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Dengler J, Deck BL, Stoll H, Fernandez-Nunez G, Kelkar AS, Rich RR, Erickson BA, Erani F, Faseyitan O, Hamilton RH, Medaglia JD. Enhancing cognitive control with transcranial magnetic stimulation in subject-specific frontoparietal networks. Cortex 2024; 172:141-158. [PMID: 38330778 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive control processes, including those involving frontoparietal networks, are highly variable between individuals, posing challenges to basic and clinical sciences. While distinct frontoparietal networks have been associated with specific cognitive control functions such as switching, inhibition, and working memory updating functions, there have been few basic tests of the role of these networks at the individual level. METHODS To examine the role of cognitive control at the individual level, we conducted a within-subject excitatory transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) study in 19 healthy individuals that targeted intrinsic ("resting") frontoparietal networks. Person-specific intrinsic networks were identified with resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans to determine TMS targets. The participants performed three cognitive control tasks: an adapted Navon figure-ground task (requiring set switching), n-back (working memory), and Stroop color-word (inhibition). OBJECTIVE Hypothesis: We predicted that stimulating a network associated with externally oriented control [the "FPCN-B" (fronto-parietal control network)] would improve performance on the set switching and working memory task relative to a network associated with attention (the Dorsal Attention Network, DAN) and cranial vertex in a full within-subjects crossover design. RESULTS We found that set switching performance was enhanced by FPCN-B stimulation along with some evidence of enhancement in the higher-demand n-back conditions. CONCLUSION Higher task demands or proactive control might be a distinguishing role of the FPCN-B, and personalized intrinsic network targeting is feasible in TMS designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dengler
- School of Biomedical Engineering Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin L Deck
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Harrison Stoll
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Apoorva S Kelkar
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ryan R Rich
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian A Erickson
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fareshte Erani
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Roy H Hamilton
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John D Medaglia
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Kim J, Cha B, Lee D, Kim JM, Kim M. Effect of Cognition by Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Ipsilesional Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Subacute Stroke Patients. Front Neurol 2022; 13:823108. [PMID: 35185773 PMCID: PMC8848770 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.823108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To demonstrate the efficacy of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the ipsilesional dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on neurological recovery in patients with subacute phase stroke. Methods Patients with supratentorial hemispheric stroke who were hospitalized for intensive rehabilitation in the subacute phase were enrolled for this retrospective analysis. Two groups of patients were selected: the rTMS group who received high-frequency (20 Hz) rTMS ≥ 5 times over the ipsilesional DLPFC, and a control group who did not receive any rTMS. The patients were further divided into groups with right- or left-side brain lesions. Functional measurements for cognitive ability, mood, speech, and activities of daily living, which were assessed at baseline and at the 1-month follow-up as a routine clinical practice, were used for analyses. Results Among 270 patients with available clinical data, 133 (women, 51; age, 61.0 ± 13.8 years) met the inclusion criteria and were enrolled for analysis. There were no differences in demographic data and functional scores at baseline between the rTMS (n = 49) and control (n = 84) groups. The rTMS group showed a higher gain in the mini-mental status examination (MMSE) total score and subscores of all domains, forward digit span, and FIM-cognition than the control group (P < 0.05). Among the patients with left hemispheric lesions (n = 57), the rTMS group showed better outcomes in cognition and depression through scores of total and “attention and concentration” subscores of MMSE, FIM-cognition, and the geriatric depression scale (P < 0.05). Among the patients with right hemispheric lesions (n = 76), the rTMS group showed better outcomes in cognition through the MMSE total score and subscores of “attention and concentration,” “registration,” and “recall,” and scores of both forward and backward digit spans (P < 0.05). Conclusion High-frequency rTMS over the ipsilesional DLPFC has beneficial effects on the recovery of cognition on both sides as well as mood in patients with left-sided hemispheric lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongwook Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Byoungwoo Cha
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Doyoung Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Jong Moon Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
- Rehabilitation and Regeneration Research Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - MinYoung Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
- Rehabilitation and Regeneration Research Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
- *Correspondence: MinYoung Kim
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Liu S, Wang X, Ma J, Wang K, Wang Z, Li J, Chen J, Zhan H, Wu W. Effect of Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Executive Function and Its Neural Mechanism: An Event-Related Potential Study. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:701560. [PMID: 34776839 PMCID: PMC8580383 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.701560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Executive function refers to the conscious control of thinking and behavior in psychological process. Executive dysfunction widely exists in a variety of neuropsychiatric diseases, and is closely related to the decline of daily living ability and function. This study intends to explore the effect of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on executive function and its neural mechanism by using event-related potential (ERP), so as to provide basis for further study on the relationship between cerebral cortex and executive function. Methods: Task switching paradigm was used to study the cognitive flexibility in executive function. Thirty-one healthy subjects were randomly assigned to receive rTMS stimulations (1 Hz rTMS or sham rTMS) to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) twice. The switching task and the electroencephalography EEG recordings were performed before (pre-rTMS/pre-sham rTMS) and immediately after the end of the rTMS application (post-rTMS/post-sham rTMS). Results: The analysis of RTs showed that the main effects of switching and time were statistically significant. Further analysis revealed that the RT of rTMS stimulation was longer than sham rTMS at post-stimulation. ERP analysis showed that there was a significant switching effect in frontal and central scalp location, and the P2 amplitude in switch trials was greater than that in non-switch trials. At post-stimulation, the N2 amplitude of rTMS is more negative than that of sham rTMS at non-switch trials, whereas no such difference was found at switch trials. The P3 amplitude and LPC amplitude are significantly reduced by rTMS at post-stimulation. Conclusion: Low-frequency rTMS of the left DLPFC can cause decline of cognitive flexibility in executive function, resulting in the change of N2 amplitude and the decrease of P3 and LPC components during task switching, which is of positive significance for the evaluation and treatment of executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sishi Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Rehabilitation Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianglong Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Rehabilitation Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junqin Ma
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kangling Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiali Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongrui Zhan
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Wen Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Rehabilitation Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Wang Z, Zhu R, You X. Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation-Induced Effects Over the Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex: Differences in the Task Types of Task Switching. Front Psychol 2021; 12:630239. [PMID: 33815217 PMCID: PMC8015871 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.630239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been previously used to investigate the causal relationships between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and task switching but has delivered inconclusive results that may be due to different switching tasks involving different cognitive control processes. In the current study, we manipulated task types and task predictability to investigate the role of DLPFC in task-switching performances. Notably, we distinguished the specific effects of anodal-tDCS on two types of tasks (parity/magnitude and parity/vowel-consonant tasks). Forty-eight participants were randomly assigned to four task groups as follows; Group I who was assigned right anode (RA) parity/magnitude tasks, Group II who were assigned sham parity/magnitude tasks, Group III who were assigned RA parity/vowel-consonant tasks, and Group IV who were assigned sham parity/vowel-consonant tasks. Participants were asked to complete both predictable and unpredictable tasks. In the parity/magnitude task, we demonstrated a lower switch cost for the RA group compared to the sham group for unpredictable tasks. In contrast, in the parity/vowel-consonant task, the switch cost was higher for the RA group compared to the sham group for unpredictable and predictable tasks. These findings confirmed an anodal-tDCS-induced effect over the right DLPFC both in the parity/magnitude and parity/vowel-consonant tasks. Our data indicated that anodal tDCS may have a stronger influence on task-switching performance over the right DLPFC by changing the irrelevant task-set inhibition process. Also, the right DLPFC is unlikely to act by performing exogenous adjustment of predictable task switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience of Shaanxi Province, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rongjuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience of Shaanxi Province, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuqun You
- Key Laboratory for Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience of Shaanxi Province, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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Wang Z, Zhu R, Rehman AU, You X. Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Task-Switching Performance: Effects of Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation. Neuroscience 2020; 446:94-101. [PMID: 32858145 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Task switching refers to the process by which an individual transfers focus from one cognitive task to another. In recent years, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) technology had been used to investigate the causal relationship between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and task-switching performance. However, the effects of anodal-tDCS (a-tDCS) on task switching remain unclear, and the relationship between DLPFC and various task predictabilities have not yet been studied. Therefore, this study mainly investigated the effects of left anode tDCS (LA) and right anode tDCS (RA) in predictable and unpredictable task-switching performance. Thirty-six participants were randomly assigned to three tDCS groups (including LA, RA, and sham) and were asked to complete both the predictable and unpredictable tasks. Compared with LA and sham tDCS, increasing the activity of the right DLPFC improved task-switching performance (switch cost) of unpredictable but not predictable tasks. The results suggested there is a causal association between DLPFC and unpredictable task switching and implied a task-specific effect in task switching. We concluded that the DLPFC is not essential for exogenous adjustment in predictable task switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience of Shaanxi Province, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Rongjuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience of Shaanxi Province, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Abaid Ur Rehman
- Key Laboratory for Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience of Shaanxi Province, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Xuqun You
- Key Laboratory for Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience of Shaanxi Province, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
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De Los Reyes A, Drabick DAG, Makol BA, Jakubovic RJ. Introduction to the Special Section: The Research Domain Criteria’s Units of Analysis and Cross-Unit Correspondence in Youth Mental Health Research. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 49:279-296. [DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2020.1738238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bridget A. Makol
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland at College Park
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Evaluating the causal contribution of fronto-parietal cortices to the control of the bottom-up and top-down visual attention using fMRI-guided TMS. Cortex 2020; 126:200-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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8
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Non-invasive brain stimulation to enhance cognitive rehabilitation after stroke. Neurosci Lett 2020; 719:133678. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Allaert J, Sanchez-Lopez A, De Raedt R, Baeken C, Vanderhasselt MA. Inverse effects of tDCS over the left versus right DLPC on emotional processing: A pupillometry study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218327. [PMID: 31216313 PMCID: PMC6583989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives The Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is implicated in cognitive and emotional responses. Yet, research that investigates the causal role of the left versus right DLPFC during the processes of emotion appraisal is lacking. In the current study, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) was used to disentangle the functional lateralization of the DLPFC on emotional processing in response to the anticipation of, and subsequent confrontation with emotional stimuli in healthy volunteers. Methods Forty-eight subjects received both active and sham (on separate days) anodal tDCS over either the left (N = 24) or right (N = 24) DLPFC. Subjects’ pupil dilation (PD, a physiological marker of cognitive resource allocation) was recorded while performing an appraisal task in which negative and positive emotion eliciting images were presented, each preceded by an informative cue indicating the valence of the upcoming stimulus. Results As compared to sham stimulation, left DLPFC anodal tDCS resulted in increased PD when confronted with negative emotional images, whereas right DLPFC anodal tDCS resulted in decreased PD when confronted with emotional images, irrespective of valence. Limitations The interpretation of pupil dilation in response to emotional stimuli is limited. Conclusion These findings suggest inverse lateralized DLPFC effects on cognitive resource allocation (as measured by pupillary responses) when confronted with emotional stimuli. The current findings may shed some light on mechanisms that explain the antidepressant effects of non-invasive brain stimulation of the left DLPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Allaert
- Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent (UZ Ghent), Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent, Belgium
- Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Alvaro Sanchez-Lopez
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rudi De Raedt
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chris Baeken
- Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent (UZ Ghent), Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent, Belgium
- Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), University Hospital UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie-Anne Vanderhasselt
- Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent (UZ Ghent), Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent, Belgium
- Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Combining attentional bias modification with dorsolateral prefrontal rTMS does not attenuate maladaptive attentional processing. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1168. [PMID: 30718539 PMCID: PMC6362221 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37308-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
High frequency repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has been shown to reduce depressive symptoms and improve cognitive biases such as attentional bias. One promising technique that may complement rTMS treatment is attentional bias modification (ABM) training, given the similarity in modulating attentional bias and affecting neuronal activity. We tested whether the combination of rTMS treatment and ABM training in a single session would attenuate maladaptive attentional processing and improve mood in participants with subclinical depressive symptoms. To this end, 122 healthy participants were randomly assigned to one of four groups, receiving either a single rTMS treatment, a single ABM treatment, a combination of rTMS and ABM or a sham treatment. Of these 122 participants, 72 showed a heightened BDI-II score (between 9 and 25) and were included in our main analyses. In our subclinical (≥9 and ≤25 BDI-II) sample, a single combination treatment of rTMS and ABM training induced no significant changes in attentional bias, attentional control or mood, nor did rTMS alone affect attentional bias systematically. We discuss these null findings in light of the task specifics and relate them to the ongoing discussion on ABM training in depression.
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Burke MJ, Fried PJ, Pascual-Leone A. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: Neurophysiological and clinical applications. THE FRONTAL LOBES 2019; 163:73-92. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804281-6.00005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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Huo L, Zheng Z, Li J, Wan W, Cui X, Chen S, Wang W, Li J. Long-Term Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Does Not Improve Executive Function in Healthy Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:298. [PMID: 30386229 PMCID: PMC6199350 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Executive function tends to decline as people age. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is assumed to have beneficial effects on various cognitive functions. Some prior investigations have shown that repeated sessions of tDCS enhance the executive function performance of healthy elderly people by mediating cognitive training gains. However, studies of the effect of long-term stimulation on executive function without cognitive training are absent. Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore whether the executive function of healthy older adults could be enhanced with long-term tDCS alone applied on the prefrontal cortex. Methods: Sixty-five cognitively normal older adults were enrolled and randomly assigned to two groups: an anodal tDCS group and a sham tDCS group. The participants in the two groups received anodal stimulation or sham stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal lobe, for 30 min per day for 10 consecutive days. Executive function was tested before stimulation, immediately after stimulation and 3 months after stimulation. Three core components of executive function were tested using a two-back task for updating, a flanker task for inhibition, and a switching task for shifting. Results: Across the three tasks, we failed to discover any differences between the anodal and sham stimulation. Moreover, we found no statistically significant stimulation effect in the follow-up session. Conclusion: Our study does not support the assumption that multiple sessions of tDCS that are independent of cognitive training have a beneficial effect on executive function in healthy older adults, presumably because the effect of the stimulation lies in its amplification of training gains. It indicates that combining traditional cognitive training methods with brain stimulation may be a better approach to improve older adults' executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Huo
- Center on Aging Psychology, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Zheng
- Center on Aging Psychology, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Li
- Center on Aging Psychology, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyu Wan
- Center on Aging Psychology, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Cui
- Center on Aging Psychology, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyuan Chen
- Center on Aging Psychology, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Center on Aging Psychology, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Li
- Center on Aging Psychology, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Myczkowski ML, Fernandes A, Moreno M, Valiengo L, Lafer B, Moreno RA, Padberg F, Gattaz W, Brunoni AR. Cognitive outcomes of TMS treatment in bipolar depression: Safety data from a randomized controlled trial. J Affect Disord 2018; 235:20-26. [PMID: 29631203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar depression (BD) is a highly prevalent condition associated with marked cognitive deficits that persist even in the euthymic phase of the illness. Pharmacological treatments for BD might further aggravate cognitive impairment, highlighting the need of developing interventions that present cognitive safety. In this study, we evaluated the cognitive effects of H1-coil (deep) transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in patients with treatment-resistant bipolar depression. METHODS Fourty-three patients were randomized to receive 20 sessions of active (55 trains, 18 Hz, 120% resting motor threshold intensity) or sham rTMS within a double-blind, sham-controlled trial. A battery of 20 neuropsychological assessments, grouped in 6 domains (attention and processing speed, working memory and executive function, inhibitory control, language, immediate verbal memory, and long-term verbal memory) was performed at baseline and after 4 and 8 weeks of trial onset. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. RESULTS Cognitive improvement was shown for all cognitive domains. It occurred regardless of intervention group and depression improvement. For the language domain, greater improvement was observed in the sham group over time. No correlations between depression (at baseline or during treatment) and cognitive improvement were found. LIMITATIONS Absence of healthy control group. CONCLUSION The results of this exploratory study provide evidence on the cognitive safety of H1-coil TMS for BD patients. Putative pro-cognitive effects of rTMS in BD were not observed and thus should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Myczkowski
- Service of Interdisciplinary Neuromodulation, Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM27) and National Institute of Biomarkers in Psychiatry (INBioN), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriano Fernandes
- Service of Interdisciplinary Neuromodulation, Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM27) and National Institute of Biomarkers in Psychiatry (INBioN), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Moreno
- Service of Interdisciplinary Neuromodulation, Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM27) and National Institute of Biomarkers in Psychiatry (INBioN), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro Valiengo
- Service of Interdisciplinary Neuromodulation, Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM27) and National Institute of Biomarkers in Psychiatry (INBioN), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beny Lafer
- Bipolar Disorder Research Program, Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Moreno
- Mood Disorders Unit (GRUDA), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frank Padberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Wagner Gattaz
- Service of Interdisciplinary Neuromodulation, Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM27) and National Institute of Biomarkers in Psychiatry (INBioN), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andre R Brunoni
- Service of Interdisciplinary Neuromodulation, Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM27) and National Institute of Biomarkers in Psychiatry (INBioN), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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Viejo-Sobera R, Redolar-Ripoll D, Boixadós M, Palaus M, Valero-Cabré A, Marron EM. Impact of Prefrontal Theta Burst Stimulation on Clinical Neuropsychological Tasks. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:462. [PMID: 28867993 PMCID: PMC5563370 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Theta burst stimulation (TBS) protocols hold high promise in neuropsychological rehabilitation. Nevertheless, their ability to either decrease (continuous, cTBS) or increase (intermittent, iTBS) cortical excitability in areas other than the primary motor cortex, and their consistency modulating human behaviors with clinically relevant tasks remain to be fully established. The behavioral effects of TBS over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) are particularly interesting given its involvement in working memory (WM) and executive functions (EF), often impaired following frontal brain damage. We aimed to explore the ability of cTBS and iTBS to modulate WM and EF in healthy individuals, assessed with clinical neuropsychological tests (Digits Backward, 3-back task, Stroop Test, and Tower of Hanoi). To this end, 36 participants were assessed using the four tests 1 week prior to stimulation and immediately following a single session of either cTBS, iTBS, or sham TBS, delivered to the left dlPFC. No significant differences were found across stimulation conditions in any of the clinical tasks. Nonetheless, in some of them, active stimulation induced significant pre/post performance modulations, which were not found for the sham condition. More specifically, sham stimulation yielded improvements in the 3-back task and the Color, Color-Word, and Interference Score of the Stroop Test, an effect likely caused by task practice. Both, iTBS and cTBS, produced improvements in Digits Backward and impairments in 3-back task accuracy. Moreover, iTBS increased Interference Score in the Stroop Test in spite of the improved word reading and impaired color naming, whereas cTBS decreased the time required to complete the Tower of Hanoi. Differing from TBS outcomes reported for cortico-spinal measures on the primary motor cortex, our analyses did not reveal any of the expected performance differences across stimulation protocols. However, if one considers independently pre/post differences for each individual outcome measure and task, either one or both of the active protocols appeared to modulate WM and EF. We critically discuss the value, potential explanations, and some plausible interpretations for this set of subtle impacts of left dlPFC TBS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Viejo-Sobera
- Cognitive NeuroLab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de CatalunyaBarcelona, Spain.,Laboratory for Neuropsychiatry and Neuromodulation, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, United States
| | - Diego Redolar-Ripoll
- Cognitive NeuroLab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de CatalunyaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Boixadós
- Cognitive NeuroLab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de CatalunyaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Palaus
- Cognitive NeuroLab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de CatalunyaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Valero-Cabré
- Cognitive NeuroLab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de CatalunyaBarcelona, Spain.,Cerebral Dynamics Plasticity and Rehabilitation Group, Frontlab, Institut du Cerveau et la Moelle Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 725, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale 1127 and UPMCParis, France.,Laboratory for Cerebral Dynamics Plasticity and Rehabilitation, Boston University School of MedicineBoston, MA, United States
| | - Elena M Marron
- Cognitive NeuroLab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de CatalunyaBarcelona, Spain
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Ameis SH, Daskalakis ZJ, Blumberger DM, Desarkar P, Drmic I, Mabbott DJ, Lai MC, Croarkin PE, Szatmari P. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for the Treatment of Executive Function Deficits in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Clinical Trial Approach. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2017; 27:413-421. [PMID: 28346865 PMCID: PMC5510034 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2016.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Executive function (EF) deficits in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are ubiquitous and understudied. Further, there are no effective, neuroscience-based treatments to address this impairing feature of ASD. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has demonstrated promise in addressing EF deficits in adult neuropsychiatric disorders. This article will outline the design of a novel randomized-controlled trial of bilateral, 20 Hz, rTMS applied to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) for treatment of EF deficits in ASD that is currently ongoing. We describe prior therapeutic rTMS research for ASD and prior rTMS trials targeting EFs in adult neuropsychiatric disorders. A neurophysiological rationale for rTMS treatment of EF deficits in ASD is presented. METHODS An ongoing protocol will enroll participants aged 16-35 with ASD and no intellectual disability. Psychotropic medications will be continued during the 4-week trial of active 20 Hz versus sham rTMS applied to the DLPFC. Twenty, active treatment sessions consisting of 25 stimulation trains at a 90% motor threshold will be administered. The primary outcome measure is the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) spatial working memory task. At present, recruitment, enrollment, and treatment within the described clinical trial are ongoing. CONCLUSIONS EF deficits are common and impairing symptoms of ASD. There are no evidence-based treatments for EF deficits in ASD. The protocol described here will provide important preliminary data on the feasibility and efficacy of 20 Hz rTMS to DLPFC for EF deficits in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie H. Ameis
- Centre for Brain and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,The Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth and Family Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zafiris J. Daskalakis
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel M. Blumberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pushpal Desarkar
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Irene Drmic
- Genetics and Genome Biology and Autism Research Unit, The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Donald J. Mabbott
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Meng-Chuan Lai
- Centre for Brain and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,The Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth and Family Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Paul E. Croarkin
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Peter Szatmari
- Centre for Brain and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,The Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth and Family Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Ni HC, Hung J, Wu CT, Wu YY, Chang CJ, Chen RS, Huang YZ. The Impact of Single Session Intermittent Theta-Burst Stimulation over the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Posterior Superior Temporal Sulcus on Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:255. [PMID: 28536500 PMCID: PMC5423353 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS), a patterned repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, was applied over the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) or dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) to explore its impact in adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Among 25 adults with ASD, 19 (mean age: 20.8 years) completed the randomized, sham-controlled, crossover trial. Every participant received iTBS over the bilateral DLPFC, bilateral pSTS and inion (as a sham control stimulation) in a randomized order with a 1-week interval. Neuropsychological functions were assessed using the Conners' Continuous Performance Test (CCPT) and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Behavioral outcomes were measured using the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) and the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). In comparison to that in the sham stimulation, the reaction time in the CCPT significantly decreased following single DLPFC session (p = 0.04, effect size = 0.71) while there were no significant differences in the CCPT and WCST following single pSTS session. Besides, the results in behavioral outcomes were inconsistent and had discrepancy between reports of parents and patients. In conclusion, a single session of iTBS over the bilateral DLPFC may alter the neuropsychological function in adults with ASD. The impacts of multiple-sessions iTBS over the DLPFC or pSTS deserve further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Chang Ni
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at LinkouLinkou, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipei, Taiwan
| | - June Hung
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at LinkouTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Te Wu
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at LinkouTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yu Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at LinkouLinkou, Taiwan
| | - Chee-Jen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan.,Clinical Informatics and Medical Statistics Research Center, Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan.,Research Services Center for Health Information, Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Rou-Shayn Chen
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at LinkouTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Zu Huang
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at LinkouTaipei, Taiwan.,Medical School, Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan
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Cathodal tDCS improves task performance in participants high in Coldheartedness. Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127:3102-3109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.05.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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De Raedt R, Hooley JM. The role of expectancy and proactive control in stress regulation: A neurocognitive framework for regulation expectation. Clin Psychol Rev 2016; 45:45-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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19
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Brown MJ, Staines WR. Differential effects of continuous theta burst stimulation over left premotor cortex and right prefrontal cortex on modulating upper limb somatosensory input. Neuroimage 2016; 127:97-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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20
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Mondino M, Thiffault F, Fecteau S. Does non-invasive brain stimulation applied over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex non-specifically influence mood and emotional processing in healthy individuals? Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:399. [PMID: 26528131 PMCID: PMC4604238 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is often targeted with non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) to modulate in vivo human behaviors. This brain region plays a key role in mood, emotional processing, and attentional processing of emotional information. In this article, we ask the question: when we target the DLPFC with NIBS, do we modulate these processes altogether, non-specifically, or can we modulate them selectively? We thus review articles investigating the effects of NIBS applied over the DLPFC on mood, emotional processing, and attentional processing of emotional stimuli in healthy subjects. We discuss that NIBS over the DLPFC can modulate emotional processing and attentional processing of emotional stimuli, without specifically influencing mood. Indeed, there seems to be a lack of evidence that NIBS over the DLPFC influences mood in healthy individuals. Finally, there appears to be a hemispheric lateralization: when applied over the left DLPFC, NIBS improved processing of positive stimuli and reduced selective attention for stimuli expressing anger, whereas when applied over the right DLPFC, it increased selective attention for stimuli expressing anger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Mondino
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Réadaptation et en Intégration Sociale, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - François Thiffault
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Réadaptation et en Intégration Sociale, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Shirley Fecteau
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Réadaptation et en Intégration Sociale, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval Québec City, QC, Canada
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21
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Berlim MT, Van Den Eynde F. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for treating posttraumatic stress disorder: an exploratory meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind and sham-controlled trials. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2014; 59:487-96. [PMID: 25565694 PMCID: PMC4168811 DOI: 10.1177/070674371405900905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) applied to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has yielded promising results as a treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, to date, no quantitative review of its clinical utility has been published. METHOD We searched for randomized and sham-controlled trials from 1995 to March 2013 using MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CENTRAL, and SCOPUS. We then performed an exploratory random effects meta-analysis. RESULTS Studies on rTMS applied to the right DLPFC included 64 adults with PTSD. The pooled Hedges g effect size for pre and post changes in clinician-rated and self-reported PTSD symptoms were, respectively, 1.65 (P < 0.001) and 1.91 (P < 0.001), indicating significant and large-sized differences in outcome favouring active rTMS. Also, there were significant pre and post decreases with active rTMS in overall anxiety (Hedges g = 1.24; P = 0.02) and depressive (Hedges g = 0.85; P < 0.001) symptoms. Dropout rates at study end did not differ between active and sham rTMS groups. Regarding rTMS applied to the left DLPFC, there is only one study published to date (using a high frequency protocol), and its results showed that active rTMS seems to be superior overall to sham rTMS. CONCLUSIONS Our exploratory meta-analysis shows that active rTMS applied to the DLPFC seems to be effective and acceptable for treating PTSD. However, the small number of subjects included in the analyses limits the generalizability of these findings. Future studies should include larger samples and deliver optimized stimulation parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo T Berlim
- Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Director, Neuromodulation Research Clinic, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Frederique Van Den Eynde
- Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Co-Director, Neuromodulation Research Clinic, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec
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22
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Levasseur-Moreau J, Brunelin J, Fecteau S. Non-invasive brain stimulation can induce paradoxical facilitation. Are these neuroenhancements transferable and meaningful to security services? Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:449. [PMID: 23966923 PMCID: PMC3743213 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For ages, we have been looking for ways to enhance our physical and cognitive capacities in order to augment our security. One potential way to enhance our capacities may be to externally stimulate the brain. Methods of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS), such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), have been recently developed to modulate brain activity. Both techniques are relatively safe and can transiently modify motor and cognitive functions outlasting the stimulation period. The purpose of this paper is to review data suggesting that NIBS can enhance motor and cognitive performance in healthy volunteers. We frame these findings in the context of whether they may serve security purposes. Specifically, we review studies reporting that NIBS induces paradoxical facilitation in motor (precision, speed, strength, acceleration endurance, and execution of daily motor task) and cognitive functions (attention, impulsive behavior, risk-taking, working memory, planning, and deceptive capacities). Although transferability and meaningfulness of these NIBS-induced paradoxical facilitations into real-life situations are not clear yet, NIBS may contribute at improving training of motor and cognitive functions relevant for military, civil, and forensic security services. This is an enthusiastic perspective that also calls for fair and open debates on the ethics of using NIBS in healthy individuals to enhance normal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Levasseur-Moreau
- Faculté de Médecine, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Réadaptation et en Intégration Sociale, Centre de Recherche del'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Université LavalQuebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jerome Brunelin
- Faculté de Médecine, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Réadaptation et en Intégration Sociale, Centre de Recherche del'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Université LavalQuebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre Hospitalier le Vinatier, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon IVilleurbanne, Bron, France
| | - Shirley Fecteau
- Faculté de Médecine, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Réadaptation et en Intégration Sociale, Centre de Recherche del'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Université LavalQuebec City, QC, Canada
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review novel techniques of noninvasive brain stimulation (NBS), which may have value in assessment and treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS Review of the following techniques: transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, low-level laser therapy, and transcranial Doppler sonography. Furthermore, we provide a brief overview of TMS studies to date. MAIN FINDINGS We describe the rationale for the use of these techniques in TBI, discuss their possible mechanisms of action, and raise a number of considerations relevant to translation of these methods to clinical use. Depending on the stimulation parameters, NBS may enable suppression of the acute glutamatergic hyperexcitability following TBI and/or counter the excessive GABAergic effects in the subacute stage. In the chronic stage, brain stimulation coupled to rehabilitation may enhance behavioral recovery, learning of new skills, and cortical plasticity. Correlative animal models and comprehensive safety trials seem critical to establish the use of these modalities in TBI. CONCLUSIONS Different forms of NBS techniques harbor the promise of diagnostic and therapeutic utility, particularly to guide processes of cortical reorganization and enable functional restoration in TBI. Future lines of safety research and well-designed clinical trials in TBI are warranted to determine the capability of NBS to promote recovery and minimize disability.
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Kim SH, Han HJ, Ahn HM, Kim SA, Kim SE. Effects of five daily high-frequency rTMS on Stroop task performance in aging individuals. Neurosci Res 2012; 74:256-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Manuel AL, Bernasconi F, Murray MM, Spierer L. Spatio-temporal brain dynamics mediating post-error behavioral adjustments. J Cogn Neurosci 2011; 24:1331-43. [PMID: 21981672 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Optimal behavior relies on flexible adaptation to environmental requirements, notably based on the detection of errors. The impact of error detection on subsequent behavior typically manifests as a slowing down of RTs following errors. Precisely how errors impact the processing of subsequent stimuli and in turn shape behavior remains unresolved. To address these questions, we used an auditory spatial go/no-go task where continual feedback informed participants of whether they were too slow. We contrasted auditory-evoked potentials to left-lateralized go and right no-go stimuli as a function of performance on the preceding go stimuli, generating a 2 × 2 design with "preceding performance" (fast hit [FH], slow hit [SH]) and stimulus type (go, no-go) as within-subject factors. SH trials yielded SH trials on the following trials more often than did FHs, supporting our assumption that SHs engaged effects similar to errors. Electrophysiologically, auditory-evoked potentials modulated topographically as a function of preceding performance 80-110 msec poststimulus onset and then as a function of stimulus type at 110-140 msec, indicative of changes in the underlying brain networks. Source estimations revealed a stronger activity of prefrontal regions to stimuli after successful than error trials, followed by a stronger response of parietal areas to the no-go than go stimuli. We interpret these results in terms of a shift from a fast automatic to a slow controlled form of inhibitory control induced by the detection of errors, manifesting during low-level integration of task-relevant features of subsequent stimuli, which in turn influences response speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelie L Manuel
- Vaudois University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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26
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Boggio PS, Valasek CA, Campanhã C, Giglio ACA, Baptista NI, Lapenta OM, Fregni F. Non-invasive brain stimulation to assess and modulate neuroplasticity in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2011; 21:703-16. [DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2011.617943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
The cerebral hemispheres are anatomically and neurophysiologically asymmetrical. The evolutionary basis for these differences remains uncertain. There are, however, highly consistent differences between the hemispheres, evident in reptiles, birds, and mammals, as well as in humans, in the nature of the attention each applies to the environment. This permits the simultaneous application of precisely focused, but narrow, attention, needed for grasping food or prey, with broad, open, and uncommitted attention, needed to watch out for predators and to interpret the intentions of conspecifics. These different modes of attention can account for a very wide range of repeated observations relating to hemisphere specialization, and suggest that hemisphere differences lie not in discrete functional domains as such, but distinct modes of functioning within any one domain. These modes of attention are mutually incompatible, and their application depends on inhibitory transmission in the corpus callosum. There is also an asymmetry of interaction between the hemispheres at the phenomenological level.
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28
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Leyman L, De Raedt R, Vanderhasselt MA, Baeken C. Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on the attentional processing of emotional information in major depression: a pilot study. Psychiatry Res 2011; 185:102-7. [PMID: 20510464 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2009.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2008] [Revised: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is as a promising therapeutic tool for major depressive disorder. However, the degree of clinical improvement following rTMS treatment still remains questionable. This pilot study aimed at investigating potential working mechanisms of rTMS by examining the effects on attentional processing towards negative information, a proposed underlying cognitive vulnerability factor for depression. The antidepressant effect of high-frequency (10 Hz) rTMS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and possible effects on the inhibitory processing of emotional information was assessed in a sample of 14 depressed patients immediately after the first stimulation session and at the end of a 2-week treatment period. One session of rTMS caused neither significant self-reported mood changes, nor improvements in inhibitory control towards negative information. After a 10-day treatment period, nine out of our 14 patients demonstrated significant mood improvements, as indexed by a reduction of more than 50% on the Hamilton depression rating scale. Responders also demonstrated significant improvements in the inhibitory processing of negative information. This study contributed to the existing evidence of the antidepressant effect of rTMS in the treatment of depression and additionally was able to demonstrate improvements in underlying deficiencies in inhibitory processes towards negative information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemke Leyman
- Department of Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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van der Werf YD, Sanz-Arigita EJ, Menning S, van den Heuvel OA. Modulating spontaneous brain activity using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. BMC Neurosci 2010; 11:145. [PMID: 21067612 PMCID: PMC2993720 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-11-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background When no specific stimulus or task is presented, spontaneous fluctuations in brain activity occur. Brain regions showing such coherent fluctuations are thought to form organized networks known as 'resting-state' networks, a main representation of which is the default mode network. Spontaneous brain activity shows abnormalities in several neurological and psychiatric diseases that may reflect disturbances of ongoing thought processes. Information about the degree to which such spontaneous brain activity can be modulated may prove helpful in the development of treatment options. We investigated the effect of offline low-frequency rTMS on spontaneous neural activity, as measured with fMRI, using a sequential independent-component-analysis and regression approach to investigate local changes within the default mode network. Results We show that rTMS applied over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex results in distal changes of neural activity, relative to the site of stimulation, and that these changes depend on the patterns of brain network activity during 'resting-state'. Conclusions Whereas the proximal changes may reflect the off-line effect of direct stimulation of neural elements, the distal changes likely reflect modulation of functional connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ysbrand D van der Werf
- Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neurosciences, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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30
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Acute high-frequency rTMS of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and attentional control in healthy young men. Brain Res 2010; 1329:152-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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The effect of cortical repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on cognitive event-related potentials recorded in the subthalamic nucleus. Exp Brain Res 2010; 203:317-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-010-2232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Leh SE, Petrides M, Strafella AP. The neural circuitry of executive functions in healthy subjects and Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:70-85. [PMID: 19657332 PMCID: PMC3055448 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2009.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In our constantly changing environment, we are frequently faced with altered circumstances requiring generation and monitoring of appropriate strategies, when novel plans of action must be formulated and conducted. The abilities that we call upon to respond accurately to novel situations are referred to as 'executive functions', and are frequently engaged to deal with conditions in which routine activation of behavior would not be sufficient for optimal performance. Here, we summarize important findings that may help us understand executive functions and their underlying neuronal correlates. We focus particularly on observations from imaging technology, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging, position emission tomography, diffusion tensor imaging, and transcranial magnetic stimulation, which in the past few years have provided the bulk of information on the neurobiological underpinnings of the executive functions. Further, emphasis will be placed on recent insights from Parkinson's disease (PD), in which the underlying dopaminergic abnormalities have provided new exciting information into basic molecular mechanisms of executive dysfunction, and which may help to disentangle the cortical/subcortical networks involved in executive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra E Leh
- Division of Brain Imaging and Behaviour—Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute (TWRI), UHN, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Petrides
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Antonio P Strafella
- Division of Brain Imaging and Behaviour—Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute (TWRI), UHN, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Division of Neurology, Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,PET Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Division of Neurology, CAMH-PET imaging center, Toronto Western Hospital/Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T2S8. Tel: +416 603 5706, Fax: +416 603 5004, E-mail: or
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Functional brain imaging in 14 patients with dissociative amnesia reveals right inferolateral prefrontal hypometabolism. Psychiatry Res 2009; 174:32-9. [PMID: 19783409 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Dissociative amnesia is a condition usually characterized by severely impaired retrograde memory functioning in the absence of structural brain damage. Recent case studies nevertheless found functional brain changes in patients suffering from autobiographical-episodic memory loss in the cause of dissociative amnesia. Functional changes were demonstrated in both resting state and memory retrieval conditions. In addition, some but not all cases also showed other neuropsychological impairments beyond retrograde memory deficits. However, there is no group study available that examined potential functional brain abnormalities and accompanying neuropsychological deteriorations in larger samples of patients with dissociative retrograde amnesia. We report functional imaging and neuropsychological data acquired in 14 patients with dissociative amnesia following stressful or traumatic events. All patients suffered from autobiographical memory loss. In addition, approximately half of the patients had deficits in anterograde memory and executive functioning. Accompanying functional brain changes were measured by [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET). Regional glucose utilization of the patients was compared with that of 19 healthy subjects, matched for age and gender. We found significantly decreased glucose utilization in the right inferolateral prefrontal cortex in the patients. Hypometabolism in this brain region, known to be involved in retrieval of autobiographical memories and self-referential processing, may be a functional brain correlate of dissociative amnesia.
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Sensory Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation Improves Post-Stroke Dysphagic Patients. Dysphagia 2009; 25:291-7. [PMID: 19856025 DOI: 10.1007/s00455-009-9259-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Vanderhasselt MA, De Raedt R, Baeken C, Leyman L, D'Haenen H. A single session of rTMS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex influences attentional control in depressed patients. World J Biol Psychiatry 2009; 10:34-42. [PMID: 19673086 DOI: 10.1080/15622970701816514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Depressed patients are impaired in the ability to shift their focus of attention. This attentional control process is related to dysfunctions in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). It has been proposed that a dorsal circuit plays an important role in the interaction between emotional and attentional information processing. However, because the different emphasis of fundamental cognitive neuroscience research and clinical research of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the DLPFC, little research has been done on the effects of rTMS on cognitive functioning after a single stimulation session to explore the neural systems underlying depression. This study was conducted as a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, within subjects design. Sixteen depressed patients performed a modified task switching paradigm, before and after receiving high frequency (HF) versus placebo rTMS over the left DLPFC. One session of HF-rTMS over the left DLPFC had a specific beneficial effect on task-switching performance, whereas mood remained stable. Antidepressant effects of rTMS could be related to the same neurochemical changes that underlie cognitive functioning. Therefore, task switching performance may provide a unique window into the extent of antidepressant effects which can be considered as second-order long-term effects possibly related to primary alternations in cognitive functioning.
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Hales JB, Israel SL, Swann NC, Brewer JB. Dissociation of frontal and medial temporal lobe activity in maintenance and binding of sequentially presented paired associates. J Cogn Neurosci 2009; 21:1244-54. [PMID: 18752401 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Substructures of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the medial-temporal lobe are critical for associating objects presented over time. Previous studies showing frontal and medial-temporal involvement in associative encoding have not addressed the response specificity of these regions to different aspects of the task, which include instructions to associate and binding of stimuli. This study used a novel paradigm to temporally separate these two components of the task by sequential presentation of individual images with or without associative instruction; fMRI was used to investigate the temporal involvement of the PFC and the parahippocampal cortex in encoding each component. Although both regions showed an enhanced response to the second stimulus of a pair, only the PFC had increased activation during the delay preceding a stimulus when associative instruction was given. These findings present new evidence that prefrontal and medial-temporal regions provide distinct temporal contributions during associative memory formation.
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An investigation of the neural correlates of attention and effector switching using ERPs. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2009; 9:190-201. [DOI: 10.3758/cabn.9.2.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Poststroke dysphagia rehabilitation by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: a noncontrolled pilot study. Dysphagia 2008; 24:204-10. [PMID: 18956227 DOI: 10.1007/s00455-008-9195-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Poststroke dysphagia is frequent and significantly increases patient mortality. In two thirds of cases there is a spontaneous improvement in a few weeks, but in the other third, oropharyngeal dysphagia persists. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is known to excite or inhibit cortical neurons, depending on stimulation frequency. The aim of this noncontrolled pilot study was to assess the feasibility and the effects of 1-Hz rTMS, known to have an inhibitory effect, on poststroke dysphagia. Seven patients (3 females, age = 65 +/- 10 years), with poststroke dysphagia due to hemispheric or subhemispheric stroke more than 6 months earlier (56 +/- 50 months) diagnosed by videofluoroscopy, participated in the study. rTMS at 1 Hz was applied for 20 min per day every day for 5 days to the healthy hemisphere to decrease transcallosal inhibition. The evaluation was performed using the dysphagia handicap index and videofluoroscopy. The dysphagia handicap index demonstrated that the patients had mild oropharyngeal dysphagia. Initially, the score was 43 +/- 9 of a possible 120 which decreased to 30 +/- 7 (p < 0.05) after rTMS. After rTMS, there was an improvement of swallowing coordination, with a decrease in swallow reaction time for liquids (p = 0.0506) and paste (p < 0.01), although oral transit time, pharyngeal transit time, and laryngeal closure duration were not modified. Aspiration score significantly decreased for liquids (p < 0.05) and residue score decreased for paste (p < 0.05). This pilot study demonstrated that rTMS is feasible in poststroke dysphagia and improves swallowing coordination. Our results now need to be confirmed by a randomized controlled study with a larger patient population.
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Boyette-Davis JA, Thompson CD, Fuchs PN. Alterations in attentional mechanisms in response to acute inflammatory pain and morphine administration. Neuroscience 2007; 151:558-63. [PMID: 18065152 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Research indicates that pain negatively impacts attention; however, the extent of this impact and the mechanisms of the effect of pain on normal attentional processing remain unclear. This study 1) examined the impact of acute inflammatory pain on attentional processing, 2) examined the impact of morphine on attentional processing, and 3) determined if an analgesic dose of morphine would return attentional processing to normal levels. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained on the 5 choice serial reaction time task (5CSRTT), a test commonly used to assess the attentional mechanisms of rodents. Animals were injected with saline or 1, 3, or 6 mg/kg of morphine. Twenty minutes later, animals received a formalin (or saline) injection into one hind paw to induce an inflammatory condition and were then immediately tested in the 5CSRTT. The results show that the formalin injection significantly impaired performance, as measured by an increase in the number of trials in which the animal failed to attend to the task. Likewise, a high dose of morphine (6 mg/kg) produced similar decrements in task performance. Of primary importance is that 3 mg/kg of morphine produced analgesia with only mild sedation, and performance in the 5CSRTT was improved with this dose. This is the first study to use an animal model of acute pain to demonstrate the negative impact of pain on attention, and provides a novel approach to examine the neural correlates that underlie the disruptive impact of pain on attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Boyette-Davis
- University of Texas at Arlington, Box 19528, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
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Vanderhasselt MA, De Raedt R, Baeken C, Leyman L, Clerinx P, D'haenen H. The influence of rTMS over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on top-down attentional processes. Brain Res 2007; 1137:111-6. [PMID: 17229406 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Revised: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) provides a unique opportunity to study causal relationships between activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and executive functioning, by modulating brain activity in SHAM controlled designs. We devised a new Stroop task paradigm in which subjects must engage in both strategic and automatic attentional processes. In the current experiment, we manipulated subjects' expectancies for incongruent stimuli. Previous research demonstrated that when subjects have a high level of expectancy that a stimulus will be incongruent, they are able to strategically adjust the relative influence of word reading on color naming. The effect of high frequency (HF) rTMS on Stroop performance of 20 right-handed healthy female volunteers was tested using a double blind within subjects design by counterbalanced crossover sham (placebo) and active rTMS over the right DLPFC. Since mood remained unchanged after rTMS, the Stroop data could be evaluated independent of mood changes. Only in the high expectancy condition, we found a decreased response time to both congruent and incongruent trials on the Stroop task performance after HF rTMS. The SHAM placebo condition yielded no effects. We conclude that high frequency stimulation over the right DLPFC has an effect on top-down attentional processes by modulating the attentional set.
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