double bonds and carbocyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E. Randolph
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA
| | | | - Stephen J. Blanksby
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Scott A. McLuckey
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA
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5
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Chao HC, McLuckey SA. Differentiation and Quantification of Diastereomeric Pairs of Glycosphingolipids Using Gas-Phase Ion Chemistry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13387-13395. [PMID: 32883073 PMCID: PMC7544660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs), including lyso-glycosphingolipids (lyso-GSLs) and cerebrosides (HexCer), constitute a sphingolipid subclass. The diastereomerism between their monosaccharide head groups, glucose and galactose in mammalian cells, gives rise to an analytical challenge in the differentiation of their biological roles in healthy and disease states. Shotgun tandem mass spectrometry has been demonstrated to be a powerful tool in lipidomics analysis in which the differentiation of the diastereomeric pairs of GSLs could be achieved with offline chemical modifications. However, the limited number of standards, as well as the lack of the comprehensive coverage of the GSLs, complicates the qualitative and quantitative analysis of GSLs. In this work, we describe a novel strategy that couples shotgun tandem mass spectrometry with gas-phase ion chemistry to achieve both differentiation and quantification of the diastereomeric pairs of GSLs. In brief, deprotonated GSL anions, [GSL-H]-, and terpyridine-magnesium complex dications, [Mg(Terpy)2]2+, are sequentially injected and mutually stored in a linear ion trap to form charge-inverted complex cations, [GSL-H + MgTerpy]+. The collision-induced dissociation of the charge-inverted complex cations leads to significant spectral differences between the diastereomeric pairs of GSLs, which permits their distinction. Moreover, we describe a relative quantification strategy with the normalized %Area extracted from selected diagnostic ions in binary mixtures. Analytical performance with the selected pure-component pairs, lyso-GSLs and HexCer(d18:1/18:0), was also evaluated in terms of accuracy, repeatability, and interday precision. The pure components could be extended to different fatty acyl chains on cerebrosides with a limited error, which allows for the relative quantitation of the diastereomeric pairs without all standards. We successfully applied the presented method to identify and quantify, on a relative basis, the GSLs in commercially available total cerebroside extracts from the porcine brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Chun Chao
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Scott A. McLuckey
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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6
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Randolph CE, Blanksby SJ, McLuckey SA. Enhancing detection and characterization of lipids using charge manipulation in electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 232:104970. [PMID: 32890498 PMCID: PMC7606777 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.104970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Heightened awareness regarding the implication of disturbances in lipid metabolism with respect to prevalent human-related pathologies demands analytical techniques that provide unambiguous structural characterization and accurate quantitation of lipids in complex biological samples. The diversity in molecular structures of lipids along with their wide range of concentrations in biological matrices present formidable analytical challenges. Modern mass spectrometry (MS) offers an unprecedented level of analytical power in lipid analysis, as many advancements in the field of lipidomics have been facilitated through novel applications of and developments in electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). ESI allows for the formation of intact lipid ions with little to no fragmentation and has become widely used in contemporary lipidomics experiments due to its sensitivity, reproducibility, and compatibility with condensed-phase modes of separation, such as liquid chromatography (LC). Owing to variations in lipid functional groups, ESI enables partial chemical separation of the lipidome, yet the preferred ion-type is not always formed, impacting lipid detection, characterization, and quantitation. Moreover, conventional ESI-MS/MS approaches often fail to expose diverse subtle structural features like the sites of unsaturation in fatty acyl constituents or acyl chain regiochemistry along the glycerol backbone, representing a significant challenge for ESI-MS/MS. To overcome these shortcomings, various charge manipulation strategies, including charge-switching, have been developed to transform ion-type and charge state, with aims of increasing sensitivity and selectivity of ESI-MS/MS approaches. Importantly, charge manipulation approaches afford enhanced ionization efficiency, improved mixture analysis performance, and access to informative fragmentation channels. Herein, we present a critical review of the current suite of solution-based and gas-phase strategies for the manipulation of lipid ion charge and type relevant to ESI-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Randolph
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA
| | - Stephen J Blanksby
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Scott A McLuckey
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA.
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7
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Jeck V, Froning M, Tiso T, Blank LM, Hayen H. Double bond localization in unsaturated rhamnolipid precursors 3-(3-hydroxyalkanoyloxy)alkanoic acids by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry applying online Paternò-Büchi reaction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:5601-5613. [PMID: 32627084 PMCID: PMC7413879 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02776-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are biomolecules with a broad variety of chemical structures, which renders them essential not only for various biological functions but also interestingly for biotechnological applications. Rhamnolipids are microbial glycolipids with surface-active properties and are widely used biosurfactants. They are composed of one or two L-rhamnoses and up to three hydroxy fatty acids. Their biosynthetic precursors are 3-hydroxy(alkanoyloxy)alkanoic acids (HAAs). The latter are also present in cell supernatants as complex mixtures and are extensively studied for their potential to replace synthetically derived surfactants. The carbon chain lengths of HAAs determine their physical properties, such as their abilities to foam and emulsify, and their critical micelle concentration. Despite growing biotechnological interest, methods for structural elucidation are limited and often rely on hydrolysis and analysis of free hydroxy fatty acids losing the connectivity information. Therefore, a high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method was developed for comprehensive structural characterization of intact HAAs. Information is provided on chain length and number of double bonds in each hydroxy fatty acid and their linkage by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Post-column photochemical derivatization by online Paternὸ-Büchi reaction and MS/MS fragmentation experiments generated diagnostic fragments allowing structural characterization down to the double bond position level. Furthermore, the presented experiments demonstrate a powerful approach for structure elucidation of complex lipids by tailored fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Jeck
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 30, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety - LAVES, Martin-Niemöller-Str. 2, 26133, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Matti Froning
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Till Tiso
- iAMB - Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lars M Blank
- iAMB - Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Heiko Hayen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 30, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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8
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Zhao J, Xie X, Lin Q, Ma X, Su P, Xia Y. Next-Generation Paternò–Büchi Reagents for Lipid Analysis by Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13470-13477. [PMID: 32840355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaobo Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiaohong Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Pei Su
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yu Xia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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9
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Randolph CE, Fabijanczuk KC, Blanksby SJ, McLuckey SA. Proton Transfer Reactions for the Gas-Phase Separation, Concentration, and Identification of Cardiolipins. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10847-10855. [PMID: 32639138 PMCID: PMC7490759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) analysis demands high specificity, due to the extensive diversity of CL structures, and high sensitivity, due to their low relative abundance within the lipidome. While electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is the most widely used technology in lipidomics, the potential for multiple charging presents unique challenges for CL identification and quantification. Depending on the conditions, ESI-MS of lipid extracts in negative ion mode can give rise to cardiolipins ionized as both singly and doubly deprotonated anions. This signal degeneracy diminishes the signal-to-noise ratio, while in addition (for direct infusion), the dianion population falls within a m/z range already heavily congested with monoanions from more abundant glycerophospholipid subclasses. Herein, we describe a direct infusion strategy for CL profiling from total lipid extracts utilizing gas-phase proton-transfer ion/ion reactions. In this approach, lipid extracts are ionized by negative ion ESI generating both singly deprotonated phospholipids and doubly deprotonated CL anions. Charge reduction of the negative ion population by ion/ion reactions leads to an enhancement in singly deprotonated [CL - H]- species via proton transfer to the corresponding [CL - 2H]2-̅ dianions. To concentrate the [CL - H]- anion signal, multiple iterations of ion accumulation and proton-transfer ion/ion reaction can be performed prior to subsequent interrogation. Mass selection and collisional activation of the enriched population of [CL - H]- anions facilitates the assignment of individual fatty acyl substituents and phosphatidic acid moieties. Demonstrated advantages of this new approach derive from the improved performance in complex mixture analysis affording detailed characterization of low abundant CLs directly from a total biological extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E. Randolph
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA
| | | | - Stephen J. Blanksby
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Scott A. McLuckey
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA
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10
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Hu W, Liu P, Liu G, Lu X. Recovered Camellia oleiferalecithin by acid and enzymatic oil‐degumming: chemical composition and emulsifying properties. Int J Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenna Hu
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Pengzhan Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Products Safety South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Guoqin Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Products Safety South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Xiaozhu Lu
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
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11
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Deng J, Yang Y, Luo L, Xiao Y, Luan T. Lipid analysis and lipidomics investigation by ambient mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Xie X, Zhao J, Lin M, Zhang JL, Xia Y. Profiling of Cholesteryl Esters by Coupling Charge-Tagging Paternò-Büchi Reaction and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8487-8496. [PMID: 32412732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The profile of cholesteryl esters (CEs) is increasingly used in metabolic disease monitoring due to the roles of CE in regulating the cholesterol level. While electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry is routinely applied for the identification and quantitation of CE, it has a limitation of not being able to provide the location of carbon-carbon double bond (C═C) within unsaturated fatty acyls. In this study, we paired offline 2-acetylpyridine (2-AP) Paternò-Büchi (PB) reaction and reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to achieve highly sensitive and structural informative CE analysis from complex mixtures. The 2-AP PB reactions of CE standards provided 20-30% conversion but resulted in enhanced ion signal relative to that of intact CE detected as ammonium adduct ions. MS/MS of 2-AP derivatized CE via collision-induced dissociation produced two abundant diagnostic ions for each C═C in a fatty acyl, leading to both sensitive identification and quantitation of C═C location isomers. Twelve saturated and twenty-seven unsaturated CEs were profiled in pooled human plasma; of the latter group, relative quantitation of 6 groups of C═C location isomers was achieved. A dehydrocholesteryl ester, DHE 18:2 (Δ9,12), was confidently differentiated from coexisting compositional isomers: CE 18:3 (Δ9,12,15) and CE 18:3 (Δ6,9,12). The above results represented improved CE coverage at the C═C location level over those reported by gas chromatography MS or acetone PB-MS/MS methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Miao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jin-Lan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yu Xia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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13
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Wang DH, Wang Z, Cortright JR, Le KP, Liu L, Kothapalli KSD, Brenna JT. Identification of Polymethylene-Interrupted Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PMI-PUFA) by Solvent-Mediated Covalent Adduct Chemical Ionization Triple Quadrupole Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8209-8217. [PMID: 32463662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pine nuts and other edible gymnosperm seeds contain unusual, bioactive polymethylene-interrupted polyunsaturated fatty acids (PMI-PUFAs), a subset of nonmethylene-interrupted PUFA with (-CH2-)n≥2 intervening between double bonds. Conventional methods for structure elucidation of PMI-PUFAs require special derivatization risking rearrangement artifacts. Here we introduce a facile solvent-mediated (SM) covalent adduct chemical ionization (CACI) system modified with a triple quadrupole MS, which distinguishes PMI-PUFAs from their analogues in direct methyl ester form. The prominent Δ5 desaturated PMI-PUFAs exhibit characteristic fragmentation at C6-7 to yield ω diagnostic ions and share their fragmentation pattern with normal methylene interrupted PUFAs for the α diagnostic ion. H• transfer upon CID dissociation of PMI-PUFAs was found to be dependent on the relative position of isolated lone double bonds and cleavage points. Ginkgo and five species of pine nuts were characterized for their unique Δ5 fatty acid profile, without the need for chemical standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hao Wang
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, Texas 78723, United States.,Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Zhen Wang
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, Texas 78723, United States.,Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - J Raven Cortright
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, Texas 78723, United States
| | - Kim Phuong Le
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, Texas 78723, United States
| | - Lei Liu
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, Texas 78723, United States.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - K S D Kothapalli
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, Texas 78723, United States
| | - J Thomas Brenna
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, Texas 78723, United States.,Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
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14
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Franklin ET, Shields SWJ, Manthorpe JM, Smith JC, Xia Y, McLuckey SA. Coupling Headgroup and Alkene Specific Solution Modifications with Gas-Phase Ion/Ion Reactions for Sensitive Glycerophospholipid Identification and Characterization. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:938-945. [PMID: 32233382 PMCID: PMC7153167 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Shotgun lipidomics provides sensitive and fast lipid identification without the need for chromatographic separation. Challenges faced by shotgun analysis of glycerophospholipids (GPs) include the lack of signal uniformity across GP classes and the inability to determine the carbon-carbon double bond (C═C) location within the fatty acyl chains of an unsaturated species. Two distinct derivatization strategies were employed to both enhance the ionization of GPs, via trimethylation enhancement using 13C-diazomethane (13C-TrEnDi), as well as determine location of double bonds within fatty acyl chains, employing an in-solution photochemical reaction with acetone (via the Paternò-Büchi reaction). The modified GPs were then subjected to positive ion mode ionization via electrospray ionization, producing uniform ionization efficiencies for different classes of GP species. The GPs were charge inverted via gas-phase ion/ion reactions and sequentially fragmented using ion trap collision-induced dissociation (CID). The CID of the species led to fragmentation producing diagnostic ions indicative of C═C bond location. The approach enabled enhanced ionization and the identification of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine species at the C═C level in a bovine lipid extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissia T. Franklin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, United States, 47907-2084, West Lafayette, IN, United States 47907-2084
| | - Samuel W. J. Shields
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Jeffrey M. Manthorpe
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Jeffrey C. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, United States, 47907-2084, West Lafayette, IN, United States 47907-2084
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Mengminwei Technical Building, Beijing, Haidian, China, 100084
| | - Scott A. McLuckey
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, United States, 47907-2084, West Lafayette, IN, United States 47907-2084
- Address reprint requests to Scott A. McLuckley, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, United States, 47907-2084, West Lafayette, IN, United States 47907-2084,
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15
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Foreman DJ, McLuckey SA. Recent Developments in Gas-Phase Ion/Ion Reactions for Analytical Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:252-266. [PMID: 31693342 PMCID: PMC6949396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J Foreman
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907-2084 , United States
| | - Scott A McLuckey
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907-2084 , United States
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16
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Randolph CE, Blanksby SJ, McLuckey SA. Toward Complete Structure Elucidation of Glycerophospholipids in the Gas Phase through Charge Inversion Ion/Ion Chemistry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:1219-1227. [PMID: 31763816 PMCID: PMC6949391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Shotgun lipidomics has recently gained popularity for lipid analysis. Conventionally, shotgun analysis of glycerophospholipids via direct electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) provides glycerophospholipid (GPL) class (i.e., headgroup composition) and fatty acyl composition. Reliant on low-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID), traditional ESI-MS/MS fails to define fatty acyl regiochemistry along the glycerol backbone or carbon-carbon double bond position(s) in unsaturated fatty acyl substituents. Therefore, isomeric GPLs are often unresolved, representing a significant challenge for shotgun-MS approaches. We developed a top-down shotgun-MS method utilizing gas-phase ion/ion charge inversion chemistry that provides near-complete GPL structural identification. First, in negative ion mode, CID of mass-selected GPL anions generates fatty acyl carboxylate anions via fragmentation of ester bonds linking the fatty acyl substituents at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions of the glycerol backbone. Product anions, including fatty acyl carboxylate ions, were then derivatized in the mass spectrometer via an ion/ion charge inversion reaction with tris-phenanthroline magnesium dications. Subsequent CID of charge-inverted fatty acyl complex cations yielded isomer-specific product ion spectra that permit (i) unambiguous assignment of carbon-carbon double bond position(s) and (ii) relative quantitation of isomeric fatty acyl substituents. The outlined strategy was applied to the analysis of targeted GPLs extracted from human plasma, including several proposed plasma biomarkers. A single experiment thus facilitates assignment of the GPL headgroup, fatty acyl composition, carbon-carbon double bond position(s) in unsaturated fatty acyl chains, and, in some cases, fatty acyl sn-position and relative abundances for isomeric fatty acyl substituents. Ultimately, this MSn platform paired with ion/ion chemistry permitted identification of major, and some minor, isomeric contributors that are unresolved using conventional ESI-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E. Randolph
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA
| | - Stephen J. Blanksby
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Scott A. McLuckey
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA
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17
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Lin Q, Zhang D, Xia Y. Analysis of ether glycerophosphocholines at the level of CC locations from human plasma. Analyst 2020; 145:513-522. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an01515a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Near-complete structural characterization is achieved for ether PCs by coupling offline Paternò–Büchi derivatization with MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaohong Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- P. R. China
| | - Donghui Zhang
- Department of Precision Instrument
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- P. R. China
| | - Yu Xia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- P. R. China
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18
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Chong L, Tian R, Shi R, Ouyang Z, Xia Y. Coupling the Paternò-Büchi (PB) Reaction With Mass Spectrometry to Study Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Front Chem 2019; 7:807. [PMID: 31850304 PMCID: PMC6901994 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid dysregulation has been implicated in multiple sclerosis due to its involvement during and after inflammation. In this study, we have profiled fatty acids (FAs) in the mouse model of multiple sclerosis with new capabilities of assigning carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) location(s) and quantifying C=C location isomers. These new capabilities are enabled by pairing the solution phase Paternò-Büchi (PB) reaction that modifies C=C bonds in FAs, with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), termed as PB-MS/MS. A series of unsaturated FAs and C=C location isomers have been identified, including FA17:1 (Δ10), FA18:1 (Δ9 and Δ11), FA18:2 (Δ9 and Δ12), and FA 20:4 (Δ5, Δ8, Δ11, Δ14). Notable differences in saturated and unsaturated FAs between normal and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice spinal cords have been detected. Furthermore, the effects of hydralazine, a scavenger of acrolein, on profile changes of FAs in mice were studied. Increased Δ11-to-Δ9 isomer ratios for FA 18:1 were noted in the diseased samples as compared to the control. The present work provides a facile and robust analytical method for the quantitation of unsaturated FAs as well as identification of FA C=C location isomers, which will facilitate discovering prospective lipid markers in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leelyn Chong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Ran Tian
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Riyi Shi
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Randolph CE, Foreman DJ, Blanksby SJ, McLuckey SA. Generating Fatty Acid Profiles in the Gas Phase: Fatty Acid Identification and Relative Quantitation Using Ion/Ion Charge Inversion Chemistry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:9032-9040. [PMID: 31199126 PMCID: PMC6882335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Representing the most fundamental lipid class, fatty acids (FA) play vital biological roles serving as energy sources, cellular signaling molecules, and key architectural components of complex lipids. Direct infusion electrospray ionization spectrometry, also known as shotgun lipidomics, has emerged as a rapid and powerful toolbox for lipid analysis. While shotgun lipidomics can be a sensitive approach to FA detection, the diverse molecular structure of FA presents challenges for unambiguous identification and the relative quantification of isomeric contributors. In particular, pinpointing double bond position(s) in unsaturated FA and determining the relative contribution of double bond isomers has limited the application of the shotgun approach. Recently, we reported the use of gas-phase ion/ion reactions to facilitate the identification of FA. Briefly, singly deprotonated FA anions undergo charge inversion when reacted in the gas phase with tris-phenanthroline magnesium dications by forming [FA - H + MgPhen]+ complex ions. These charge-inverted FA complex cations fragment upon ion-trap collision-induced dissociation (CID) to generate product ion spectra unique to individual FA isomers. Herein, we report the development of a mass spectral library comprised of [FA - H + MgPhen]+ product ion spectra. The developed FA library permits confident FA identification, including polyunsaturated FA isomers. Furthermore, we demonstrate the ability to determine relative contributions of isomeric FA using multiple linear regression analysis paired with gas-phase ion/ion reactions. We successfully applied the presented method to generate a FA profile for bovine liver phospholipidome based entirely on gas-phase chemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E. Randolph
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
| | - David J. Foreman
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
| | - Stephen J. Blanksby
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Scott A. McLuckey
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
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