1
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Sevene D, Matias TA, Araújo DAG, Inoque NIG, Nakamura M, Paixão TR, Muñoz RAA. Laser-Induced Graphene for Electrochemical Sensing of Antioxidants in Biodiesel. ACS OMEGA 2025; 10:368-377. [PMID: 39829466 PMCID: PMC11740131 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c06339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 10/16/2024] [Accepted: 11/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2025]
Abstract
Synthetic antioxidants are often introduced to biodiesel to increase its oxidative stability, and tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) has been selected due to its high efficiency for this purpose. The monitoring of antioxidants in biodiesel therefore provides information on the oxidative stability of biodiesels. Herein, a laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrode is introduced as a new sensor for detecting tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) in biodiesel samples. An infrared CO2 laser was applied for LIG formation from the pyrolysis of polyimide (Kapton). Based on the voltammetric profile of a reversible redox probe, the fabrication of LIG electrodes was set using 1.0 W power and 40 mm s-1 speed, which presented an electroactive area of 0.26 cm2 (higher than the geometric area of 0.196 cm2). Importantly, lower engraving speed resulted in higher electroactive area, probably due to a more efficient graphene formation. Scanning-electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the creation of porous graphene induced by laser. The sensing platform enabled the differential-pulse voltammetric determination of TBHQ from 5 and 450 μmol L-1. The values of detection limit (LOD) of 2 μmol L-1 and RSD (relative standard deviation) of 2.5% (n = 10, 10 μmol L-1 of TBHQ) were obtained. The analysis of spiked biodiesel samples revealed recoveries from 88 to 106%. Also, the method provides a satisfactory selectivity, as it is free of interference from metallic ions (Fe3+, Mn2+, Cr2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, and Cu2+) commonly presented in the biofuel. These results show that LIG electrodes can be a new electroanalytical tool for detecting and quantifying TBHQ in biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel
R. Sevene
- Institute
of Chemistry, UFU, Federal University of
Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Tiago A. Matias
- Department
of Chemistry, UFES, Federal University of
Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Diele A. G. Araújo
- Institute
of Chemistry, USP, University of São
Paulo, São
Paulo, São Paulo 05508-220, Brazil
| | - Nélio I. G. Inoque
- Institute
of Chemistry, UFU, Federal University of
Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Nakamura
- Institute
of Chemistry, USP, University of São
Paulo, São
Paulo, São Paulo 05508-220, Brazil
| | - Thiago R.L.C. Paixão
- Institute
of Chemistry, USP, University of São
Paulo, São
Paulo, São Paulo 05508-220, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A. A. Muñoz
- Institute
of Chemistry, UFU, Federal University of
Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais 38400-902, Brazil
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2
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Šikula M, Vaněčková E, Hromadová M, Kolivoška V. Spectroelectrochemical sensing of reaction intermediates and products in an affordable fully 3D printed device. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1267:341379. [PMID: 37257964 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in fused deposition modelling 3D printing (FDM 3DP) and synthesis of printable electrically conductive materials enabled the manufacture of customized electrodes and electrochemical devices by this technique. The past couple of years have seen a boom in applying approaches of FDM 3DP in the realm of spectroelectrochemistry (SEC). Despite significant progress, reported designs of SEC devices still rely on conventionally manufactured optical components such as quartz windows and cuvettes. To bridge this technological gap, in this work we apply bi-material FDM 3DP combining electrically conductive and optically translucent filaments to manufacture working electrodes and cells, constituting a fully integrated microfluidic platform for transmission absorption UV-Vis SEC measurements. The cell design enables de-aeration of samples and their convenient handling and analysis. Employing cyclic voltammetric measurements with ruthenium(III) acetylacetonate, ethylviologen dibromide and ferrocenemethanol redox-active probes as model analytes, we demonstrate that the presented platform allows SEC sensing of reactants, intermediates and products of charge transfer reactions, including the inspection of their long-term stability. Approaches developed and presented in this work pave the way for manufacturing customized SEC devices with dramatically reduced costs compared to currently available commercial platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Šikula
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Vaněčková
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Magdaléna Hromadová
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Viliam Kolivoška
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223, Prague, Czech Republic.
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3
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Pereira GM, Nogueira T, Kamigauti LY, Monteiro Dos Santos D, Nascimento EQM, Martins JV, Vicente A, Artaxo P, Alves C, de Castro Vasconcellos P, de Fatima Andrade M. Particulate matter fingerprints in biofuel impacted tunnels in South America's largest metropolitan area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159006. [PMID: 36162571 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study characterized the chemical composition of particulate matter (PM) from light- (LDV) and heavy-duty (HDV) vehicles based on two traffic tunnel samplings carried out in the megacity of São Paulo (Brazil), which has >7 million vehicles and intense biofuel use. The samples were collected with high-volume samplers and analyzed using chemical characterization techniques (ion and gas chromatography, thermal-optical analysis, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy). Chemical source profiles (%) were calculated based on the measurements performed inside and outside the tunnels. Identifying a high abundance of Fe and Cu for traffic-related PM in the LDV-impacted tunnel was possible, linked with the emission of vehicles powered by ethanol and gasohol (gasoline and ethanol blend). We calculated diagnostic ratios (e.g., EC/Cu, Fe/Cu, pyrene/benzo[a]pyrene, pyrene/benzo[b]fluoranthene, and fluoranthene/benzo[b]fluoranthene) characteristic of fuel exhausts (diesel/biodiesel and ethanol/gasohol), allowing their use in the assessment of the temporal variation of the fuel type used in urban sites. Element diagnostic ratios (Cu/Sb and Fe/Cu) pointed to the predominance of LDVs exhaust-related copper and can differentiate LDVs exhaust from brake wear emissions. The carbonaceous fraction EC3 was suggested as an HDV emission tracer. A higher total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) fraction of traffic-related PM2.5 was observed in the HDV-impacted tunnel, with a predominance of diesel-related pyrene and fluoranthene, as well as higher oxy-PAHs (e.g., 9,10-anthraquinone, associated with biodiesel blends) abundances. However, carcinogenic species presented higher abundances for the LDV-impacted tunnel (e.g., benzo[a]pyrene). These findings highlighted the impact of biofuels on the characteristic ratios of chemical species and pointed to possible markers for LDVs and HDVs exhausts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Martins Pereira
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Thiago Nogueira
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Yoshiaki Kamigauti
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Vinicius Martins
- Departamento de Mineralogia e Geotectônica, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-080 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Vicente
- Department of Environment and Planning, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Célia Alves
- Department of Environment and Planning, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Maria de Fatima Andrade
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
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4
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Hüner B, Kıstı M, Uysal S, Uzgören İN, Özdoğan E, Süzen YO, Demir N, Kaya MF. An Overview of Various Additive Manufacturing Technologies and Materials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion Applications. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:40638-40658. [PMID: 36406513 PMCID: PMC9670698 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies have many advantages, such as design flexibility, minimal waste, manufacturing of very complex structures, cheaper production, and rapid prototyping. This technology is widely used in many fields, including health, energy, art, design, aircraft, and automotive sectors. In the manufacturing process of 3D printed products, it is possible to produce different objects with distinctive filament and powder materials using various production technologies. AM covers several 3D printing techniques such as fused deposition modeling (FDM), inkjet printing, selective laser melting (SLM), and stereolithography (SLA). The present review provides an extensive overview of the recent progress in 3D printing methods for electrochemical fields. A detailed review of polymeric and metallic 3D printing materials and their corresponding printing methods for electrodes is also presented. Finally, this paper comprehensively discusses the main benefits and the drawbacks of electrode production from AM methods for energy conversion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulut Hüner
- Engineering
Faculty, Energy Systems Engineering Department, Heat Engineering Division, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes
University H2FC Hydrogen Energy Research Group, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Murat Kıstı
- Engineering
Faculty, Energy Systems Engineering Department, Heat Engineering Division, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes
University H2FC Hydrogen Energy Research Group, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Uysal
- Engineering
Faculty, Energy Systems Engineering Department, Heat Engineering Division, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes
University H2FC Hydrogen Energy Research Group, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- BATARYASAN
Enerji ve San. Tic. Ltd. Şti, Yıldırım
Beyazıt Mah., Aşık Veysel Bul., ERÜ TGB İdare ve Kuluçka 4, No: 67/3/11, Melikgazi, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - İlayda Nur Uzgören
- Engineering
Faculty, Energy Systems Engineering Department, Heat Engineering Division, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes
University H2FC Hydrogen Energy Research Group, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Emre Özdoğan
- Engineering
Faculty, Energy Systems Engineering Department, Heat Engineering Division, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes
University H2FC Hydrogen Energy Research Group, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- BATARYASAN
Enerji ve San. Tic. Ltd. Şti, Yıldırım
Beyazıt Mah., Aşık Veysel Bul., ERÜ TGB İdare ve Kuluçka 4, No: 67/3/11, Melikgazi, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Yakup Ogün Süzen
- Engineering
Faculty, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes
University H2FC Hydrogen Energy Research Group, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Demir
- Engineering
Faculty, Energy Systems Engineering Department, Heat Engineering Division, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes
University H2FC Hydrogen Energy Research Group, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Fatih Kaya
- Engineering
Faculty, Energy Systems Engineering Department, Heat Engineering Division, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes
University H2FC Hydrogen Energy Research Group, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- BATARYASAN
Enerji ve San. Tic. Ltd. Şti, Yıldırım
Beyazıt Mah., Aşık Veysel Bul., ERÜ TGB İdare ve Kuluçka 4, No: 67/3/11, Melikgazi, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
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5
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Sebechlebská T, Vaněčková E, Choińska-Młynarczyk MK, Navrátil T, Poltorak L, Bonini A, Vivaldi F, Kolivoška V. 3D Printed Platform for Impedimetric Sensing of Liquids and Microfluidic Channels. Anal Chem 2022; 94:14426-14433. [PMID: 36200526 PMCID: PMC9951178 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fused deposition modeling 3D printing (FDM-3DP) employing electrically conductive filaments has recently been recognized as an exceptionally attractive tool for the manufacture of sensing devices. However, capabilities of 3DP electrodes to measure electric properties of materials have not yet been explored. To bridge this gap, we employ bimaterial FDM-3DP combining electrically conductive and insulating filaments to build an integrated platform for sensing conductivity and permittivity of liquids by impedance measurements. The functionality of the device is demonstrated by measuring conductivity of aqueous potassium chloride solution and bottled water samples and permittivity of water, ethanol, and their mixtures. We further implement an original idea of applying impedance measurements to investigate dimensions of 3DP channels as base structures of microfluidic devices, complemented by their optical microscopic analysis. We demonstrate that FDM-3DP allows the manufacture of microchannels of width down to 80 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Táňa Sebechlebská
- Department
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska Dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 84215Bratislava 4, Slovakia
| | - Eva Vaněčková
- J.
Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of
Sciences, Dolejskova
3, 18223Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Tomáš Navrátil
- J.
Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of
Sciences, Dolejskova
3, 18223Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukasz Poltorak
- Department
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91-403Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrea Bonini
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Vivaldi
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124Pisa, Italy
| | - Viliam Kolivoška
- J.
Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of
Sciences, Dolejskova
3, 18223Prague, Czech Republic
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6
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Innovation in potentiometry: 3D-printed polylactic acid-based ion-selective bulk electrode membranes. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-022-01706-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAlthough ion-selective membrane-based potentiometric sensors have already proved their analytical performance in several fields of life, their applicability is still limited in practice. Biodegradable, ionic additive-free, polylactic acid-based bulk electrode membrane matrix containing various environmentally friendly polyethylene glycol derivatives as plasticizer was developed for the first time to replace the conventional PVC-based ones. Moreover, the first introduction of 3D printing in potentiometric chemosensing was also reported. It was demonstrated that a thoroughly optimized and generalizable procedure for filament extrusion combined with 3D printing technology provides a unique tool for series production of the redesigned ion-selective bulk electrochemical membranes. Finally, the potentiometric detection of Hg2+ in water was carried out as a proof-of-concept study on sensing. Results showed an unexpected improvement in electrochemical characteristics of the novel membranes compared to their conventional analogues. The present work expanded the practical applicability of conventional potentiometric cation-selective electrode membranes enabling their green, decentralized, and automated state-of-the-art manufacturing using a novel matrix composition.
Graphical abstract
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7
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Abstract
Recent advances in 3D printing technologies and materials have enabled rapid development of innovative sensors for applications in different aspects of human life. Various 3D printing technologies have been adopted to fabricate biosensors or some of their components thanks to the advantages of these methodologies over the traditional ones, such as end-user customization and rapid prototyping. In this review, the works published in the last two years on 3D-printed biosensors are considered and grouped on the basis of the 3D printing technologies applied in different fields of application, highlighting the main analytical parameters. In the first part, 3D methods are discussed, after which the principal achievements and promising aspects obtained with the 3D-printed sensors are reported. An overview of the recent developments on this current topic is provided, as established by the considered works in this multidisciplinary field. Finally, future challenges on the improvement and innovation of the 3D printing technologies utilized for biosensors production are discussed.
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8
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Vivaldi F, Sebechlebská T, Vaněčková E, Biagini D, Bonini A, Kolivoška V. Electric conductivity measurements employing 3D printed electrodes and cells. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1203:339600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Comparing electrochemical pre-treated 3D printed native and mechanically polished electrode surfaces for analytical sensing. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Rocha DP, Rocha RG, Castro SVF, Trindade MAG, Munoz RAA, Richter EM, Angnes L. Posttreatment of 3D‐printed surfaces for electrochemical applications: A critical review on proposed protocols. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diego P. Rocha
- Instituto de Química Universidade de São Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Raquel G. Rocha
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal de Uberlândia berlândia Brazil
| | | | - Magno A. G. Trindade
- Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados Dourados Brazil
- UNESP Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT‐DATREM) National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection Institute of Chemistry Araraquara Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo M. Richter
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal de Uberlândia berlândia Brazil
| | - Lucio Angnes
- Instituto de Química Universidade de São Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
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11
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Abdalla A, Patel BA. 3D Printed Electrochemical Sensors. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2021; 14:47-63. [PMID: 33974807 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091120-093659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing has recently emerged as a novel approach in the development of electrochemical sensors. This approach to fabrication has provided a tremendous opportunity to make complex geometries of electrodes at high precision. The most widely used approach for fabrication is fused deposition modeling; however, other approaches facilitate making smaller geometries or expanding the range of materials that can be printed. The generation of complete analytical devices, such as electrochemical flow cells, provides an example of the array of analytical tools that can be developed. This review highlights the fabrication, design, preparation, and applications of 3D printed electrochemical sensors. Such developments have begun to highlight the vast potential that 3D printed electrochemical sensors can have compared to other strategies in sensor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Abdalla
- Centre for Stress and Age-Related Disease, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom; ,
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
| | - Bhavik Anil Patel
- Centre for Stress and Age-Related Disease, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom; ,
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
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12
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Petroni JM, Neves MM, de Moraes NC, Bezerra da Silva RA, Ferreira VS, Lucca BG. Development of highly sensitive electrochemical sensor using new graphite/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene conductive composite and 3D printing-based alternative fabrication protocol. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1167:338566. [PMID: 34049626 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Here, a novel electrically conductive thermoplastic material composed of graphite/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (G/ABS) is reported for the first time. This material was explored on the production of 3D printing-based electrochemical sensors with enhanced sensitivity using a novel fabrication approach. The developed G/ABS electrodes showed lower charge transfer resistance (157 vs. 3279 Ω), higher electroactive area (0.61 vs. 0.19 cm2) and peak currents ca. 69% higher when compared with electrodes fabricated using carbon black/polylactic acid (CB/PLA) commercial filament, which has been widely explored in recent literature. Moreover, the G/ABS sensor provided satisfactory repeatability, reproducibility and stability (relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 1.14%, 6.81% and 10.62%, respectively). This improved performance can be attributed to the fabrication protocol developed here, which allows the incorporation of greater amounts of conductive material in the polymeric matrix. The G/ABS electrode also required a simpler and quicker protocol for activation when compared to CB/PLA. As proof of concept, the G/ABS sensor was employed for electroanalytical quantification of paracetamol (PAR) in pharmaceutical products. The linear concentration range was observed from 0.20 to 30 μmol L-1 and the limit of detection achieved was 54 nmol L-1, much lower than several recent studies dealing with the same analyte. The sensitivity of the G/ABS electrode regarding PAR was also far better when compared to CB/PLA sensor (0.50 μA/μmol L-1 vs. 0.12 μA/μmol L-1). Analyses in commercial pill samples showed good accuracy (recoveries ca. 108%) and precision (RSDs < 5%), suggesting great potential for use of this novel conductive thermoplastic in electroanalytical applications based on 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matheus Meneguel Neves
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79074-460, Brazil
| | | | | | - Valdir Souza Ferreira
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79074-460, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gabriel Lucca
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79074-460, Brazil.
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13
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Vaněčková E, Bouša M, Shestivska V, Kubišta J, Moreno‐García P, Broekmann P, Rahaman M, Zlámal M, Heyda J, Bernauer M, Sebechlebská T, Kolivoška V. Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide on 3D Printed Electrodes. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vaněčková
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Dolejškova 3 182 23 Prague 8 Czech Republic
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Faculty of Chemical Engineering Department of Physical Chemistry Technická 5 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Milan Bouša
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Dolejškova 3 182 23 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Violetta Shestivska
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Dolejškova 3 182 23 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kubišta
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Dolejškova 3 182 23 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Moreno‐García
- Department of Chemistry Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Peter Broekmann
- Department of Chemistry Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Motiar Rahaman
- Department of Chemistry Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Martin Zlámal
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Faculty of Chemical Technology Department of Inorganic Technology Technická 5 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Jan Heyda
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Faculty of Chemical Engineering Department of Physical Chemistry Technická 5 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Milan Bernauer
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Faculty of Chemical Technology Department of Inorganic Technology Technická 5 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Táňa Sebechlebská
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Faculty of Natural Sciences Comenius University in Bratislava Ilkovičova 6 84215 Bratislava 4 Slovak Republic
| | - Viliam Kolivoška
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Dolejškova 3 182 23 Prague 8 Czech Republic
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14
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Βaltima A, Panagopoulou H, Economou A, Kokkinos C. 3D-printed fluidic electrochemical microcell for sequential injection/stripping analysis of heavy metals. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1159:338426. [PMID: 33867040 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a 3D-printed microfluidic device is described which is suitable for sequential injection/anodic stripping voltammetric (SIA-ASV) determination of Pb(II) and Cd(II). The fluidic device is manufactured by 3D-printing in a single-step using a dual extruder 3D printer. The device is composed of a microfluidic cell (printed from a non-conductive polylactic acid (PLA) filament) and of 3 electrodes (printed from a conductive carbon-loaded PLA filament) which are integrated within the fluidic cell. During the preconcentration step, a zone of the sample (containing the target cations) and a zone of Bi(III) solution are mixed on-line and the cations are reduced on the working electrode forming a bismuth alloy. The detection step involves a voltametric scan in static solution, in which the accumulated metals are oxidized while the oxidation current is monitored. After the optimization of the relevant parameters, the limit of detection is 0.38 μg L-1 for Pb(II) and 0.57 μg L-1 for Cd(II), while the within-device repeatability and the between-device reproducibility are lower than 4.5% (n = 8) and 9% (n = 6), respectively, for both cations at the 30 μg L-1 level. The device was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of Pb(II) and Cd(II) in a honey sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Βaltima
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Athens, 157 71, Greece
| | - Heleni Panagopoulou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Athens, 157 71, Greece
| | - Anastasios Economou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Athens, 157 71, Greece
| | - Christos Kokkinos
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Athens, 157 71, Greece.
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15
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Carrasco-Correa EJ, Simó-Alfonso EF, Herrero-Martínez JM, Miró M. The emerging role of 3D printing in the fabrication of detection systems. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Fabrication of a 3D-Printed Porous Junction for Ag|AgCl|gel-KCl Reference Electrode. CHEMOSENSORS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors8040130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is a 3D printing method that is attracting increased interest in the development of miniaturized electrochemical sensor systems due to its versatility, low cost, reproducibility, and capability for rapid prototyping. A key component of miniaturized electrochemical systems is the reference electrode (RE). However, reports of the fabrication of a true 3D-printed RE that exhibits stability to variations in the sample matrix remain limited. In this work, we report the development and characterization of a 3D-printed Ag|AgCl|gel-KCl reference electrode (3D-RE). The RE was constructed using a Ag|AgCl wire and agar-KCl layer housed in a watertight 3D-printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) casing. The novel feature of our electrode is a 3D-printed porous junction that protects the gel electrolyte layer from chloride ion leakage and test sample contamination while maintaining electrical contact with the sample solution. By tuning the 3D printing filament extrusion ratio (k), the porosity of the junction was adjusted to balance the reference electrode potential stability and impedance. The resulting 3D-RE demonstrated a stable potential, with a potential drift of 4.55 ± 0.46 mV over a 12-h period of continuous immersion in 0.1 M KCl, and a low impedance of 0.50 ± 0.11 kΩ. The 3D-RE was also insensitive to variations in the sample matrix and maintained a stable potential for at least 30 days under proper storage in 3 M KCl. We demonstrate the application of this 3D-RE in cyclic voltammetry and in pH sensing coupled with electrodeposited iridium oxide on a gold electrode. Our method offers a viable strategy for 3D printing a customizable true reference electrode that can be readily fabricated on demand and integrated into 3D-printed miniaturized electrochemical sensor systems.
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17
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3D-printed electrode as a new platform for electrochemical immunosensors for virus detection. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1147:30-37. [PMID: 33485583 PMCID: PMC7997732 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple, low-cost, and sensitive new platforms for electrochemical immunosensors for virus detection have been attracted attention due to the recent pandemic caused by a new type of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). In the present work, we report for the first time the construction of an immunosensor using a commercial 3D conductive filament of carbon black and polylactic acid (PLA) to detect Hantavirus Araucaria nucleoprotein (Np) as a proof-of-concept. The recognition biomolecule was anchored directly at the filament surface by using N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride and N-Hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS). Conductive and non-conductive composites of PLA were characterized using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), revealing around 30% w/w of carbon in the filament. Morphological features of composites were obtained from SEM and TEM measurements. FTIR measurement revealed that crosslinking agents were covalently bonded at the filament surface. Electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used for the evaluation of each step involved in the construction of the proposed immunosensor. The results showed the potentiality of the device for the quantitative detection of Hantavirus Araucaria nucleoprotein (Np) from 30 μg mL-1 to 240 μg mL-1 with a limit of detection of 22 μg mL-1. Also, the proposed immunosensor was applied with success for virus detection in 100x diluted human serum samples. Therefore, the PLA conductive filament with carbon black is a simple and excellent platform for immunosensing, which offers naturally carboxylic groups able to anchor covalently biomolecules.
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18
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3D printing pen using conductive filaments to fabricate affordable electrochemical sensors for trace metal monitoring. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Tully JJ, Meloni GN. A Scientist’s Guide to Buying a 3D Printer: How to Choose the Right Printer for Your Laboratory. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14853-14860. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Tully
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel N. Meloni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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20
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Sfragano PS, Laschi S, Palchetti I. Sustainable Printed Electrochemical Platforms for Greener Analytics. Front Chem 2020; 8:644. [PMID: 32850659 PMCID: PMC7406795 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of miniaturized electrochemical platforms holds considerable importance for the in situ analytical monitoring of clinical, environmental, food, and forensic samples. However, it is crucial to pay attention to the sustainability of materials chosen to fabricate these devices, in order to decrease the amount and the impact of waste coming from their production and use. In the framework of a circular economy and an environmental footprint reduction, the electrochemical sensor production technology must discover the potentiality of innovative approaches based on techniques and materials that can satisfy the needs of environmental-friendly and greener analytics. The aim of this review is to describe some of the printing technologies most used for sensor production, including screen-printing, inkjet-printing, and 3D-printing, and the low-impact materials that are recently proposed for these techniques, such as polylactic acid, cellulose, silk proteins, biochar.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ilaria Palchetti
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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21
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Cardoso RM, Rocha DP, Rocha RG, Stefano JS, Silva RAB, Richter EM, Muñoz RAA. 3D-printing pen versus desktop 3D-printers: Fabrication of carbon black/polylactic acid electrodes for single-drop detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1132:10-19. [PMID: 32980099 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of carbon black/polylactic acid (PLA) electrodes using a 3D printing pen is presented and compared with electrodes obtained by a desktop fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printer. The 3D pen was used for the fast production of electrodes in two designs using customized 3D printed parts to act as template and guide the reproducible application of the 3D pen: (i) a single working electrode at the bottom of a 3D-printed cylindrical body and (ii) a three-electrode system on a 3D-printed planar substrate. Both devices were electrochemically characterized using the redox probe [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- via cyclic voltammetry, which presented similar performance to an FDM 3D-printed electrode or a commercial screen-printed carbon electrode (SPE) regarding peak-to-peak separation (ΔEp) and current density. The surface treatment of the carbon black/PLA electrodes fabricated by both 3D pen and FDM 3D-printing procedures provided substantial improvement of the electrochemical activity by removing excess of PLA, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopic images for electrodes fabricated by both procedures. Structural defects were not inserted after the electrochemical treatment as shown by Raman spectra (iD/iG), which indicates that the use of 3D pen can replace desktop 3D printers for electrode fabrication. Inter-electrode precision for the best device fabricated using the 3D pen (three-electrode system) was 4% (n = 5) considering current density and anodic peak potential for the redox probe. This device was applied for the detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) via square-wave voltammetry of a single-drop of 100 μL placed upon the thee-electrode system, resulting in three reduction peaks commonly verified for TNT on carbon electrodes. Limit of detection of 1.5 μmol L-1, linear range from 5 to 500 μmol L-1 and RSD lower than 4% for 10 repetitive measurements of 100 μmol L-1 TNT were obtained. The proposed devices can be reused after polishing on sandpaper generating new electrode surfaces, which is an extra advantage over chemically-modified electrochemical sensors applied for TNT detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael M Cardoso
- Center for Research on Electroanalysis (NuPE), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38408-100, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Diego P Rocha
- Center for Research on Electroanalysis (NuPE), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38408-100, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Raquel G Rocha
- Center for Research on Electroanalysis (NuPE), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38408-100, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Jéssica S Stefano
- Center for Research on Electroanalysis (NuPE), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38408-100, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A B Silva
- Center for Research on Electroanalysis (NuPE), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38408-100, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Richter
- Center for Research on Electroanalysis (NuPE), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38408-100, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A A Muñoz
- Center for Research on Electroanalysis (NuPE), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38408-100, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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22
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Simultaneous determination of lead and antimony in gunshot residue using a 3D-printed platform working as sampler and sensor. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1130:126-136. [PMID: 32892932 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
3D-printing is an emerging technique that enables the fast prototyping of multiple-use devices. Herein we report the fabrication of a 3D-printed graphene/polylactic acid (G-PLA) conductive electrode that works as a sampler and a voltammetric sensor of metals in gunshot residue (GSR) using a commercially-available G/-PLA filament. The 3D-printed surface was used as swab to collect GSR and next submitted to a square-wave voltammetric scan for the simultaneous detection of Pb2+ and Sb3+. The proposed sensor presented excellent analytical performance, with limit of detection values of 0.5 and 1.8 μg L-1 to Pb2+ and Sb3+, respectively, and linear ranges between 50 and 1500 μg L-1. Sampling was performed through the direct contact of G-PLA electrode in hands and clothes of shooters, followed by immersion in the electrochemical cell in the presence of supporting electrolyte for the SWASV scan. The proposed method showed a great performance in the recovery, identification and semi-quantification of Pb2+ and Sb3+ in the evaluated samples without the need for sample preparation. Moreover, the device can be reused as sampler and sensor (until three times without loss of electrochemical performance) and the fabrication is reproducible (RSD = 7%, for three different devices). Hence, this 3D-printed material is an excellent candidate for the analysis of GSR, an indispensable analysis in the forensic field.
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23
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Cardoso RM, Kalinke C, Rocha RG, dos Santos PL, Rocha DP, Oliveira PR, Janegitz BC, Bonacin JA, Richter EM, Munoz RA. Additive-manufactured (3D-printed) electrochemical sensors: A critical review. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1118:73-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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