1
|
Balbinot G, Li G, Wiest MJ, Pakosh M, Furlan JC, Kalsi-Ryan S, Zariffa J. Properties of the surface electromyogram following traumatic spinal cord injury: a scoping review. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2021; 18:105. [PMID: 34187509 PMCID: PMC8244234 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-021-00888-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) disrupts spinal and supraspinal pathways, and this process is reflected in changes in surface electromyography (sEMG). sEMG is an informative complement to current clinical testing and can capture the residual motor command in great detail-including in muscles below the level of injury with seemingly absent motor activities. In this comprehensive review, we sought to describe how the sEMG properties are changed after SCI. We conducted a systematic literature search followed by a narrative review focusing on sEMG analysis techniques and signal properties post-SCI. We found that early reports were mostly focused on the qualitative analysis of sEMG patterns and evolved to semi-quantitative scores and a more detailed amplitude-based quantification. Nonetheless, recent studies are still constrained to an amplitude-based analysis of the sEMG, and there are opportunities to more broadly characterize the time- and frequency-domain properties of the signal as well as to take fuller advantage of high-density EMG techniques. We recommend the incorporation of a broader range of signal properties into the neurophysiological assessment post-SCI and the development of a greater understanding of the relation between these sEMG properties and underlying physiology. Enhanced sEMG analysis could contribute to a more complete description of the effects of SCI on upper and lower motor neuron function and their interactions, and also assist in understanding the mechanisms of change following neuromodulation or exercise therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Balbinot
- KITE-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2A2, Canada.
| | - Guijin Li
- KITE-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2A2, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Matheus Joner Wiest
- KITE-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2A2, Canada
| | - Maureen Pakosh
- Library & Information Services, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Julio Cesar Furlan
- KITE-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2A2, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sukhvinder Kalsi-Ryan
- KITE-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2A2, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jose Zariffa
- KITE-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2A2, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Elliott D, Lyons J, Hayes SJ, Burkitt JJ, Hansen S, Grierson LEM, Foster NC, Roberts JW, Bennett SJ. The multiple process model of goal-directed aiming/reaching: insights on limb control from various special populations. Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:2685-2699. [PMID: 33079207 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05952-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Several years ago, our research group forwarded a model of goal-directed reaching and aiming that describes the processes involved in the optimization of speed, accuracy, and energy expenditure Elliott et al. (Psychol Bull 136:1023-1044, 2010). One of the main features of the model is the distinction between early impulse control, which is based on a comparison of expected to perceived sensory consequences, and late limb-target control that involves a spatial comparison of limb and target position. Our model also emphasizes the importance of strategic behaviors that limit the opportunity for worst-case or inefficient outcomes. In the 2010 paper, we included a section on how our model can be used to understand atypical aiming/reaching movements in a number of special populations. In light of a recent empirical and theoretical update of our model Elliott et al. (Neurosci Biobehav Rev 72:95-110, 2017), here we consider contemporary motor control work involving typical aging, Down syndrome, autism spectrum disorder, and tetraplegia with tendon-transfer surgery. We outline how atypical limb control can be viewed within the context of the multiple-process model of goal-directed reaching and aiming, and discuss the underlying perceptual-motor impairment that results in the adaptive solution developed by the specific group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Digby Elliott
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
- Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
| | - James Lyons
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Spencer J Hayes
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Steve Hansen
- School of Physical and Health Education, Nipissing University, North Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Lawrence E M Grierson
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nathan C Foster
- Cognition, Motion and Neuroscience Unit, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - James W Roberts
- Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Simon J Bennett
- Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Britten L, Coats RO, Ichiyama RM, Raza W, Jamil F, Astill SL. The effect of task symmetry on bimanual reach-to-grasp movements after cervical spinal cord injury. Exp Brain Res 2018; 236:3101-3111. [PMID: 30132041 PMCID: PMC6223837 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5354-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Injury to the cervical spinal cord results in deficits in bimanual control, reducing functional independence and quality of life. Despite this, little research has investigated the control strategies which underpin bimanual arm/hand movements following cervical spinal cord injury (cSCI). Using kinematics and surface electromyography this study explored how task symmetry affects bimanual control, in patients with an acute cSCI (< 6 m post injury), as they performed naturalistic bimanual reach-to-grasp actions (to objects at 50% and 70% of their maximal reach distance), and how this differs compared to uninjured age-matched controls. Twelve adults with a cSCI (mean age 69.25 years), with lesions at C3–C8, categorized by the American Spinal Injury Impairment Scale (AIS) at C or D and 12 uninjured age-matched controls (AMC) (mean age 69.29 years) were recruited. Participants with a cSCI produced reach-to-grasp actions which took longer, were slower, less smooth and had longer deceleration phases than AMC (p < 0.05). Participants with a cSCI were less synchronous than AMC at peak velocity and just prior to object pick up (p < 0.05), but both groups ended the movement in a synchronous fashion. Peak muscle activity occurred just prior to object pick up for both groups. While there seems to be a greater reliance on the deceleration phase of the movement, we observed minimal disruption of the more impaired limb on the less impaired limb and no additional effects of task symmetry on bimanual control. Further research is needed to determine how to take advantage of this retained bimanual control in therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Britten
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - R O Coats
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - R M Ichiyama
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - W Raza
- Yorkshire Regional Spinal Injuries Centre, Pinderfields General Hospital, Aberford Road, Wakefield, WF1 4DG, UK
| | - F Jamil
- Yorkshire Regional Spinal Injuries Centre, Pinderfields General Hospital, Aberford Road, Wakefield, WF1 4DG, UK
| | - S L Astill
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dickerson CR, Alenabi T, Martin BJ, Chaffin DB. Shoulder muscular activity in individuals with low back pain and spinal cord injury during seated manual load transfer tasks. ERGONOMICS 2018; 61:1094-1101. [PMID: 29504495 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2018.1447690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the activity of four shoulder muscles in individuals with low back pain (LBP), spinal cord injuries (SCI) and a control group, during one-handed load transfer trials. Nine individuals with minimum one-year of LBP, eleven with thoracic/lumbar SCI and nine healthy controls participated in this study. The activations of anterior deltoid, upper trapezius, infraspinatus and pectoralis major were recorded by surface EMG during one-handed transferring of a cylinder from a home shelve to six spatially distributed target shelves. The integrated EMG values were compared using repeated measure ANOVA. Both LBPs and SCIs had higher anterior deltoid activation and LBPs required more upper trapezius activation than controls (p < 0.05). The spatial position of the targets also significantly influenced demands for these two muscles. The anterior deltoid and upper trapezius in LBP and SCI individuals are under higher demand during occupational load transfer tasks. Practitioner Summary: This study aimed to compare the activation of four shoulder muscles in individuals with low back pain, spinal cord injuries and healthy condition. EMG analysis showed that the injured groups required more upper trapezius and anterior deltoid activation during load transfer tasks, which may predispose them to muscle overexertion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clark R Dickerson
- a Digital Industrial Ergonomics and Shoulder Evaluation Laboratory (DIESEL), Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Department of Kinesiology , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , Canada
| | - Talia Alenabi
- a Digital Industrial Ergonomics and Shoulder Evaluation Laboratory (DIESEL), Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Department of Kinesiology , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , Canada
| | - Bernard J Martin
- b Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Don B Chaffin
- b Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lei Y, Perez MA. Phase-dependent deficits during reach-to-grasp after human spinal cord injury. J Neurophysiol 2017; 119:251-261. [PMID: 28931614 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00542.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cervical spinal cord injuries result in asymmetrical functional impairments in hand and arm function. However, the extent to which reach-to-grasp movements are affected in humans with incomplete cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) remains poorly understood. Using kinematics and electromyographic (EMG) recordings in hand and arm muscles we studied the different phases of unilateral self-paced reach-to-grasp movements (arm acceleration, hand opening and closing) to a small cylinder in the more and less affected arms of individuals with cervical SCI and in age-matched controls. We found that SCI subjects showed prolonged movement duration in both arms during arm acceleration, and hand opening and closing compared with controls. Notably, the more affected arm showed an additional increase in movement duration at the time to close the hand compared with the less affected arm. Also, the time at which the index finger and thumb contacted the object and the variability of finger movement trajectory were increased in the more compared with the less affected arm of SCI participants. Participants with prolonged movement duration during hand closing were those with more pronounced deficits in sensory function. The muscle activation ratio between the first dorsal interosseous and abductor pollicis brevis muscles decreased during hand closing in the more compared with the less affected arm of SCI participants. Our results suggest that deficits in movement kinematics during reach-to-grasp movements are more pronounced at the time to close the hand in the more affected arm of SCI participants, likely related to deficits in EMG muscle activation and sensory function. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Humans with cervical spinal cord injury usually present asymmetrical functional impairments in hand and arm function. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that deficits in movement kinematics during reaching and grasping movements are more pronounced at the time to close the hand in the more affected arm of spinal cord injury. We suggest that this is in part related to deficits in muscle activation ratios between hand muscles and a decrease in sensory function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Lei
- University of Miami, Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miami, Florida.,Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Miami, Florida
| | - Monica A Perez
- University of Miami, Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miami, Florida.,Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Miami, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Britten L, Coats R, Ichiyama R, Raza W, Jamil F, Astill S. Bimanual reach to grasp movements after cervical spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175457. [PMID: 28384247 PMCID: PMC5383293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the cervical spinal cord results in bilateral deficits in arm/hand function reducing functional independence and quality of life. To date little research has been undertaken to investigate control strategies of arm/hand movements following cervical spinal cord injury (cSCI). This study aimed to investigate unimanual and bimanual coordination in patients with acute cSCI using 3D kinematic analysis as they performed naturalistic reach to grasp actions with one hand, or with both hands together (symmetrical task), and compare this to the movement patterns of uninjured younger and older adults. Eighteen adults with a cSCI (mean 61.61 years) with lesions at C4-C8, with an American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) grade B to D and 16 uninjured younger adults (mean 23.68 years) and sixteen uninjured older adults (mean 70.92 years) were recruited. Participants with a cSCI produced reach-to-grasp actions which took longer, were slower, and had longer deceleration phases than uninjured participants. These differences were exacerbated during bimanual reach-to-grasp tasks. Maximal grasp aperture was no different between groups, but reached earlier by people with cSCI. Participants with a cSCI were less synchronous than younger and older adults but all groups used the deceleration phase for error correction to end the movement in a synchronous fashion. Overall, this study suggests that after cSCI a level of bimanual coordination is retained. While there seems to be a greater reliance on feedback to produce both the reach to grasp, we observed minimal disruption of the more impaired limb on the less impaired limb. This suggests that bimanual movements should be integrated into therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Britten
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Rachel Coats
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ronaldo Ichiyama
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Wajid Raza
- Yorkshire Regional Spinal Injuries Centre, Pinderfields General Hospital, Wakefield, United Kingdom
| | - Firas Jamil
- Yorkshire Regional Spinal Injuries Centre, Pinderfields General Hospital, Wakefield, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Astill
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Calabro FJ, Perez MA. Bilateral reach-to-grasp movement asymmetries after human spinal cord injury. J Neurophysiol 2015; 115:157-67. [PMID: 26467518 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00692.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) in humans typically damages both sides of the spinal cord, resulting in asymmetric functional impairments in the arms. Despite this well-accepted notion and the growing emphasis on the use of bimanual training strategies, how movement of one arm affects the motion of the contralateral arm after SCI remains unknown. Using kinematics and multichannel electromyographic (EMG) recordings we studied unilateral and bilateral reach-to-grasp movements to a small and a large cylinder in individuals with asymmetric arm impairments due to cervical SCI and age-matched control subjects. We found that the stronger arm of SCI subjects showed movement durations longer than control subjects during bilateral compared with unilateral trials. Specifically, movement duration was prolonged when opening and closing the hand when reaching for a large and a small object, respectively, accompanied by deficient activation of finger flexor and extensor muscles. In subjects with SCI interlimb coordination was reduced compared with control subjects, and individuals with lesser coordination between hands were those who showed prolonged times to open the hand. Although the weaker arm showed movement durations during bilateral compared with unilateral trials that were proportional to controls, the stronger arm was excessively delayed during bilateral reaching. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that during bilateral reach-to-grasp movements the more impaired arm has detrimental effects on hand opening and closing of the less impaired arm and that they are related, at least in part, to deficient control of EMG activity of hand muscles. We suggest that hand opening might provide a time to drive bimanual coordination adjustments after human SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Finnegan J Calabro
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Systems Neuroscience Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Monica A Perez
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Systems Neuroscience Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Robinson MA, Vanrenterghem J, Pataky TC. Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) for alpha-based statistical analyses of multi-muscle EMG time-series. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2015; 25:14-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
9
|
Mateo S, Roby-Brami A, Reilly KT, Rossetti Y, Collet C, Rode G. Upper limb kinematics after cervical spinal cord injury: a review. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2015; 12:9. [PMID: 25637224 PMCID: PMC4417243 DOI: 10.1186/1743-0003-12-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a number of upper limb kinematic studies have been conducted, no review actually addresses the key-features of open-chain upper limb movements after cervical spinal cord injury (SCI). The aim of this literature review is to provide a clear understanding of motor control and kinematic changes during open-chain upper limb reaching, reach-to-grasp, overhead movements, and fast elbow flexion movements after tetraplegia. Using data from MEDLINE between 1966 and December 2014, we examined temporal and spatial kinematic measures and when available electromyographic recordings. We included fifteen control case and three series case studies with a total of 164 SCI participants and 131 healthy control participants. SCI participants efficiently performed a broad range of tasks with their upper limb and movements were planned and executed with strong kinematic invariants like movement endpoint accuracy and minimal cost. Our review revealed that elbow extension without triceps brachii relies on increased scapulothoracic and glenohumeral movements providing a dynamic coupling between shoulder and elbow. Furthermore, contrary to normal grasping patterns where grasping is prepared during the transport phase, reaching and grasping are performed successively after SCI. The prolonged transport phase ensures correct hand placement while the grasping relies on wrist extension eliciting either whole hand or lateral grip. One of the main kinematic characteristics observed after tetraplegia is motor slowing attested by increased movement time. This could be caused by (i) decreased strength, (ii) triceps brachii paralysis which disrupts normal agonist-antagonist co-contractions, (iii) accuracy preservation at movement endpoint, and/or (iv) grasping relying on tenodesis. Another feature is a reduction of maximal superior reaching during overhead movements which could be caused by i) strength deficit in agonist muscles like pectoralis major, ii) strength deficit in proximal synergic muscles responsible for scapulothoracic and glenohumeral joint stability, iii) strength deficit in distal synergic muscles preventing the maintenance of elbow extension by shoulder elbow dynamic coupling, iv) shoulder joint ankyloses, and/or v) shoulder pain. Further studies on open chain movements are needed to identify the contribution of each of these factors in order to tailor upper limb rehabilitation programs for SCI individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Mateo
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM U1028; CNRS UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, ImpAct Team, F-69676, Lyon, France.
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Henry Gabrielle, Mouvement et Handicap, F-69000, Lyon, France.
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur le Sport, EA 647, Performance Motrice, Mentale et du Matériel, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France.
- Service de Médecine Physique et Réadaptation, Hôpital Henry Gabrielle, 20 route de Vourles, F-69230, Saint Genis Laval, France.
| | - Agnès Roby-Brami
- Université de Paris, Université Paris 6, UPMC, Institut des systèmes intelligents et de robotique, CNRS UMR 7222, équipe Agathe INSERM U 1150, F-75006, Paris, France.
| | - Karen T Reilly
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM U1028; CNRS UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, ImpAct Team, F-69676, Lyon, France.
| | - Yves Rossetti
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM U1028; CNRS UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, ImpAct Team, F-69676, Lyon, France.
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Henry Gabrielle, Mouvement et Handicap, F-69000, Lyon, France.
| | - Christian Collet
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur le Sport, EA 647, Performance Motrice, Mentale et du Matériel, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Gilles Rode
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM U1028; CNRS UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, ImpAct Team, F-69676, Lyon, France.
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Henry Gabrielle, Mouvement et Handicap, F-69000, Lyon, France.
- Service de Médecine Physique et Réadaptation, Hôpital Henry Gabrielle, 20 route de Vourles, F-69230, Saint Genis Laval, France.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Santello M, Lang CE. Are movement disorders and sensorimotor injuries pathologic synergies? When normal multi-joint movement synergies become pathologic. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 8:1050. [PMID: 25610391 PMCID: PMC4285090 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.01050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The intact nervous system has an exquisite ability to modulate the activity of multiple muscles acting at one or more joints to produce an enormous range of actions. Seemingly simple tasks, such as reaching for an object or walking, in fact rely on very complex spatial and temporal patterns of muscle activations. Neurological disorders such as stroke and focal dystonia affect the ability to coordinate multi-joint movements. This article reviews the state of the art of research of muscle synergies in the intact and damaged nervous system, their implications for recovery and rehabilitation, and proposes avenues for research aimed at restoring the nervous system’s ability to control movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Santello
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ , USA
| | - Catherine E Lang
- Program in Physical Therapy, Program in Occupational Therapy, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis , St. Louis, MO , USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Modulation of hand aperture during reaching in persons with incomplete cervical spinal cord injury. Exp Brain Res 2014; 233:871-84. [PMID: 25511164 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-4163-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The intact neuromotor system prepares for object grasp by first opening the hand to an aperture that is scaled according to object size and then closing the hand around the object. After cervical spinal cord injury (SCI), hand function is significantly impaired, but the degree to which object-specific hand aperture scaling is affected remains unknown. Here, we hypothesized that persons with incomplete cervical SCI have a reduced maximum hand opening capacity but exhibit novel neuromuscular coordination strategies that permit object-specific hand aperture scaling during reaching. To test this hypothesis, we measured hand kinematics and surface electromyography from seven muscles of the hand and wrist during attempts at maximum hand opening as well as reaching for four balls of different diameters. Our results showed that persons with SCI exhibited significantly reduced maximum hand aperture compared to able-bodied (AB) controls. However, persons with SCI preserved the ability to scale peak hand aperture with ball size during reaching. Persons with SCI also used distinct muscle coordination patterns that included increased co-activity of flexors and extensors at the wrist and hand compared to AB controls. These results suggest that motor planning for aperture modulation is preserved even though execution is limited by constraints on hand opening capacity and altered muscle co-activity. Thus, persons with incomplete cervical SCI may benefit from rehabilitation aimed at increasing hand opening capacity and reducing flexor-extensor co-activity at the wrist and hand.
Collapse
|
12
|
Jacquier-Bret J, Rezzoug N, Gorce P. Effect of spinal cord injury at C6–C7 on global upper-limb coordination during grasping: Manipulability approach. Ing Rech Biomed 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.irbm.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
13
|
Mateo S, Revol P, Fourtassi M, Rossetti Y, Collet C, Rode G. Kinematic characteristics of tenodesis grasp in C6 quadriplegia. Spinal Cord 2012; 51:144-9. [PMID: 22945744 DOI: 10.1038/sc.2012.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Descriptive control case study. OBJECTIVES To analyze the kinematics of tenodesis grasp in participants with C6 quadriplegia and healthy control participants in a pointing task and two daily life tasks involving a whole hand grip (apple) or a lateral grip (floppy disk). SETTING France. METHODS Four complete participants with C6 quadriplegia were age matched with four healthy control participants. All participants were right-handed. The measured kinematic parameters were the movement time (MT), the peak velocity (PV), the time of PV (TPV) and the wrist angle in the sagittal plane at movement onset, at the TPV and at the movement end point. RESULTS The participants with C6 quadriplegia had significantly longer MTs in both prehension tasks. No significant differences in TPV were found between the two groups. Unlike control participants, for both prehension tasks the wrist of participants with C6 quadriplegia was in a neutral position at movement onset, in flexion at the TPV, and in extension at the movement end point. CONCLUSION Two main kinematic parameters characterize tenodesis grasp movements in C6 quadriplegics: wrist flexion during reaching and wrist extension during the grasping phase, and increased MT reflecting the time required to adjust the wrist's position to achieve the tenodesis grasp. These characteristics were observed for two different grips (whole hand and lateral grip). These results suggest sequential planning of reaching and tenodesis grasp, and should be taken into account for prehension rehabilitation in patients with quadriplegia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Mateo
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, ImpAct Team, Lyon, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Karl JM, Whishaw IQ. Rodent Skilled Reaching for Modeling Pathological Conditions of the Human Motor System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-298-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
|
15
|
Prilutsky B, Ashley D, VanHiel L, Harley L, Tidwell J, Backus D. Motor Control and Motor Redundancy in the Upper Extremity: Implications for Neurorehabilitation. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2011. [DOI: 10.1310/sci1701-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
16
|
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. Statistical regression and between-group comparisons. OBJECTIVE To characterize functional limitation and adaptive strategies in seated manual transport tasks for spinal cord injury (SCI), low back pain (LBP), and control participants. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA People with SCI are known to have adapted electromyographic activities and slow hand movement velocity, while those with LBP have reduced range of motion and lumbar joint contribution. However, their resultant outcome in torso movements has not been systematically quantified. METHODS Seated participants performed either 2- or 1-handed loaded transports to 1 of 6 targets 49 cm above the hip-point, at 0 degrees, 45 degrees, and 90 degrees azimuths, at close and far distance. Three-dimensional torso movements were modeled by combinations of B-spine base functions. RESULTS The SCI and LBP participants exhibit smaller torso flexion and axial rotation than control participants. The SCI participants tend to move the torso away from the target to maintain upper body balance. These differences among groups are significantly reduced in the 1-handed transport condition and/or transports to the frontal target. CONCLUSION The movement patterns suggest that SCI participants may have adapted torso movement strategies to compensate for the limited control of upper body balance, while LBP participants may limit torso motion to avoid pain.
Collapse
|
17
|
Jacquier-Bret J, Rezzoug N, Vallier JM, Tournebise H, Gorce P. Reach to grasp kinematics and EMG analysis of C6 quadriplegic subjects. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2010; 2009:5934-7. [PMID: 19965061 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2009.5334747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the kinematics and the muscular activity of the upper limb of subjects suffering from a spinal cord injury (SCI) at the C6 level during a grasping task. Data were compared to a control group composed of able-bodied subjects. The electrical activity of six major upper limb muscles and 3D motion of the arm were recorded. Results showed higher relative muscular solicitation for C6 patients especially for deltoïdus posterior and the pectoralis major and modifications of the range of motion of the corresponding joint angles. It appeared that, for C6 SCI subjects, the role of shoulder complex is highly relevant to initiate and control upper extremity movement, and so is important for their autonomy. Such data may be used to help clinician in decision making, e.g. for reconstructive surgery by musculotendinous transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Jacquier-Bret
- HandiBio laboratory (EA 4322), Université du Sud-Toulon-Var, Avenue de léUniversité BP 20132, 83957 La Garde CEDEX, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hincapie JG, Kirsch RF. Feasibility of EMG-based neural network controller for an upper extremity neuroprosthesis. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2009; 17:80-90. [PMID: 19211327 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2008.2010480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The overarching goal of this project is to provide shoulder and elbow function to individuals with C5/C6 spinal cord injury (SCI) using functional electrical stimulation (FES), increasing the functional outcomes currently provided by a hand neuroprosthesis. The specific goal of this study was to design a controller based on an artificial neural network (ANN) that extracts information from the activity of muscles that remain under voluntary control sufficient to predict appropriate stimulation levels for several paralyzed muscles in the upper extremity. The ANN was trained with activation data obtained from simulations using a musculoskeletal model of the arm that was modified to reflect C5 SCI and FES capabilities. Several arm movements were recorded from able-bodied subjects and these kinematics served as the inputs to inverse dynamic simulations that predicted muscle activation patterns corresponding to the movements recorded. A system identification procedure was used to identify an optimal reduced set of voluntary input muscles from the larger set that are typically under voluntary control in C5 SCI. These voluntary activations were used as the inputs to the ANN and muscles that are typically paralyzed in C5 SCI were the outputs to be predicted. The neural network controller was able to predict the needed FES paralyzed muscle activations from "voluntary" activations with less than a 3.6% RMS prediction error.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Gabriel Hincapie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lee HM, Bhat A, Scholz JP, Galloway JC. Toy-oriented changes during early arm movements IV: shoulder-elbow coordination. Infant Behav Dev 2008; 31:447-69. [PMID: 18316128 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2007.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2007] [Revised: 12/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Our recent work on the initial emergence of reaching identified a mosaic of developmental changes and consistencies within the hand and joint kinematics of arm movements across the pre-reaching period. The purpose of this study was to test hypotheses regarding the coordination of hand and joint kinematics over this same pre-reaching period. Principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted on hand, shoulder, and elbow kinematic data from 15 full-term infants observed biweekly from 8 weeks of age through the week of reach onset. Separate PCAs were calculated for spatial variables and for velocity variables in trials with a toy and without a toy. From the PCA results, we constructed 'variance profiles' to reflect the coordinative structure of the hand, shoulder, and elbow. By coordinative structure is meant here the relative contribution of each joint to the factors revealed by the PCA. Shifts in these profiles, which reflected coordination changes, were compared across the hand and joints within each pre-reaching phase (Early, Mid, Late) as well as across phases and trial conditions (no-toy and toy). Results identified both surprising consistencies and important developmental changes in coordination. First, over development, spatial coordination changed in different ways for the shoulder and elbow. Between the Early and Late phases, spatial coordination at the shoulder showed more adult-like coordination during both spontaneous movements and movements with a toy present. In contrast, elbow spatial coordination became more adult-like only during movements with a toy and less adult-like during spontaneous movements. Second, over development, velocity coordination became more adult-like at both joints in movements with and without a toy present. We propose that the features of coordination that changed over development suggest explanations for the differential roles and developmental trajectories of the control of arm movements between the shoulder and elbow. We propose that features that remained consistent over development suggest the presence of developmentally important constraints inherent in arm biomechanics, which may simplify arm control for reaching. Taken together, these findings highlight the critical role of spontaneous arm movements in the emergence of purposeful reaching.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H M Lee
- Infant Motor Behavior Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tsao CC, Mirbagheri MM. Upper limb impairments associated with spasticity in neurological disorders. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2007; 4:45. [PMID: 18047660 PMCID: PMC2213654 DOI: 10.1186/1743-0003-4-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 11/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While upper-extremity movement in individuals with neurological disorders such as stroke and spinal cord injury (SCI) has been studied for many years, the effects of spasticity on arm movement have been poorly quantified. The present study is designed to characterize the nature of impaired arm movements associated with spasticity in these two clinical populations. By comparing impaired voluntary movements between these two groups, we will gain a greater understanding of the effects of the type of spasticity on these movements and, potentially a better understanding of the underlying impairment mechanisms. Methods We characterized the kinematics and kinetics of rapid arm movement in SCI and neurologically intact subjects and in both the paretic and non-paretic limbs in stroke subjects. The kinematics of rapid elbow extension over the entire range of motion were quantified by measuring movement trajectory and its derivatives; i.e. movement velocity and acceleration. The kinetics were quantified by measuring maximum isometric voluntary contractions of elbow flexors and extensors. The movement smoothness was estimated using two different computational techniques. Results Most kinematic and kinetic and movement smoothness parameters changed significantly in paretic as compared to normal arms in stroke subjects (p < 0.003). Surprisingly, there were no significant differences in these parameters between SCI and stroke subjects, except for the movement smoothness (p ≤ 0.02). Extension was significantly less smooth in the paretic compared to the non-paretic arm in the stroke group (p < 0.003), whereas it was within the normal range in the SCI group. There was also no significant difference in these parameters between the non-paretic arm in stroke subjects and the normal arm in healthy subjects. Conclusion The findings suggest that although the cause and location of injury are different in spastic stroke and SCI subjects, the impairments in arm voluntary movement were similar in the two spastic groups. Our results also suggest that the non-paretic arm in stroke subjects was not distinguishable from the normal, and might therefore be used as an appropriate control for studying movement of the paretic arm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chi Tsao
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Laffont I, Hoffmann G, Dizien O, Revol M, Roby-Brami A. How do C6/C7 tetraplegic patients grasp balls of different sizes and weights? Impact of surgical musculo-tendinous transfers. Spinal Cord 2007; 45:502-12. [PMID: 17325696 DOI: 10.1038/sj.sc.3102047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Prospective control cohort study. OBJECTIVES To develop a new test to analyse qualitatively grasping strategies in C6/C7 tetraplegic patients, and to quantify the effect of musculo-tendinous transfers. SETTING France. METHODS Twelve C6/C7 tetraplegic adults (17 arms; 31.3+/-7.9 years) and 17 healthy subjects (30.9+/-9.4 years) completed the study. We assessed participants' ability to grasp, move and release standardized balls of variable sizes and weights. OUTCOME MEASURES Failures, movement duration (MD), grip patterns, forearm orientation during transport. RESULTS In patients as well as in controls, the number of digits involved in prehension increased proportionally to the size and weight of the ball. C6 non-operated tetraplegic patients failed 38.2% of the tasks. They frequently used supine transport (51.4% of successful tasks). MD was longer, with a large distribution of values. The presence of active elbow extension poorly influenced the amount of failure nor grip configuration, but significantly reduced MD and supine transport (34%). Patients who were evaluated after hand surgery showed a trend towards improved MD and more frequent completion (failure 30%), especially for middle-sized and middle-weighted balls. Grip patterns were deeply modified, and all transports were made in pronation. CONCLUSION The 'Tetra Ball Test' evidences the characteristics of grasping in tetraplegic patients and those influenced by surgery. It may be useful in understanding effects of surgical procedures. This preliminary study must be completed to evaluate the quantitative responsiveness and reproducibility of this test and to develop instrumented electronic balls to optimise it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Laffont
- Service de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bhat AN, Lee HM, Galloway JC. Toy-oriented changes in early arm movements II--joint kinematics. Infant Behav Dev 2006; 30:307-24. [PMID: 17400047 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2006.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Revised: 08/19/2006] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Our recent work suggests that infants begin to change their hand and joint kinematics in the presence of a toy months before the onset of purposeful reaching. Moreover, these 'toy-oriented' changes in hand kinematics cluster into Early, Mid and Late phases. The purpose of the present study was to test hypotheses regarding toy-oriented changes in joint kinematics in the same infants. METHODS Thirteen infants were observed every other week from 8 weeks up to the first week of reaching around 20 weeks. At each session, a high-speed motion analysis system recorded infants' arm movements with and without a toy present. RESULTS During the Early phase, infants scaled down their movements. In contrast, during the Mid phase infants scaled up their movements and did not change the relationship between the shoulder and elbow for speed and smoothness-related variables. In addition, infants showed toy-oriented changes such as increase in shoulder flexion and adduction. In the Late phase, infants continued to produce toy-oriented changes in shoulder orientation, and increased shoulder excursion and speed relative to the elbow. Thus, the toy-oriented changes in hand kinematics in the Mid and Late phases [Bhat, A. N., & Galloway, J. C. (2006). Toy-oriented changes in early arm movements of young infants: Hand kinematics. Infant Behavior and Development, 29(3), 358-372] more closely followed changes in shoulder kinematics. Lastly, results are discussed in terms of shoulder-elbow dissociations, speed-amplitude relationships, and the key role of spontaneous movements in the development of reaching.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A N Bhat
- Infant Motor Behavior Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Mckinly Lab, Biomechanics and Movement Science Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|