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Rosales CA, Shields SWJ, Aulenback CLJ, Elezi G, Wasslen KV, Pallister PJ, Faull KF, Manthorpe JM, Smith JC. Improved Chromatography and MS-Based Detection of Glyphosate and Aminomethylphosphonic Acid Using iTrEnDi. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:948-957. [PMID: 37132245 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate (GLY), a synthetic, nonselective systemic herbicide that is particularly effective against perennial weeds, is the most used weedkiller in the world. There are growing concerns over GLY accumulation in the environment and the attendant human health-associated risks, and despite increased attention in the media, GLY and its breakdown product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) remain elusive to many analytical strategies. Chemical derivatization coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) addresses the challenge of quantifying low levels of GLY and AMPA in complex samples. Here we demonstrate the use of in situ trimethylation enhancement using diazomethane (iTrEnDi) to derivatize GLY and AMPA into permethylated products ([GLYTr]+ and [AMPATr]+, respectively) prior to analysis via HPLC-MS. iTrEnDi produced quantitative yields and resulted in a 12-340-fold increases in HPLC-MS-based sensitivity for [GLYTr]+ and [AMPATr]+, respectively, compared with underivatized counterparts. The limits of detection of derivatized compounds were found to be 0.99 ng/L for [GLYTr]+ and 1.30 ng/L for [AMPATr]+, demonstrating significant sensitivity improvements compared to previously established derivatization techniques. iTrEnDi is compatible with the direct derivatization of Roundup formulations. Finally, as proof of principle, a simple aqueous extraction followed by iTrEnDi enabled the detection of [GLYTr]+ and [AMPATr]+ on the exterior of field-grown soybeans that were sprayed with Roundup. Overall, iTrEnDi ameliorates issues relating to low proton affinity and chromatographic retention, boosting HPLC-MS-based sensitivity and enabling the elucidation of elusive analytes such as GLY and AMPA within agricultural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Rosales
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
- Carleton Mass Spectrometry Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Samuel W J Shields
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
- Carleton Mass Spectrometry Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Chelsey L J Aulenback
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
- Carleton Mass Spectrometry Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Gazmend Elezi
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior and the Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States of America
| | - Karl V Wasslen
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
- Carleton Mass Spectrometry Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Peter J Pallister
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
- Carleton Mass Spectrometry Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Kym F Faull
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior and the Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M Manthorpe
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
- Carleton Mass Spectrometry Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Jeffrey C Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
- Carleton Mass Spectrometry Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
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Wang M, Qiu J, Zhu C, Hua Y, Yu J, Jia L, Xu J, Li J, Li Q. A Fluorescent Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Coated Paper Sensor for On-Site and Rapid Detection of Glyphosate. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052398. [PMID: 36903643 PMCID: PMC10004823 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the massive use and abuse of pesticides, practices which have led to serious threats to human health, the research community must develop on-site and rapid detection technology of pesticide residues to ensure food safety. Here, a paper-based fluorescent sensor, integrated with molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) targeting glyphosate, was prepared by a surface-imprinting strategy. The MIP was synthesized by a catalyst-free imprinting polymerization technique and exhibited highly selective recognition capability for glyphosate. The MIP-coated paper sensor not only remained selective, but also displayed a limit of detection of 0.29 µmol and a linear detection range from 0.5 to 10 µmol. Moreover, the detection time only took about 5 min, which is beneficial for rapid detection of glyphosate in food samples. The detection accuracy of such paper sensor was good, with a spiked recovery rate of 92-117% in real samples. The fluorescent MIP-coated paper sensor not only has good specificity, which is helpful to reduce the food matrix interference and shorten the sample pretreatment time, but it also has the merits of high stability, low-cost and ease of operation and carrying, displaying great potential for application in the on-site and rapid detection of glyphosate for food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jun Qiu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chennuo Zhu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yunyan Hua
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jie Yu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lulu Jia
- State Grid Jiangxi Electric Power Research Institute, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Jianhong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Correspondence: (J.X.); (J.L.); (Q.L.)
| | - Jianlin Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Correspondence: (J.X.); (J.L.); (Q.L.)
| | - Qianjin Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Correspondence: (J.X.); (J.L.); (Q.L.)
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López-Vázquez J, Pérez-Mayán L, Fernández-Fernández V, Cela R, Rodríguez I. Direct, automated and sensitive determination of glyphosate and related anionic pesticides in environmental water samples using solid-phase extraction on-line combined with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1687:463697. [PMID: 36508766 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An automated procedure for the simultaneous determination of six anionic pesticides, including glyphosate (GLY) and its transformation product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), was developed and applied to the analysis of environmental water samples. The proposed method combines on-line concentration of water samples (0.160 mL), with compounds separation in an anion-exchange liquid chromatography (LC) column, followed by their selective determination by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The global procedure was completed in 25 min, providing limits of quantification (LOQs) between 5 ng L-1 and 20 ng L-1, with reduced effect of the surface water matrix in the efficiency of process (SPE and ionization yields). The method was applied to the analysis of grab samples obtained from three watersheds, in two rural and one residential area, in Galicia (Northwest Spain). Out of six investigated compounds, Fosetyl, AMPA and GLY were noticed in the set of processed samples. Their detection frequencies increased from 12% (Fosetyl) to 88% (AMPA). Median concentrations followed the same trend varying from 9 ng L-1 (Fosetyl) to 44 ng L-1 (AMPA). The higher levels and the large seasonal variations in the residues of the latter species were noticed in small rivers affected by discharges of municipal sewage treatment plants (STPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- J López-Vázquez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences. Research Institute on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS). Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - L Pérez-Mayán
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences. Research Institute on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS). Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - V Fernández-Fernández
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences. Research Institute on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS). Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - R Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences. Research Institute on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS). Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - I Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences. Research Institute on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS). Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Qin Y, Huang R, Ye GJ. An “on-off-on” fluorescence probe for glyphosate detection based on Cu2+ modulated g-C3N4 nanosheets. Front Chem 2022; 10:1036683. [PMID: 36247672 PMCID: PMC9561094 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1036683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of glyphosate is essential to agricultural production, environment protection and public health. Herein, we proposed a fast and convenient “on-off-on” fluorescence platform for sensitive detection of glyphosate via Cu2+ modulated g-C3N4 nanosheets. The fluorescence of the system was quenched by Cu2+. With the presence of glyphosate, the fluorescence could be restored due to the formation of Cu2+- glyphosate complex. The proposed method was cost-effective with label-free and enzyme-free. Moreover, it exhibits high sensitivity with a low detection limit of 0.01 μg/ml. Furthermore, the proposed method has been successfully monitored glyphosate in real samples.
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Method of Glyphosate, AMPA, and Glufosinate Ammonium Determination in Beebread by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry after Molecularly Imprinted Solid-Phase Extraction. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27175741. [PMID: 36080506 PMCID: PMC9457744 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a method for the determination of glyphosate, its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), and glufosinate ammonium residues in beebread samples, which could then be used to assess bees' exposure to their residues. The complexity of beebread's matrix, combined with the specific properties of glyphosate itself, required careful selection and optimization of each analysis step. The use of molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MIP-SPE) by AFFINIMIP glyphosate as an initial clean-up step significantly eliminated matrix components and ensured an efficient derivatization step. Colorless beebread extracts were derivatized by the addition of 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC-Cl). After derivatization, in order to remove FMOC-OH and residual borate buffer, a solid-phase extraction (SPE) clean-up step using Oasis HLB was carried out. Instrumental analysis was performed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The method was validated according to the SANTE/11312/2021 guideline at concentrations of 5, 10, and 100 µg/kg, and satisfactory recovery (trueness) values (76-111%) and precision (RSDr) ≤ 18% were obtained. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 5 µg/kg for AMPA and glufosinate ammonium and 10 µg/kg for glyphosate. The method was positively verified by the international proficiency test. Analysis of beebread samples showed the method's usefulness in practice. The developed method could be a reliable tool for the assessment of beebread's contamination with residues of glyphosate, its metabolite AMPA, and glufosinate ammonium.
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Abstract
The extensive use of pesticides represents a risk to human health. Consequently, legal frameworks have been established to ensure food safety, including control programs for pesticide residues. In this context, the performance of analytical methods acquires special relevance. Such methods are expected to be able to determine the largest number of compounds at trace concentration levels in complex food matrices, which represents a great analytical challenge. Technical advances in mass spectrometry (MS) have led to the development of more efficient analytical methods for the determination of pesticides. This review provides an overview of current analytical strategies applied in pesticide analysis, with a special focus on MS methods. Current targeted MS methods allow the simultaneous determination of hundreds of pesticides, whereas non-targeted MS methods are now applicable to the identification of pesticide metabolites and transformation products. New trends in pesticide analysis are also presented, including approaches for the simultaneous determination of pesticide residues and other food contaminants (i.e., mega-methods), or the recent application of techniques such as ion mobility–mass spectrometry (IM–MS) for this purpose.
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Castro V, Quintana JB, López-Vázquez J, Carro N, Cobas J, Bilbao D, Cela R, Rodil R. Development and application of an in-house library and workflow for gas chromatography-electron ionization-accurate-mass/high-resolution mass spectrometry screening of environmental samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:6327-6340. [PMID: 34865195 PMCID: PMC9372009 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03810-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This work presents an optimized gas chromatography–electron ionization–high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-EI-HRMS) screening method. Different method parameters affecting data processing with the Agilent Unknowns Analysis SureMass deconvolution software were optimized in order to achieve the best compromise between false positives and false negatives. To this end, an accurate-mass library of 26 model compounds was created. Then, five replicates of mussel extracts were spiked with a mixture of these 26 compounds at two concentration levels (10 and 100 ng/g dry weight in mussel, 50 and 500 ng/mL in extract) and injected in the GC-EI-HRMS system. The results of these experiments showed that accurate mass tolerance and pure weight factor (combination of reverse-forward library search) are the most critical factors. The validation of the developed method afforded screening detection limits in the 2.5–5 ng range for passive sampler extracts and 1–2 ng/g for mussel sample extracts, and limits of quantification in the 0.6–3.2 ng and 0.1–1.8 ng/g range, for the same type of samples, respectively, for 17 model analytes. Once the method was optimized, an accurate-mass HRMS library, containing retention indexes, with ca. 355 spectra of derivatized and non-derivatized compounds was generated. This library (freely available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5647960), together with a modified Agilent Pesticides Library of over 800 compounds, was applied to the screening of passive samplers, both of polydimethylsiloxane and polar chemical integrative samplers (POCIS), and mussel samples collected in Galicia (NW Spain), where a total of 75 chemicals could be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research On Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research On Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Javier López-Vázquez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research On Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Nieves Carro
- INTECMAR - Technological Institute for the Monitoring of the Marine Environment of Galicia, Peirao de Vilaxoán S/N, 36611, Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - Julio Cobas
- INTECMAR - Technological Institute for the Monitoring of the Marine Environment of Galicia, Peirao de Vilaxoán S/N, 36611, Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - Denis Bilbao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Spain.,Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (PiE-UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research On Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research On Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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