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Galmiche M, Delhomme O, François YN, Millet M. Environmental analysis of polar and non-polar Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in airborne particulate matter, settled dust and soot: Part II: Instrumental analysis and occurrence. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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2
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Galmiche M, Delhomme O, François YN, Millet M. Environmental analysis of polar and non-polar Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in airborne particulate matter, settled dust and soot: Part I: Sampling and sample preparation. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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3
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Aromatic formulas in ambient PM2.5 samples from Hong Kong determined using FT-ICR ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:6289-6304. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1239-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Richter-Brockmann S, Achten C. Analysis and toxicity of 59 PAH in petrogenic and pyrogenic environmental samples including dibenzopyrenes, 7H-benzo[c]fluorene, 5-methylchrysene and 1-methylpyrene. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 200:495-503. [PMID: 29505926 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study 59 PAH were analyzed in samples of petrogenic and pyrogenic sources as well as mixed environmental matrices. Among the analytes, PAH of molecular weights from 128 Da to 302 Da in alkylated and in native form were included. Results show that non-EPA PAH make up 69.3–95.1% of the overall toxic equivalents (TEQ) as based on the toxic equivalent factors (TEF) of 24 PAH. Particularly 7H-benzo[c]fluorene, dibenzopyrene isomers and alkylated PAH (in particular 5-methylchrysene and 1-methylpyrene) turned out to have a huge impact on the toxicity and must not be neglected in future risk assessment. In detail, dibenzopyrenes have a high impact on toxicity predominantly in pyrogenic materials (21% to 84%; mean: 59%) whereas 7H-benzo[c]fluorene dominates toxicity of petrogenic materials (up to 80%; mean: 26%). However, in the studied mixed environmental samples the toxic impact of both groups together is as high as about 80%. Many non-EPA PAH are not considered in risk assessment and amongst them there are some very toxic ones. This needs to be carefully evaluated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Richter-Brockmann
- University Münster, Institute of Geology and Paleontology - Applied Geology, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christine Achten
- University Münster, Institute of Geology and Paleontology - Applied Geology, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Wise SA, Sander LC, Schantz MM. Analytical Methods for Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) — A Historical Perspective on the 16 U.S. EPA Priority Pollutant PAHs. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2014.970291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. Wise
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Lane C. Sander
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Michele M. Schantz
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
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Andersson JT, Achten C. Time to Say Goodbye to the 16 EPA PAHs? Toward an Up-to-Date Use of PACs for Environmental Purposes. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2015; 35:330-354. [PMID: 26823645 PMCID: PMC4714241 DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2014.991042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The 16 EPA PAHs have played an exceptionally large role above all in environmental and analytical sciences in the last 40 years, but now there are good reasons to question their utility in many circumstances even though their use is so established and comfortable. Here we review the reasons why the list has been so successful and why sometimes it is seen as less relevant. Three groups of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) are missing: larger and highly relevant PAHs, alkylated PACs, and compounds containing heteroatoms. Attempts to improve the situation for certain matrixes are known and here: (1) an updated list of PAHs (including the 16 EPA PAHs) for the evaluation of the toxicity in the environment (40 EnvPAHs); (2) a list of 23 NSO-heterocyclic compounds and 6 heterocyclic metabolites; and (3) lists of 10 oxy-PAHs and 10 nitro-PAHs are proposed for practical use in the future. A discussion in the scientific community about these lists is invited. Although the state of knowledge has improved dramatically since the introduction of the 16 EPA PAHs in the 1970s, this summary also shows that more research is needed about the toxicity, occurrence in the environment and chemical analysis, particularly of alkylated PAHs, higher molecular weight PAHs and substituted PACs such as amino-PAHs, cyano-PAHs, etc.. We also suggest that a long overdue discussion of an update of regulatory environmental PAH analysis is initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan T. Andersson
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Christine Achten
- Institute of Geology and Palaeontology – Applied Geology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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Zhou Q, Fang Z. TiO2
nanotube arrays prepared by anodization as an adsorbent in micro-solid-phase extraction to preconcentrate and determine nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:1012-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingxiang Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control; College of Geosciences; China University of Petroleum Beijing; P.R. China
| | - Zhi Fang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control; College of Geosciences; China University of Petroleum Beijing; P.R. China
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8
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Moore AFT, Barbosa F, Campiglia AD. Combining cryogenic fiber optic probes with commercial spectrofluorimeters for the synchronous fluorescence Shpol'skii spectroscopy of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 68:14-25. [PMID: 24405949 DOI: 10.1366/13-07124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cryogenic fiber optic probes are combined for the first time with a commercial spectrofluorometer for Shpol'skii spectroscopy measurements at liquid nitrogen (77 K) and liquid helium (4.2 K) temperatures. Accurate and reproducible acquisition of fluorescence spectra and signal intensities is demonstrated with three well known Shpol'skii systems, namely, anthracene/heptane, pyrene/hexane, and benzo[a]pyrene/octane. The ability to adjust the excitation and emission bandpass of the spectrofluorimeter to reach both site-resolution and analytically valuable signal-to-noise ratios was illustrated with benzo[a]pyrene in n-octane. The analytical potential of 4.2 K synchronous fluorescence Shpol'skii spectroscopy for the analysis of high molecular weight-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was then explored for the first time. The judicious optimization of wavelength offsets permitted the successful determination of dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, dibenzo[a,e]pyrene, dibenzo[a,h]pyrene, dibenzo[a,i]pyrene, and naphtho[2,3-a]pyrene without previous chromatographic separation from a soil extract with complex matrix composition. The simplicity of the experimental procedure, the competitive analytical figures of merit, and the selectivity of analysis turn 4.2 K synchronous fluorescence Shpol'skii spectroscopy into a valuable alternative for screening isomers of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony F T Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Physical Sciences, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
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Ontanón I, Culleré L, Zapata J, Villanueva B, Ferreira V, Escudero A. Application of a new sampling device for determination of volatile compounds released during heating olive and sunflower oil: sensory evaluation of those identified compounds. Eur Food Res Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-013-1960-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wang XT, Miao Y, Zhang Y, Li YC, Wu MH, Yu G. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soils of the megacity Shanghai: occurrence, source apportionment and potential human health risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 447:80-9. [PMID: 23376519 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive investigation was conducted to the urban soil in the megacity Shanghai in order to assess the levels of PAHs and potential risks to human health, to identify and quantitatively assess source contributions to the soil PAHs. A total of 57 soil samples collected in main urban areas of Shanghai, China were analyzed for 26 PAHs including highly carcinogenic dibenzopyrene isomers. The total concentrations ranged from 133 to 8,650 ng g for ΣPAHs and 83.3 to 7,220 ng g for ΣPAHs, with mean values of 2420 and 1,970 ng g, respectively. DBalP and DBaeP may serve as markers for diesel vehicle emission, while DBahP is a probable marker of coke tar as distinct from diesel emissions. Six sources in Shanghai urban area were identified by PMF model; their relative contributions to the total soil PAH burden were 6% for petrogenic sources, 21% for coal combustion, 13% for biomass burning, 16% for creosote, 23% for coke tar related sources and 21% for vehicular emissions, respectively. The benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaP) concentrations ranged from 48.9-2,580 ng g for ΣPAHs, 7.02-869 ng g for ΣPAHs and 35.7-1,990 ng g for ΣDBPs. The BaP concentrations of ΣDBPs made up 72% of ΣPAHs. Nearly half of the soil samples showed concentrations above the safe BaP value of 600 ng g. Exposure to these soils through direct contact probably poses a significant risk to human health from carcinogenic effects of soil PAHs. The index of additive cancer risk (IACR) values in almost one third of urban soil samples were more than the safe value of 1.0, indicating these urban soil PAHs in the study area may pose a potential threat to potable groundwater water quality from leaching of carcinogenic PAH mixtures from soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Tong Wang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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Szterk A, Roszko M, Cybulski A. Determination of azaarenes in oils using the LC-APCI-MS/MS technique: New environmental toxicant in food oils. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:2858-65. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Szterk
- Department of Functional Food and Commodities; Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences; Warsaw University of Life Sciences; Warsaw; Poland
| | - Marek Roszko
- Department of Food Analysis; Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology; Warsaw; Poland
| | - Adam Cybulski
- Department of Functional Food and Commodities; Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences; Warsaw University of Life Sciences; Warsaw; Poland
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Masala S, Bergvall C, Westerholm R. Determination of benzo[a]pyrene and dibenzopyrenes in a Chinese coal fly ash certified reference material. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 432:97-102. [PMID: 22728296 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution from coal combustion is of great concern in China because coal is the country's principal source of energy and it has been estimated that coal combustion is one of the main sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions in the nation. This study reports the concentrations of 15 PAHs including benzo[a]pyrene, dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, dibenzo[a,e]pyrene, dibenzo[a,i]pyrene and dibenzo[a,h]pyrene in a coal fly ash certified reference material (CRM) from China. To the best of our knowledge, dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, dibenzo[a,i]pyrene and dibenzo[a,h]pyrene concentrations in coal fly ash particles have not previously been reported. Benzo[a]pyrene is the only one of the studied hydrocarbons whose concentration in the coal fly ash CRM had previously been certified. The concentration of this species measured in this present work was twice the certified value. This is probably because of the exhaustive accelerated solvent extraction method employed. Consecutive extractions indicated an extraction recovery in excess of 95% for benzo[a]pyrene. For the other determined PAHs, repeat extractions indicated recoveries above 90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Masala
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Sadiktsis I, Bergvall C, Johansson C, Westerholm R. Automobile tires--a potential source of highly carcinogenic dibenzopyrenes to the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:3326-34. [PMID: 22352997 DOI: 10.1021/es204257d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Eight tires were analyzed for 15 high molecular weight (HMW) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), using pressurized fluid extraction. The variability of the PAH concentrations determined between different tires was large; a factor of 22.6 between the lowest and the highest. The relative abundance of the analytes was quite similar regardless of tire. Almost all (92.3%) of the total extractable PAH content was attributed to five PAHs: benzo[ghi]perylene, coronene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, benzo[e]pyrene, and benzo[a]pyrene. The difference in the measured PAH content between summer and winter tires varied substantially across manufacturers, making estimates of total vehicle fleet emissions very uncertain. However, when comparing different types of tires from the same manufacturer they had significantly (p = 0.05) different PAH content. Previously, there have been no data available for carcinogenic dibenzopyrene isomers in automobile tires. In this study, the four dibenzopyrene isomers dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, dibenzo[a,e]pyrene, dibenzo[a,i]pyrene, and dibenzo[a,h]pyrene constituted <2% of the sum of the 15 analyzed HMW PAHs. These findings show that automobile tires may be a potential previously unknown source of carcinogenic dibenzopyrenes to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Sadiktsis
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Wilson WB, Campiglia AD. Analysis of co-eluted isomers of high-molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in high performance liquid chromatography fractions via solid-phase nanoextraction and time-resolved Shpol'skii spectroscopy. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:6922-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Wei S, Liu M, Huang B, Bi X, Sheng G, Fu J. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with molecular weight 302 in PM 2.5 at two industrial sites in South China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:2568-74. [PMID: 21789327 DOI: 10.1039/c1em10320b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Daytime and nighttime PM(2.5) samples were collected between August 5 and 16, 2009 and between January 24 and February 4, 2010 in an industrial complex site (site A) and an electronic waste recycling site (site B) to determine the seasonal and diurnal variations of 19 individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with molecular weight 302 (MW302) including four highly carcinogenic dibenzopyrene (DBP) isomers dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DBalP), dibenzo[a,e]pyrene (DBaeP), dibenzo[a,i]pyrene (DBaiP), and dibenzo[a,h]pyrene (DBahP). This is the first report on DBP isomers in air particles from South China. The total concentration of PAH MW302 isomers ranged from 1.65 to 3.60 ng m(-3) in summer and 3.82 to 9.81 ng m(-3) in winter. The strongest peaks in the chromatograms of the MW302 isomers were naphtha[2,1-a]pyrene (N21aP), dibenzo[j,l]fluoranthene (DBjlF), naphtha[1,2-b]fluoranthene (N12bF), naphtha[1,2-k]fluoranthene (N12kF) and dibenzo[a,e]fluoranthene (DBaeF), constituting 52.0 to 55.4% of the total MW302 isomers. All the MW302 isomers showed notable seasonal variations. Most of the MW302 isomers in site B showed distinctive diurnal variations with higher concentrations occurring in the night. Taking into account both concentration and potency equivalence factors (PEFs), the strongest carcinogen in the analyzed samples was DBaiP, and the ratios of sum carcinogenic potency of four highly carcinogenic DBP isomers to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was about 0.94 in winter to 1.89 in summer, indicating the importance of DBP isomers for the risk assessment. Health risk assessment indicated that on average, 1 in 100 000 residents in the two industrial sites may have an increased risk of cancer due to PAH exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Utilization and Protection of Environmental Resource, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, P.R. China
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Analysis of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in complex environmental mixtures by LC-APPI-MS/MS. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 702:218-24. [PMID: 21839201 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we developed a highly sensitive, fast and reliable liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the detection and analysis of 16 different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs that have been identified as carcinogens and classified according to their biological potency. Comparison to standard analysis procedures based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) instrumentation demonstrated an improved easiness of sample preparation and sensitivity of detection achieved with the new LC-MS/MS method employing an atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) source attached to an API 4000 mass spectrometer (LC-APPI-MS/MS). The favorable outcome could be confirmed by analyzing complex mixtures such as certain Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) obtained from the National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST), i.e., SRM 1975 and SRM 2975, and several diesel exhaust soots provided by the German automobile industry. Certified concentrations of individual analytes provided by NIST not only could be confirmed, but additional extremely potent carcinogens such as several isomeric hexacyclic dibenzopyrenes (DBPs), 5-methylchrysene (5-MC), and others have been detected in these crude samples in a concentration range down to below 1 ng g(-1) raw material.
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Sauvain JJ, Setyan A, Wild P, Tacchini P, Lagger G, Storti F, Deslarzes S, Guillemin M, Rossi MJ, Riediker M. Biomarkers of oxidative stress and its association with the urinary reducing capacity in bus maintenance workers. J Occup Med Toxicol 2011; 6:18. [PMID: 21619715 PMCID: PMC3135575 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6673-6-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to particles (PM) induces adverse health effects (cancer, cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases). A key-role in these adverse effects seems to be played by oxidative stress, which is an excess of reactive oxygen species relative to the amount of reducing species (including antioxidants), the first line of defense against reactive oxygen species. The aim of this study was to document the oxidative stress caused by exposure to respirable particles in vivo, and to test whether exposed workers presented changes in their urinary levels for reducing species. METHODS Bus depot workers (n = 32) exposed to particles and pollutants (respirable PM4, organic and elemental carbon, particulate metal content, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, NOx, O3) were surveyed over two consecutive days. We collected urine samples before and after each shift, and quantified an oxidative stress biomarker (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine), the reducing capacity and a biomarker of PAH exposure (1-hydroxypyrene). We used a linear mixed model to test for associations between the oxidative stress status of the workers and their particle exposure as well as with their urinary level of reducing species. RESULTS Workers were exposed to low levels of respirable PM4 (range 25-71 μg/m3). However, urinary levels of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine increased significantly within each shift and between both days for non-smokers. The between-day increase was significantly correlated (p < 0.001) with the concentrations of organic carbon, NOx, and the particulate copper content. The within-shift increase in 8OHdG was highly correlated to an increase of the urinary reducing capacity (Spearman ρ = 0.59, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS These findings confirm that exposure to components associated to respirable particulate matter causes a systemic oxidative stress, as measured with the urinary 8OHdG. The strong association observed between urinary 8OHdG with the reducing capacity is suggestive of protective or other mechanisms, including circadian effects. Additional investigations should be performed to understand these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Jacques Sauvain
- Institute for Work and Health, University of Lausanne + Geneva, 21 rue du Bugnon, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ari Setyan
- Institute for Work and Health, University of Lausanne + Geneva, 21 rue du Bugnon, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.,University of California, Davis; Department of Environmental Toxicology, 4422 Meyer Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Pascal Wild
- Institute for Work and Health, University of Lausanne + Geneva, 21 rue du Bugnon, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Grégoire Lagger
- EDEL Therapeutics S.A., PSE-B/EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ferdinand Storti
- Institute for Work and Health, University of Lausanne + Geneva, 21 rue du Bugnon, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Simon Deslarzes
- Institute for Work and Health, University of Lausanne + Geneva, 21 rue du Bugnon, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel Guillemin
- Institute for Work and Health, University of Lausanne + Geneva, 21 rue du Bugnon, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel J Rossi
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LAC), CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Michael Riediker
- Institute for Work and Health, University of Lausanne + Geneva, 21 rue du Bugnon, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Lintelmann J, França MH, Hübner E, Matuschek G. A liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometric method for the determination of azaarenes in atmospheric particulate matter. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:1636-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Rocha da Luz E, Mota Gonsalves TF, Queiroz Aucélio R. Determination of basic azaarenes in aviation kerosene by solid-phase extraction and HPLC-fluorescence detection. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:2058-65. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Krupadam RJ, Bhagat B, Wate SR, Bodhe GL, Sellergren B, Anjaneyulu Y. Fluorescence spectrophotometer analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental samples based on solid phase extraction using molecularly imprinted polymer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:2871-2877. [PMID: 19475964 DOI: 10.1021/es802514c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was synthesized using a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) standard as a template, methacrylic acid as a functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a cross-linker, and acetonitrile as a porogen. This polymer was used as a solid phase adsorbent for the quantitative enrichment of PAHs in coastal sediments, atmospheric particulates, and industrial effluents. The MIP selective adsorption capacity for PAHs started reducing when the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total dissolved solids (TDS) was more than 800 mg L(-1) in the targeted environmental samples. The adsorption stability of the MIP was tested by the consecutive contact of environmental samples, and it was shown that the performance of the MIP did not vary after 10 enrichments and desorption cycles. Recoveries of eight PAH compounds, extracted from 10 g of coastal sediments and 1 L of industrial effluent spiked with 10 microL of standard PAHs, showed recoveries between 85 and 96%. The fluorescence spectrophotometer limit of detection of PAHs varied from 10 to 30 etag L(-1) in industrial effluent and from 0.1 to 2.9 etag kg(-1) in solid samples (coastal sediment and atmospheric particulates), and this indicates that the environmental analytical method is significantly sensitive, when compared with other commonly used methods such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
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Mahadevan B, Luch A, Atkin J, Nguyen T, Sharma AK, Amin S, Baird. WM. Investigation of the genotoxicity of dibenzo[c,p]chrysene in human carcinoma MCF-7 cells in culture. Chem Biol Interact 2006; 164:181-91. [PMID: 17094953 PMCID: PMC1794669 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2006.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Revised: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants that have been linked to certain human cancers. The fjord region PAH dibenzo[a,l]pyrene exhibits the highest levels of carcinogenic activity of all PAH as yet tested in rodent tumor models. Another hexacyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, dibenzo[c,p]chrysene (DBC), is a unique PAH that possesses one bay region and two fjord regions within the same molecule. Due to its structure, which is a merger of the fjord region PAHs benzo[c]phenanthrene, benzo[c]chrysene, and benzo[g]chrysene, DBC is of considerable research interest. In order to investigate the pathway of regioselective metabolism we have studied the cytotoxicity, metabolic activation and DNA adduct formation of DBC in human mammary carcinoma MCF-7 cells in culture. The cytotoxicity assay indicated undisturbed cell proliferation even at concentrations as high as 4.5 microM (1.5 micro g/ml) DBC. Concurrently, DNA adducts were detected in MCF-7 cells treated with DBC only in low amounts (0.6 pmol adducts/mg DNA). On the contrary, exposure to anti-DBC-1,2-diol-3,4-epoxide and anti-DBC-11,12-diol-13,14-epoxide, two putatively genotoxic metabolites of DBC, resulted in high levels of DNA adducts (33 and 51 pmol adducts/mg DNA, respectively). Although DBC was not efficiently transformed into DNA-reactive metabolites in MCF-7 cells in culture, the results from our study indicate that the two fjord region diol-epoxide derivatives of DBC may serve as ultimate genotoxic metabolites once they are enzymatically generated under certain circumstances in vitro or in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brinda Mahadevan
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jennifer Atkin
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Tuan Nguyen
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Arun K. Sharma
- Penn State College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Shantu Amin
- Penn State College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - William M. Baird.
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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22
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Wise SA, Poster DL, Kucklick JR, Keller JM, Vanderpol SS, Sander LC, Schantz MM. Standard reference materials (SRMs) for determination of organic contaminants in environmental samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:1153-90. [PMID: 17047949 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0719-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Revised: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 07/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
For the past 25 years the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has developed certified reference materials (CRMs), known as standard reference materials (SRMs), for determination of organic contaminants in environmental matrices. Assignment of certified concentrations has usually been based on combining results from two or more independent analytical methods. The first-generation environmental-matrix SRMs were issued with certified concentrations for a limited number (5 to 10) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Improvements in the analytical certification approach significantly expanded the number and classes of contaminants determined. Environmental-matrix SRMs currently available include air and diesel particulate matter, coal tar, marine and river sediment, mussel tissue, fish oil and tissue, and human serum, with concentrations typically assigned for 50 to 90 organic contaminants, for example PAHs, nitro-substituted PAHs, PCBs, chlorinated pesticides, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Wise
- Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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23
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Väänänen V, Elovaara E, Nykyri E, Santonen T, Heikkilä P. Road pavers’ occupational exposure to asphalt containing waste plastic and tall oil pitch. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 8:89-99. [PMID: 16395464 DOI: 10.1039/b513505b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Waste plastic (WP) and tall oil pitch (T), which are organic recycled industrial by-products, have been used as a binder with bitumen in stone mastic asphalt (SMA) and asphalt concrete (AC). We compared the exposure over one workday in 16 road pavers participating in a survey at four paving sites, using mixes of conventional asphalt (SMA, AC) or mixes containing waste material (SMA-WPT, AC-WPT). The concentrations of 11 aldehydes in air were 515 and 902 microg m(-3) at the SMA-WPT and AC-WPT worksites, being 3 and 13 times greater than at the corresponding worksites laying conventional asphalt. Resin acids (2-42 microg m(-3)), which are known sensitizers, were detected only during laying of AC-WPT. The emission levels (microg m(-3)) of total particulates (300-500), bitumen fumes (60-160), bitumen vapour (80-1120), naphthalene (0.59-1.2), phenanthrene (0.21-0.32), pyrene (<0.015-0.20), benzo(a)pyrene (<0.01) and the sum of 16 PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 1.28-2.00) were similar for conventional and WPT asphalts. The dermal deposition of 16 PAHs on exposure pads (on workers' wrist) was low in all pavers (0.7-3.5 ng cm(-2)). Eight OH-PAH biomarkers of naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene exposures were quantified in pre- and post-shift urine specimens. The post-shift concentrations (mean +/- SD, micromol mol(-1) creatinine) of 1- plus 2-naphthol; 1-,2-,3-,4- plus 9-phenanthrol; and 1-hydroxypyrene were, respectively, for asphalt workers: 18.1+/- 8.0, 2.41 +/- 0.71 and 0.66+/- 0.58 (smokers); 6.0+/- 2.3, 1.70+/- 0.72 and 0.27+/- 0.15 (non-smokers); WPT asphalt workers: 22.0+/- 9.2, 2.82+/- 1.11 and 0.76+/- 0.18 (smokers); 6.8+/- 2.6, 2.35+/- 0.69 and 0.46+/- 0.13 (non-smokers). The work-related uptake of PAHs was low in all pavers, although it was significantly greater in smokers than in non-smokers. The WPT asphalt workers complained of eye irritation and sore throat more than the pavers who had a much lower exposure to aldehydes and resin acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virpi Väänänen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 aA, FI-00250, Helsinki, Finland.
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24
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Bergvall C, Westerholm R. Determination of dibenzopyrenes in standard reference materials (SRM) 1649a, 1650, and 2975 using ultrasonically assisted extraction and LC-GC-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 384:438-47. [PMID: 16333601 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2005] [Revised: 10/07/2005] [Accepted: 10/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A method has been developed for analysis of the highly potent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) carcinogens dibenzo(a,l)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)pyrene, and dibenzo(a,i)pyrene (molecular weight 302) present in small amounts in diesel and air particulate material. The method can also be used for analysis of the PAH benzo(a)pyrene, coronene, and perylene, for which reference and certified values are available for the standard reference materials used for validation of the method--SRM 1649a (urban dust) and SRM 2975 (diesel particulate matter). The only NIST values that have been published for these dibenzopyrene isomers in the analyzed SRM are reference values for dibenzo(a,i)pyrene and dibenzo(a,h)pyrene in SRM 1649a. The concentrations determined in the SRM were in good agreement with reported NIST-certified and reference values and other concentrations reported in the literature. Standard reference material 1650 (diesel particulate matter) was also analyzed. The method could not, however, be validated using this material because certification of SRM 1650 had expired. The method is based on ultrasonically assisted extraction of the particulate material, then silica SPE pre-separation and isolation, and, separation and detection by hyphenated LC-GC-MS. The method is relatively rapid and requires only approximately 1-5 mg SRM particulate material to identify and quantify the analytes. Low extraction recoveries for the analytes, in particular the dibenzopyrenes, when extracting diesel SRM 2975 and 1650 resulted, however, in the dibenzopyrenes being present in amounts near their limits of quantifications in these samples. The method's limit of quantification (LOQ), based on analyses of SRM 1649a, is in the range 10-77 pg. By use of this method more than 25 potential PAH isomers with a molecular weight of 302 could be separated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Bergvall
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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Sauvain JJ, Duc TV. Approaches to identifying and quantifying polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of molecular weight 302 in diesel particulates. J Sep Sci 2004; 27:78-88. [PMID: 15335062 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200301620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Among the PAH class of compounds, high molecular weight PAH are now considered as relevant cancer inducers, but not all of them have the same biological activity. However, their analysis is difficult, mainly due to the presence of numerous isomers and due to their low volatility. Retention indices (Ri) for 13 dibenzopyrenes and homologues were determined by high-resolution capillary gas chromatography (GC) with four different stationary phases: a 5% phenyl-substituted methylpolysiloxane column (DB-5 ms), a 35% phenyl-substituted methylpolysiloxane column (BPX-35), a 50% phenyl-substituted methylpolysiloxane column (BPX-50), and a 35% trifluoropropylmethyl polysiloxane stationary phase (Rtx-200). Correlations for retention on each phase were investigated by using 8 independent molecular descriptors. Ri has been shown to be linearly correlated to PAH volume, polarisability alpha, Hückel-pi energy on the four examined columns. Ionisation potential Ip is a fourth variable which improves the regression model for DB-5ms, BPX-35, and BPX-50 column. Correlation coefficients ranging from r2 = 0.935 to r2 = 0.952 are then observed. Application of these indices to the identification and quantification of PAH with MW 302 in certified diesel particulate matter SRM 1650a is presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Jacques Sauvain
- Institut Universitaire Romand de Sante au Travail, Rue du Bugnon 19, CH-1005 Lausanne.
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26
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Prycek J, Ciganek M, Simek Z. Development of an analytical method for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1030:103-7. [PMID: 15043259 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The possibilities of utilising pressurised liquid extraction for five nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from an inert matrix are shown. Different extraction temperatures and pressures were tested. The highest recoveries were obtained at extraction pressure 14 MPa and temperature 100 C. Separation of non-polar, aromatic and polar fractions by the silica gel column chromatography is shown. n-Hexane, cyclohexane and dichloromethane as a solvent were tested. The best separations of monitored fractions were obtained, when extract was dissolved in cyclohexane. Non-polar and aromatic fractions eluted together when the extract was dissolved in dichloromethane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifí Prycek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Brno University of Technology, 118 Purkynova, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Alzaga R, Montuori P, Ortiz L, Bayona JM, Albaigés J. Fast solid-phase extraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry procedure for oil fingerprinting. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1025:133-8. [PMID: 14753680 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and simple fractionation procedure using solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges was developed for an accurate determination of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in petroleum residues and further application in chemical fingerprinting of oil spills by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Among the adsorbents evaluated, SiO2/C3-CN exhibited the best selectivity, providing, by elution with n-hexane (4 ml) and n-hexane-CH2Cl2 (1:1) (5 ml), two well-resolved aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions, with recoveries of 97 +/- 7.2 and 99.7 +/- 13.9%, respectively. The SPE fractionation procedure was compared with the conventional silica-alumina adsorption chromatography showing similar results but practical advantages in terms of reproducibility, analysis time, solvent reduction and cost. Moreover, is particularly suitable for routine analysis with a high sample throughput. The developed methodology was tested in the characterization of fuel-oil samples collected along the Spanish north-west coast, after the Prestige oil spill accident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Alzaga
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IIQAB-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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28
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Seidel A, Frank H, Behnke A, Schneider D, Jacob J. DETERMINATION OF DIBENZO[A,L]PYRENE AND OTHER FJORD-REGION PAH ISOMERS WITH MW 302 IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2004. [DOI: 10.1080/10406630490472527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Sauvain JJ, Vu Duc T, Guillemin M. Exposure to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic compounds and health risk assessment for diesel-exhaust exposed workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2003; 76:443-55. [PMID: 12750904 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-003-0439-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2002] [Accepted: 01/18/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Workers' exposure to diesel exhaust in a bus depot, a truck repair workshop and an underground tunnel was determined by the measuring of elemental carbon (EC) and 15 carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) proposed by the US Department of Health and Human Services/National Toxicology Program (NTP). Based on these concentration data, the genotoxic PAC contribution to the diesel-exhaust particle (DEP) lung-cancer risk was calculated. METHOD Respirable particulate matter was collected during the summer and winter of 2001 (except for in the underground situation) and analysed by coulometry for EC and by GC-MS methods for PACs. The use of potency equivalence factors (PEFs) allowed the studied PAC concentrations to be expressed as benzo[a]pyrene equivalents (B[a]P(eq)). We then calculated the lung-cancer risk due to PACs and DEPs by multiplying the B[a]P(eq) and EC concentrations by the corresponding unit risk factor. The ratio of these two risks values has been considered as an estimate of the genotoxic contribution to the DEP cancer risk. RESULTS For the bus depot and truck repair workshop, exposure to EC and PACs has been shown to increase by three to six times and ten times, respectively, during winter compared to summer. This increase has been attributed mainly to a decrease in ventilation during the cold. With the PEF approach, the B[a]P(eq) concentration is five-times higher than if only benzo[ a]pyrene (B[a]P) is considered. Dibenzopyrenes contribute an important part to this increase. A simple calculation based on unit risk factors indicates that the studied PAC contribution to the total lung-cancer risk attributed to DEPs is in the range of 3-13%. CONCLUSIONS The 15 NTP PACs represent a small but non-negligible part of lung-cancer risk with regard to diesel exposure. From this point of view, the dibenzopyrene family are important compounds to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-J Sauvain
- Institut Universitaire Romand de Santé au Travail, Rue du Bugnon 19, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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