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Li M, Chen J, He K, Su C, Wu Y, Tan T. Corynebacterium glutamicum cell factory design for the efficient production of cis, cis-muconic acid. Metab Eng 2024; 82:225-237. [PMID: 38369050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Cis, cis-muconic acid (MA) is widely used as a key starting material in the synthesis of diverse polymers. The growing demand in these industries has led to an increased need for MA. Here, we constructed recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum by systems metabolic engineering, which exhibit high efficiency in the production of MA. Firstly, the three major degradation pathways were disrupted in the MA production process. Subsequently, metabolic optimization strategies were predicted by computational design and the shikimate pathway was reconstructed, significantly enhancing its metabolic flux. Finally, through optimization and integration of key genes involved in MA production, the recombinant strain produced 88.2 g/L of MA with the yield of 0.30 mol/mol glucose in the 5 L bioreactor. This titer represents the highest reported titer achieved using glucose as the carbon source in current studies, and the yield is the highest reported for MA production from glucose in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Furthermore, to enable the utilization of more cost-effective glucose derived from corn straw hydrolysate, we subjected the strain to adaptive laboratory evolution in corn straw hydrolysate. Ultimately, we successfully achieved MA production in a high solid loading of corn straw hydrolysate (with the glucose concentration of 83.56 g/L), resulting in a titer of 19.9 g/L for MA, which is 4.1 times higher than that of the original strain. Additionally, the glucose yield was improved to 0.33 mol/mol. These provide possibilities for a greener and more sustainable production of MA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglei Li
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayao Chen
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Keqin He
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Changsheng Su
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Yilu Wu
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China.
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2
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Dütsch L, Sander K, Brendler E, Bremer M, Fischer S, Vogt C, Zuber J. Chemometric Combination of Ultrahigh Resolving Mass Spectrometry and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for a Structural Characterization of Lignin Compounds. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:628-641. [PMID: 38222598 PMCID: PMC10785065 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the potential of lignins as a resource for material-based applications has been highlighted in many scientific and nonscientific publications. But still, to date, a lack of detailed structural knowledge about this ultracomplex biopolymer undermines its great potential. The chemical complexity of lignin demands a combination of different, powerful analytical methods, in order to obtain these necessary information. In this paper, we demonstrate a multispectroscopic approach using liquid-state and solid-state Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to characterize a fractionated LignoBoost lignin. Individual FT-ICR-MS, tandem MS, and NMR results helped to determine relevant information about the different lignin fractions, such as molecular weight distributions, oligomer sizes, linkage types, and presence of specific functional groups. In addition, a hetero spectroscopic correlation approach was applied to chemometrically combine MS, MS/MS, and NMR data sets. From these correlation analyses, it became obvious that a combination of tandem MS and NMR data sets gives the opportunity to comprehensively study and describe the general structure of complex biopolymer samples. Compound-specific structural information are obtainable, if this correlation approach is extended to 1D-MS and NMR data, as specific functional groups or linkages are verifiable for a defined molecular formula. This enables structural characterization of individual lignin compounds without the necessity for tandem MS experiments. Hence, these correlation results significantly improve the depth of information of each individual analysis and will hopefully help to structurally elucidate entire lignin structures in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Dütsch
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, TU Bergakademie
Freiberg, Leipziger Strasse 29, Freiberg 09599, Germany
| | - Klara Sander
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, TU Bergakademie
Freiberg, Leipziger Strasse 29, Freiberg 09599, Germany
| | - Erica Brendler
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, TU Bergakademie
Freiberg, Leipziger Strasse 29, Freiberg 09599, Germany
| | - Martina Bremer
- Institute
of Plant and Wood Chemistry, TU Dresden, Pienner Strasse 19, Tharandt 01737, Germany
| | - Steffen Fischer
- Institute
of Plant and Wood Chemistry, TU Dresden, Pienner Strasse 19, Tharandt 01737, Germany
| | - Carla Vogt
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, TU Bergakademie
Freiberg, Leipziger Strasse 29, Freiberg 09599, Germany
| | - Jan Zuber
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, TU Bergakademie
Freiberg, Leipziger Strasse 29, Freiberg 09599, Germany
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3
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Letourneau DR, Volmer DA. Mass spectrometry-based methods for the advanced characterization and structural analysis of lignin: A review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:144-188. [PMID: 34293221 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is currently one of the most promising biologically derived resources, due to its abundance and application in biofuels, materials and conversion to value aromatic chemicals. The need to better characterize and understand this complex biopolymer has led to the development of many different analytical approaches, several of which involve mass spectrometry and subsequent data analysis. This review surveys the most important analytical methods for lignin involving mass spectrometry, first looking at methods involving gas chromatography, liquid chromatography and then continuing with more contemporary methods such as matrix assisted laser desorption ionization and time-of-flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry. Following that will be techniques that directly ionize lignin mixtures-without chromatographic separation-using softer atmospheric ionization techniques that leave the lignin oligomers intact. Finally, ultra-high resolution mass analyzers such as FT-ICR have enabled lignin analysis without major sample preparation and chromatography steps. Concurrent with an increase in the resolution of mass spectrometers, there have been a wealth of complementary data analyses and visualization methods that have allowed researchers to probe deeper into the "lignome" than ever before. These approaches extract trends such as compound series and even important analytical information about lignin substructures without performing lignin degradation either chemically or during MS analysis. These innovative methods are paving the way for a more comprehensive understanding of this important biopolymer, as we seek more sustainable solutions for our human species' energy and materials needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane R Letourneau
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Next Challenges for the Comprehensive Molecular Characterization of Complex Organic Mixtures in the Field of Sustainable Energy. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27248889. [PMID: 36558021 PMCID: PMC9786309 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass by pyrolysis or hydrothermal liquefaction gives access to a wide variety of molecules that can be used as fuel or as building blocks in the chemical industry. For such purposes, it is necessary to obtain their detailed chemical composition to adapt the conversion process, including the upgrading steps. Petroleomics has emerged as an integral approach to cover a missing link in the investigation bio-oils and linked products. It relies on ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry to attempt to unravel the contribution of many compounds in complex samples by a non-targeted approach. The most recent developments in petroleomics partially alter the discriminating nature of the non-targeted analyses. However, a peak referring to one chemical formula possibly hides a forest of isomeric compounds, which may present a large chemical diversity concerning the nature of the chemical functions. This identification of chemical functions is essential in the context of the upgrading of bio-oils. The latest developments dedicated to this analytical challenge will be reviewed and discussed, particularly by integrating ion source features and incorporating new steps in the analytical workflow. The representativeness of the data obtained by the petroleomic approach is still an important issue.
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5
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Qi Y, Fu P, Volmer DA. Analysis of natural organic matter via fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry: an overview of recent non-petroleum applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:647-661. [PMID: 32412674 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Among the different techniques for mass analysis, ultra-high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) is the method of choice for highly complex samples, as it offers unrivaled mass accuracy and resolving power, combined with a high degree of flexibility in hybrid instruments as well as for ion activation techniques. FTICR instruments are readily embraced by the biological and biomedical research communities and applied over a wide range of applications for the analysis of biomolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. In the field of natural organic matter (NOM) analysis, petroleum-related studies currently dominate FTICR-MS applications. Recently, however, there is a growing interest in developing high-performance MS methods for the characterization of NOM samples from natural aquatic and terrestrial environments. Here, we present an overview of FTICR-MS techniques for complex, non-petroleum NOM samples, including data analysis and novel tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) methods for structural classifications. © 2020 The Authors. Mass Spectrometry Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Qi
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Munson CR, Gao Y, Mortimer JC, Murray DT. Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance as a Tool to Probe the Impact of Mechanical Preprocessing on the Structure and Arrangement of Plant Cell Wall Polymers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:766506. [PMID: 35095947 PMCID: PMC8790750 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.766506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Efficient separation of the plant cell wall polymers during lignocellulose processing has been historically challenging due to insolubility of the polymers and their propensity for recalcitrant reassembly. Methods, such as "lignin first" extraction techniques, have advanced efficient biomass use, but the molecular mechanisms for recalcitrance remain enigmatic. Here, we discuss how solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) approaches report on the 3D organization of cellulose, xylan, and lignin in the plant cell wall. Recent results illustrate that the organization of these polymers varies across biomass sources and sample preparation methods, with even minimal physical processing causing significant effects. These structural differences contribute to variable extraction efficiencies for bioproducts after downstream processing. We propose that solid-state NMR methods can be applied to follow biomass processing, providing an understanding of the polymer rearrangements that can lead to poor yields for the desired bioproducts. The utility of the technique is illustrated for mechanical processing using lab-scale vibratory ball milling of Sorghum bicolor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coyla R. Munson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Yu Gao
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jenny C. Mortimer
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Dylan T. Murray
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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7
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Veličković D, Zhou M, Schilling JS, Zhang J. Using MALDI-FTICR-MS Imaging to Track Low-Molecular-Weight Aromatic Derivatives of Fungal Decayed Wood. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7080609. [PMID: 34436148 PMCID: PMC8397067 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight (LMW) aromatics are crucial in meditating fungal processes for plant biomass decomposition. Some LMW compounds are employed as electron donors for oxidative degradation in brown rot (BR), an efficient wood-degrading strategy in fungi that selectively degrades carbohydrates but leaves modified lignins. Previous understandings of LMW aromatics were primarily based on “bulk extraction”, an approach that cannot fully reflect their real-time functions during BR. Here, we applied an optimized molecular imaging method that combines matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) with Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) to directly measure the temporal profiles of BR aromatics as Rhodonia placenta decayed a wood wafer. We found that some phenolics were pre-existing in wood, while some (e.g., catechin-methyl ether and dihydroxy-dimethoxyflavan) were generated immediately after fungal activity. These pinpointed aromatics might be recruited to drive early BR oxidative mechanisms by generating Fenton reagents, Fe2+ and H2O2. As BR progressed, ligninolytic products were accumulated and then modified into various aromatic derivatives, confirming that R. placenta depolymerizes lignin. Together, this work confirms aromatic patterns that have been implicated in BR fungi, and it demonstrates the use of MALDI-FTICR-MS imaging as a new approach to monitor the temporal changes of LMW aromatics during wood degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Veličković
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA; (D.V.); (M.Z.)
| | - Mowei Zhou
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA; (D.V.); (M.Z.)
| | - Jonathan S. Schilling
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Correspondence: (J.S.S.); (J.Z.); Tel.: +1-612-624-1761 (J.Z.); Fax: +1-612-625-6286 (J.Z.)
| | - Jiwei Zhang
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Correspondence: (J.S.S.); (J.Z.); Tel.: +1-612-624-1761 (J.Z.); Fax: +1-612-625-6286 (J.Z.)
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8
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A Review on the Utilization of Lignin as a Fermentation Substrate to Produce Lignin-Modifying Enzymes and Other Value-Added Products. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26102960. [PMID: 34065753 PMCID: PMC8156730 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The lignocellulosic biomass is comprised of three major components: cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Among these three, cellulose and hemicellulose were already used for the generation of simple sugars and subsequent value-added products. However, lignin is the least applied material in this regard because of its complex and highly variable nature. Regardless, lignin is the most abundant material, and it can be used to produce value-added products such as lignin-modifying enzymes (LMEs), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), microbial lipids, vanillin, muconic acid, and many others. This review explores the potential of lignin as the microbial substrate to produce such products. A special focus was given to the different types of lignin and how each one can be used in different microbial and biochemical pathways to produce intermediate products, which can then be used as the value-added products or base to make other products. This review paper will summarize the effectiveness of lignin as a microbial substrate to produce value-added products through microbial fermentations. First, basic structures of lignin along with its types and chemistry are discussed. The subsequent sections highlight LMEs and how such enzymes can enhance the value of lignin by microbial degradation. A major focus was also given to the value-added products that can be produced from lignin.
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9
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Zhang R, Qi Y, Ma C, Ge J, Hu Q, Yue FJ, Li SL, Volmer DA. Characterization of Lignin Compounds at the Molecular Level: Mass Spectrometry Analysis and Raw Data Processing. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26010178. [PMID: 33401378 PMCID: PMC7795929 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin is the second most abundant natural biopolymer, which is a potential alternative to conventional fossil fuels. It is also a promising material for the recovery of valuable chemicals such as aromatic compounds as well as an important biomarker for terrestrial organic matter. Lignin is currently produced in large quantities as a by-product of chemical pulping and cellulosic ethanol processes. Consequently, analytical methods are required to assess the content of valuable chemicals contained in these complex lignin wastes. This review is devoted to the application of mass spectrometry, including data analysis strategies, for the elemental and structural elucidation of lignin products. We describe and critically evaluate how these methods have contributed to progress and trends in the utilization of lignin in chemical synthesis, materials, energy, and geochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochun Zhang
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (R.Z.); (C.M.); (J.G.); (Q.H.); (F.-J.Y.); (S.-L.L.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Earth Critical Zone Science and Sustainable Development in Bohai Rim, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yulin Qi
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (R.Z.); (C.M.); (J.G.); (Q.H.); (F.-J.Y.); (S.-L.L.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Earth Critical Zone Science and Sustainable Development in Bohai Rim, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +86-022-27405051
| | - Chao Ma
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (R.Z.); (C.M.); (J.G.); (Q.H.); (F.-J.Y.); (S.-L.L.)
| | - Jinfeng Ge
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (R.Z.); (C.M.); (J.G.); (Q.H.); (F.-J.Y.); (S.-L.L.)
| | - Qiaozhuan Hu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (R.Z.); (C.M.); (J.G.); (Q.H.); (F.-J.Y.); (S.-L.L.)
| | - Fu-Jun Yue
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (R.Z.); (C.M.); (J.G.); (Q.H.); (F.-J.Y.); (S.-L.L.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Earth Critical Zone Science and Sustainable Development in Bohai Rim, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Si-Liang Li
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (R.Z.); (C.M.); (J.G.); (Q.H.); (F.-J.Y.); (S.-L.L.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Earth Critical Zone Science and Sustainable Development in Bohai Rim, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Dietrich A. Volmer
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany;
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Mikhael A, Fridgen TD, Delmas M, Banoub J. Top-down lignomics analysis of the French oak lignin by atmospheric pressure photoionization and electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry: Identification of a novel series of lignans. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2021; 56:e4676. [PMID: 33200552 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report herein the top-down lignomic analysis of virgin released lignin (VRL) extracted from the French oak wood using atmospheric pressure photoionization quadrupole orthogonal time-of-flight mass spectrometry (APPI-QqTOF-MS) (+ ion mode). Eight major protonated lignin oligomers were identified using the APPI-QqTOF-MS/MS of this complex VRL mixture without any kind of purification. This series of protonated oligomer ions were identified as neolignan cedrusin (1), five different aryltetralin lignans dimers (2-6), one lignan-dehydroshikimic acid complex (7), and a lignan trimer (8). Similarly, electrospray ionization (ESI)-QqTOF-MS (+ ion mode) allowed us to identify three extra aryltetralin lignan derivatives (9-11). The Kendrick mass defect analysis was used for the simplification of this complex APPI-QqTOF-MS into a compositional map, which displayed clustering points of associated ions possessing analogous elemental composition. This series of novel protonated molecules were selected and subjected to low-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID)-MS/MS analyses. The obtained gas-phase fragmentation patterns helped to tentatively assign their most likely structures. Also, it was found that the use of different APPI and ESI ambient ionization techniques enhances the ionization of different types of lignin oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abanoub Mikhael
- Chemistry Department, Memorial University, St John's, 283 Prince Philip Dr, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1B 3X7, Canada
| | - Travis D Fridgen
- Chemistry Department, Memorial University, St John's, 283 Prince Philip Dr, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1B 3X7, Canada
| | - Michel Delmas
- Chemical Engineering Laboratory 4, University of Toulouse Inp-Ensiacet, Allée Emile Monso, Toulouse, 31432, France
| | - Joseph Banoub
- Chemistry Department, Memorial University, St John's, 283 Prince Philip Dr, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1B 3X7, Canada
- Science Branch, Special Projects, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 80 East White Hills Road, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1C 5X1, Canada
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11
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Mikhael A, Fridgen TD, Delmas M, Banoub J. Top-down lignomics analysis of the French pine lignin by atmospheric pressure photoionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry: Identification of a novel series of lignin-carbohydrate complexes. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8910. [PMID: 32761650 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE We report the top-down lignomics analysis of the virgin released lignin (VRL) extracted from French pine wood by using atmospheric pressure photoionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (APPI-QqTOF-MS) and low-energy collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (CID-MS/MS). METHODS We used APPI-QqTOF-MS (positive ion mode) for the analysis of the complex mixture of VRL oligomers extracted from French pine wood. Some of the major precursor ions were fished out from the complex VRL oligomeric mixture and subjected to low-energy CID-MS/MS analyses. RESULTS Fourteen novel lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) were identified using APPI-QqTOF-MS/MS of the very complex mixture of virgin released lignins (VRLs), directly extracted from French pine wood without any kind of purification. The low-energy CID-MS/MS analyses allowed us to establish the fragmentation patterns of the precursor ions and to identify the complex structures of the identified LCC molecules. These novel identified series of LCCs were composed of one or two carbohydrate rings to which one, two, or three lignin units were covalently attached. In addition to the fourteen LCCs, acetyl eugenol was identified in the French pine VRL sample. The identification of acetyl eugenol indicates possible lignin degradation and modification (acetylation) during the mild extraction method developed by the Compagnie Industrielle de la Matière Végétale (CIMV). CONCLUSIONS The top-down lignomics analysis of the French pine VRLs using APPI-QqTOF-MS and low energy CID-MS/MS allowed us to identify acetylated eugenol and a novel series of fourteen LCCs. These series of LCCs provide evidence that lignins are covalently linked to carbohydrates in the native wood network and act as cross-linkers between cellulose and hemicellulose components of wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abanoub Mikhael
- Chemistry Department, Memorial University, St John's, 283 Prince Philip Dr, St John's, NL, A1B 3X7, Canada
| | - Travis D Fridgen
- Chemistry Department, Memorial University, St John's, 283 Prince Philip Dr, St John's, NL, A1B 3X7, Canada
| | - Michel Delmas
- University of Toulouse Inp-Ensiacet, Chemical Engineering Laboratory 4, Allée Emile Monso, Toulouse, 31432, France
| | - Joseph Banoub
- Chemistry Department, Memorial University, St John's, 283 Prince Philip Dr, St John's, NL, A1B 3X7, Canada
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Special Projects, 80 East White Hills Road, St John's, NL, A1C 5X1, Canada
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12
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Mikhael A, Jurcic K, Fridgen TD, Delmas M, Banoub J. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (negative ion mode) of French Oak lignin: A novel series of lignin and tricin derivatives attached to carbohydrate and shikimic acid moieties. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8841. [PMID: 32441381 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE We report the top-down lignomic analysis of the virgin released lignin (VRL) small oligomers obtained from French Oak wood. METHODS We have used MALDI-TOF-MS in the negative ion mode for the analysis of the complex mixture of lignin oligomers extracted from French Oak wood. High-energy CID-TOF/TOF-MS/MS analyses were used to support the postulated precursor ion structures. RESULTS Twenty compounds were identified using MALDI-TOF-MS/MS of the VRL extracted from French Oak wood: seven tricin derivatives and/or flavonoids, three syringylglycerol derivatives, two syringol derivatives, two flavonolignin derivatives, and six miscellaneous compounds: luteoferol, lariciresinol isomer, 5-hydroxy guaiacyl derivative, syringyl -C10 H10 O2 dimer, trihydroxy benzaldehyde derivative, and aryl tetralin lignan derivative. Most of the identified compounds were in the form of carbohydrate and/or shikimic acid complexes. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of this complex mixture led to the identification of a series of lignin dimers, novel lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCC), and unique tricin derivatives linked to different types of carbohydrates and shikimic acid moieties. This finding supports the presence of lignin-carbohydrate complexes in the isolated VRL. These analyses also showed that French Oak lignin is abundant in syringol moieties present in the lignin syringyl units or tricin derivatives. Moreover, the identification of some lignin-carbohydrate and/or flavonoid-shikimic acid complexes could provide new insight into the relationship between the biosynthesis of lignin and tricin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abanoub Mikhael
- Chemistry Department, Memorial University, St John's, 283 Prince Philip Dr, St John's, NL, A1B 3X7, Canada
| | - Kristina Jurcic
- MALDI Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Biochemistry, Western University, Medical Sciences Building 392, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Travis D Fridgen
- Chemistry Department, Memorial University, St John's, 283 Prince Philip Dr, St John's, NL, A1B 3X7, Canada
| | - Michel Delmas
- Chemical Engineering Laboratory 4, University of Toulouse Inp-Ensiacet, Allée Emile Monso, Toulouse, 31432, France
| | - Joseph Banoub
- Chemistry Department, Memorial University, St John's, 283 Prince Philip Dr, St John's, NL, A1B 3X7, Canada
- Science Branch, Special Projects, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 80 East White Hills Road, St John's, NL, A1C 5X1, Canada
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Terrell E, Carré V, Dufour A, Aubriet F, Le Brech Y, Garcia-Pérez M. Contributions to Lignomics: Stochastic Generation of Oligomeric Lignin Structures for Interpretation of MALDI-FT-ICR-MS Results. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4428-4445. [PMID: 32174017 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The lack of standards to identify oligomeric molecules is a challenge for the analysis of complex organic mixtures. High-resolution mass spectrometry-specifically, Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS)-offers new opportunities for analysis of oligomers with the assignment of formulae (Cx Hy Oz ) to detected peaks. However, matching a specific structure to a given formula remains a challenge due to the inability of FT-ICR MS to distinguish between isomers. Additional separation techniques and other analyses (e.g., NMR spectroscopy) coupled with comparison of results to those from pure compounds is one route for assignment of MS peaks. Unfortunately, this strategy may be impractical for complete analysis of complex, heterogeneous samples. In this study we use computational stochastic generation of lignin oligomers to generate a molecular library for supporting the assignment of potential candidate structures to compounds detected during FT-ICR MS analysis. This approach may also be feasible for other macromolecules beyond lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Terrell
- Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99163, USA
| | - Vincent Carré
- LCP-A2MC, FR 3624, Université de Lorraine, ICPM, 57078, Metz Cedex 03, France
| | - Anthony Dufour
- LRGP, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, ENSIC, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Frédéric Aubriet
- LCP-A2MC, FR 3624, Université de Lorraine, ICPM, 57078, Metz Cedex 03, France
| | - Yann Le Brech
- LRGP, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, ENSIC, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Manuel Garcia-Pérez
- Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99163, USA
- Bioproducts, Sciences, & Engineering Laboratory, Washington State University Tri-Cities, Richland, Washington, 99354, USA
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14
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Bartolomei E, Le Brech Y, Dufour A, Carre V, Aubriet F, Terrell E, Garcia-Perez M, Arnoux P. Lignin Depolymerization: A Comparison of Methods to Analyze Monomers and Oligomers. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4633-4648. [PMID: 32515876 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic liquefaction of lignin is an attractive process to produce fuels and chemicals, but it forms a wide range of liquid products from monomers to oligomers. Oligomers represent an important fraction of the products and their analysis is complex. Therefore, rapid characterization methods are needed to screen liquefaction conditions based on the distribution in monomers and oligomers. For this purpose, UV spectroscopy is proposed as a fast and simple method to assess the composition of lignin-derived liquids. UV absorption and fluorescence were studied on various model compounds and liquefaction products. Liquefaction of Soda lignin was conducted in an autoclave, in ethanol and with Pt/C catalyst (H2 , 250 °C, 110 bar). Liquids were sampled at isothermal conditions every 30 min for 4 h. UV fluorescence spectroscopy is related to GC-MS, gel-permeation chromatography (GPC), MALDI-TOF MS, and NMR characterizations. A depolymerization index is proposed from UV spectroscopy to rapidly assess the relative distribution of monomers and oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Bartolomei
- LRGP, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, 1 rue Grandville, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Yann Le Brech
- LRGP, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, 1 rue Grandville, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Anthony Dufour
- LRGP, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, 1 rue Grandville, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Vincent Carre
- LCP-A2MC, Université de Lorraine, 1 Boulevard Arago, 57078, Metz, France
| | - Frederic Aubriet
- LCP-A2MC, Université de Lorraine, 1 Boulevard Arago, 57078, Metz, France
| | - Evan Terrell
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Manuel Garcia-Perez
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Philippe Arnoux
- LRGP, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, 1 rue Grandville, 54000, Nancy, France
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15
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Kubátová A, Andrianova AA, Hatton J, Kozliak EI. Atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry as a tool for structural characterization of lignin. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8813. [PMID: 32285962 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Lignin occurs in a broad range of forms, e.g., native as the main support for plant walls, and processed, for which its structure depends on the nature of the industrial isolation method, such as in paper production or in biorefineries. Due to the variety of lignin sources, there is no unified agreement on the structure of lignin or even its molecular weight (MW). METHODS The focus of this review is on the application of atmospheric pressure ionization methods to lignin analysis by mass spectrometry (MS), namely electrospray ionization (ESI) or direct analysis in real-time (DART). Specific parameters affecting ionization including electrolytes and solvents are discussed. RESULTS The main challenge for MW determination of lignin is its heteropolymer character as well as the mass range limitations of MS instrumentation. To date, only a few studies have successfully used the mass range above m/z 1500. We present the advantage of ESI in generating multiply charged ions, allowing for a further increase in the mass range of deconvoluted mass spectra. While some methods such as DART do not address the mass range problem, they may serve as excellent imaging tools suitable for structural characterization of lignin. CONCLUSIONS A literature review presents the recent accomplishments in lignin MS analysis by atmospheric pressure ionization techniques. Although significant breakthroughs have been made, it is essential to further improve the operating conditions and validate the methods for a broader range of feedstocks with the results being confirmed using other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Kubátová
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell St., Stop 9024, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Anastasia A Andrianova
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell St., Stop 9024, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Joshua Hatton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell St., Stop 9024, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Evguenii I Kozliak
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell St., Stop 9024, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
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Qi Y, Fu P, Li S, Ma C, Liu C, Volmer DA. Assessment of molecular diversity of lignin products by various ionization techniques and high-resolution mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 713:136573. [PMID: 31955087 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is a highly complex, plant-derived natural biomass component, the analysis of which requires significant demands on the analytical platform. Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) has been shown to be able to readily assess the complexity of lignin and lignin degradation products by assigning tens of thousands of compounds with elemental formulae. Nevertheless, many experimental and instrumental parameters introduce discrimination towards certain components, which limits the comprehensive MS analysis. As a result, a complete characterization of the lignome remains a challenge. The present study investigated a degraded lignin sample using FT-ICR MS and compared several atmospheric pressure ionization methods, e.g., electrospray ionization, atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization, and atmospheric-pressure photoionization. The results clearly show that the number of heteroatoms (e.g., N, S, P) in the sample greatly increases the chemical diversity of lignin, while at the same time also providing potentially useful biomarkers. We demonstrate here that FT-ICR MS was able to directly isolate isotopically pure single components from the ultra-complex mixture for subsequent structural analysis, without the time-consuming chromatographic separation. CAPSULE: Various ionization techniques coupled to FT-ICR MS provide a powerful tool to assess the lignome coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Qi
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Siliang Li
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Congqiang Liu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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