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Dorst J, Borbath T, Landheer K, Avdievich N, Henning A. Simultaneous detection of metabolite concentration changes, water BOLD signal and pH changes during visual stimulation in the human brain at 9.4T. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:1104-1119. [PMID: 35060409 PMCID: PMC9121534 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221075892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study presents a method to directly link metabolite concentration changes and BOLD response in the human brain during visual stimulation by measuring the water and metabolite signals simultaneously. Therefore, the metabolite-cycling (MC) non-water suppressed semiLASER localization technique was optimized for functional 1H MRS in the human brain at 9.4 T. Data of 13 volunteers were acquired during a 26:40 min visual stimulation block-design paradigm. Activation-induced BOLD signal was observed in the MC water signal as well as in the NAA-CH3 and tCr-CH3 singlets. During stimulation, glutamate concentration increased 2.3 ± 2.0% to a new steady-state, while a continuous increase over the whole stimulation period could be observed in lactate with a mean increase of 35.6 ± 23.1%. These increases of Lac and Glu during brain activation confirm previous findings reported in literature. A positive correlation of the MC water BOLD signal with glutamate and lactate concentration changes was found. In addition, a pH decrease calculated from a change in the ratio of PCr to Cr was observed during brain activation, particularly at the onset of the stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Dorst
- High-Field MR Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany.,IMPRS for Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience, 9188University of Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tamas Borbath
- High-Field MR Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany.,Faculty of Science, 9188University of Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Nikolai Avdievich
- High-Field MR Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anke Henning
- High-Field MR Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany.,Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Yin Y, Shu S, Qin L, Shan Y, Gao JH, Lu J. Effects of mild hypoxia on oxygen extraction fraction responses to brain stimulation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:2216-2228. [PMID: 33563081 PMCID: PMC8393298 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x21992896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Characterizing the effect of limited oxygen availability on brain metabolism during brain activation is an essential step towards a better understanding of brain homeostasis and has obvious clinical implications. However, how the cerebral oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) depends on oxygen availability during brain activation remains unclear, which is mostly attributable to the scarcity and safety of measurement techniques. Recently, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method that enables noninvasive and dynamic measurement of the OEF has been developed and confirmed to be applicable to functional MRI studies. Using this novel method, the present study investigated the motor-evoked OEF response in both normoxia (21% O2) and hypoxia (12% O2). Our results showed that OEF activation decreased in the brain areas involved in motor task execution. Decreases in the motor-evoked OEF response were greater under hypoxia (-21.7% ± 5.5%) than under normoxia (-11.8% ± 3.7%) and showed a substantial decrease as a function of arterial oxygen saturation. These findings suggest a different relationship between oxygen delivery and consumption during hypoxia compared to normoxia. This methodology may provide a new perspective on the effects of mild hypoxia on brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayan Yin
- Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, China
| | - Su Shu
- Beijing City Key Lab for Medical Physics and Engineering, Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Center for MRI Research, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lang Qin
- Beijing City Key Lab for Medical Physics and Engineering, Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Center for MRI Research, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Shan
- Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Hong Gao
- Beijing City Key Lab for Medical Physics and Engineering, Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Center for MRI Research, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China.,McGovern Institution for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Hendriks AD, van der Kemp WJ, Luijten PR, Petridou N, Klomp DW. SNR optimized 31 P functional MRS to detect mitochondrial and extracellular pH change during visual stimulation. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 32:e4137. [PMID: 31329342 PMCID: PMC6900119 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Energy metabolism of the human visual cortex was investigated by performing 31 P functional MRS. INTRODUCTION The human brain is known to be the main glucose demanding organ of the human body and neuronal activity can increase this energy demand. In this study we investigate whether alterations in pH during activation of the brain can be observed with MRS, focusing on the mitochondrial inorganic phosphate (Pi) pool as potential marker of energy demand. METHODS Six participants were scanned with 16 consecutive 31 P-MRSI scans, which were divided in 4 blocks of 8:36 minutes of either rest or visual stimulation. Since the signals from the mitochondrial compartments of Pi are low, multiple approaches to achieve high SNR 31 P measurements were combined. This included: a close fitting 31 P RF coil, a 7 T-field strength, Ernst angle acquisitions and a stimulus with a large visual angle allowing large spectroscopy volumes containing activated tissue. RESULTS The targeted resonance downfield of the main Pi peak could be distinguished, indicating the high SNR of the 31 P spectra. The peak downfield of the main Pi peak is believed to be connected to mitochondrial performance. In addition, a BOLD effect in the PCr signal was observed as a signal increase of 2-3% during visual stimulation as compared to rest. When averaging data over multiple volunteers, a small subtle shift of about 0.1 ppm of the downfield Pi peak towards the main Pi peak could be observed in the first 4 minutes of visual stimulation, but no longer in the 4 to 8 minute scan window. Indications of a subtle shift during visual stimulation were found, but this effect remains small and should be further validated. CONCLUSION Overall, the downfield peak of Pi could be observed, revealing opportunities and considerations to measure specific acidity (pH) effects in the human visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan D. Hendriks
- Department of RadiologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | | | - Peter R. Luijten
- Department of RadiologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Natalia Petridou
- Department of RadiologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Dennis W.J. Klomp
- Department of RadiologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
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D'Rozario AL, Bartlett DJ, Wong KKH, Sach T, Yang Q, Grunstein RR, Rae CD. Brain bioenergetics during resting wakefulness are related to neurobehavioral deficits in severe obstructive sleep apnea: a 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Sleep 2019; 41:5026697. [PMID: 29868772 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Objectives Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a well-established cause of impaired daytime functioning. However, there is a complex inter-individual variability in neurobehavioral performance in OSA patients. We previously reported compromised brain bioenergetics during apneic sleep in severe OSA. In this study, we investigate whether brain bioenergetics during resting wakefulness are related to neurobehavioral performance. Methods Patients attended the sleep laboratory in the evening and were kept awake over-night. Repeated testing on the 10-minute psychomotor vigilance task (PVT, at 9 pm, 11 pm, 1 am, 3 am, 5 am) and 30-minute AusEd driving simulator task (9 pm and 5 am) was performed. Brain bioenergetics (inorganic phosphate/adenosine triphosphate ratio, Pi/ATP) were measured in the temporal lobe during resting wakefulness at 7 am in a 1.5T MRI scanner using phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS). Results Fifteen males with severe OSA (age 47.7 ± 10.4 years, body mass index [BMI] 34 ± 6.6 kg/m2, apnea hypopnea index [AHI] 79.7 ± 21.8/hour) were investigated. A higher Pi/ATP ratio in the brain (lower phosphorylation potential) was correlated with worse PVT and driving simulator performance across the testing period (PVT lapses: r = 0.632, r2 = 0.399, p = 0.012; and AusEd braking reaction time: r = 0.609, p = 0.016). In contrast, the conventional AHI measure of disease severity was not significantly correlated with performance (PVT lapses: r = -0.084, p = 0.8; and AusEd braking reaction time: r = -0.326, p = 0.2). Conclusions Lower phosphorylation potential was associated with worse performance. Compromised brain bioenergetics may in part underlie the neurobehavioral deficits in untreated OSA. We speculate that better brain bioenergetics may explain why some OSA patients are relatively asymptomatic compared with others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela L D'Rozario
- CIRUS, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney and Sydney Health Partners, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, Brain and Mind Centre and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Delwyn J Bartlett
- CIRUS, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney and Sydney Health Partners, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Keith K H Wong
- CIRUS, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney and Sydney Health Partners, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Respiratory and Sleep Disorders Department, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Toos Sach
- Rayscan Imaging, Goulburn St, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Qiao Yang
- CIRUS, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney and Sydney Health Partners, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ronald R Grunstein
- CIRUS, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney and Sydney Health Partners, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Respiratory and Sleep Disorders Department, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Caroline D Rae
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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van de Bank BL, Maas MC, Bains LJ, Heerschap A, Scheenen TWJ. Is visual activation associated with changes in cerebral high-energy phosphate levels? Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:2721-2731. [PMID: 29572626 PMCID: PMC5995992 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1656-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS) has been employed before to assess phosphocreatine (PCr) and other high-energy phosphates in the visual cortex during visual stimulation with inconsistent results. We performed functional 31P MRS imaging in the visual cortex and control regions during a visual stimulation paradigm at an unprecedented sensitivity, exploiting a dedicated RF coil design at a 7 T MR system. Visual stimulation in a 3 min 24 s on–off paradigm in eight young healthy adults generated a clear BOLD effect with traditional 1H functional MRI in the visual cortex (average z score 9.9 ± 0.2). However, no significant event-related changes in any of the 31P metabolite concentrations, linewidths (7.9 ± 1.8 vs 7.8 ± 1.9 Hz) or tissue pH (7.07 ± 0.13 vs 7.06 ± 0.07) were detectable. Overall, our study of 31P MRSI in 15 cm3 voxels had a detection threshold for changes in PCr, Pi and γ-ATP between stimulation and rest of 5, 17 and 10%, respectively. In individual subjects, the mean coefficients of variance for PCr and Pi levels of control voxels were 6 ± 3 and 19 ± 8% (three time point average of 3 min 24 s). Altogether this indicates that energy supply for neuronal activation at this temporal resolution does not drain global PCr resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart L van de Bank
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (766), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein-zuid 10, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marnix C Maas
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (766), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein-zuid 10, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lauren J Bains
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arend Heerschap
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (766), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein-zuid 10, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom W J Scheenen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (766), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein-zuid 10, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Erwin L. Hahn Institute, University Hospital Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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6
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Kim SY, Chen W, Ongur D, Du F. Rapid and simultaneous measurement of phosphorus metabolite pool size ratio and reaction kinetics of enzymes in vivo. J Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 47:210-221. [PMID: 28480619 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The metabolites phosphocreatine (PCr), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and in-organic phosphate (Pi) are biochemically coupled. Their pool sizes, assessed by their magnetization ratios, have been extensively studied and reflect bioenergetics status in vivo. However, most such studies have ignored chemical exchange and T1 relaxation effects. In this work, we aimed to extend the T1nom method to simultaneously quantify the reaction rate constants as well as phosphorus metabolite pool size ratios under partially relaxed conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Modified Bloch-McConnell equations were used to simulate the effects of chemical exchanges on T1 relaxation times and magnetization ratios among PCr, γ-ATP, and Pi. The T1nom method with iteration approach was used to measure both reaction constants and metabolite pool size ratios. To validate our method, in vivo data from rat brains (N = 8) at 9.4 Tesla were acquired under two conditions, i.e., approximately full relaxation (TR = 9 s) and partial relaxation (TR = 3 s). We compared metabolite pool size ratios and reaction constants before and after correcting the chemical exchange and T1 relaxation effects. RESULTS There were significant errors in underestimation of PCr/γATP by 12 % (P = 0.03) and overestimation of ATP/Pi ratios by 14 % (P = 0.04) when not considering chemical exchange effects. These errors were minimized using our iteration approach, resulting in no significant differences (PCr/γATP, P = 0.47; ATP/Pi, P = 0.81) in metabolite pool size ratios and reaction constants between the two measurements (i.e., short versus long TR conditions). CONCLUSION Our method can facilitate broad biomedical applications of 31 P magnetization saturation transfer spectroscopy, requiring high temporal and/or spatial resolution for assessment of altered bioenergetics. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:210-221.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Young Kim
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA.,Psychotic Disorders Division, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Dost Ongur
- Psychotic Disorders Division, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fei Du
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA.,Psychotic Disorders Division, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
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7
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Chen C, Stephenson MC, Peters A, Morris PG, Francis ST, Gowland PA. 31 P magnetization transfer magnetic resonance spectroscopy: Assessing the activation induced change in cerebral ATP metabolic rates at 3 T. Magn Reson Med 2017; 79:22-30. [PMID: 28303591 PMCID: PMC5706641 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose In vivo 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) magnetization transfer (MT) provides a direct measure of neuronal activity at the metabolic level. This work aims to use functional 31P MRS‐MT to investigate the change in cerebral adenosine triphosphate (ATP) metabolic rates in healthy adults upon repeated visual stimuli. Methods A magnetization saturation transfer sequence with narrowband selective saturation of γ‐ATP was developed for 31P MT experiments at 3 T. Results Using progressive saturation of γ‐ATP, the intrinsic T1 relaxation times of phosphocreatine (PCr) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) at 3 T were measured to be 5.1 ± 0.8 s and 3.0 ± 1.4 s, respectively. Using steady‐state saturation of γ‐ATP, a significant 24% ± 14% and 11% ± 7% increase in the forward creatine kinase (CK) pseudo‐first‐order reaction rate constant, k1, was observed upon visual stimulation in the first and second cycles, respectively, of a paradigm consisting of 10‐minute rest followed by 10‐minute stimulation, with the measured baseline k1 being 0.35 ± 0.04 s−1. No significant changes in forward ATP synthase reaction rate, PCr/γ‐ATP, Pi/γ‐ATP, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide/γ‐ATP ratios, or intracellular pH were detected upon stimulation. Conclusion This work demonstrates the potential of studying cerebral bioenergetics using functional 31P MRS‐MT to determine the change in the forward CK reaction rate at 3 T. Magn Reson Med 79:22–30, 2018. © 2017 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Mary C Stephenson
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Peters
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G Morris
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Susan T Francis
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Penny A Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom
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8
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Rodrigues Barreto F, Mangia S, Garrido Salmon CE. Effects of reduced oxygen availability on the vascular response and oxygen consumption of the activated human visual cortex. J Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 46:142-149. [PMID: 27807911 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the impact of reduced oxygen availability on the evoked vascular response upon visual stimulation in the healthy human brain by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS Functional MRI techniques based on arterial spin labeling (ASL), blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD), and vascular space occupancy (VASO)-dependent contrasts were utilized to quantify the BOLD signal, cerebral blood flow (CBF), and volume (CBV) from nine subjects at 3T (7M/2F, 27.3 ± 3.6 years old) during normoxia and mild hypoxia. Changes in visual stimulus-induced oxygen consumption rates were also estimated with mathematical modeling. RESULTS Significant reductions in the extension of activated areas during mild hypoxia were observed in all three imaging contrasts: by 42.7 ± 25.2% for BOLD (n = 9, P = 0.002), 33.1 ± 24.0% for ASL (n = 9, P = 0.01), and 31.9 ± 15.6% for VASO images (n = 7, P = 0.02). Activated areas during mild hypoxia showed responses with similar amplitude for CBF (58.4 ± 18.7% hypoxia vs. 61.7 ± 16.1% normoxia, P = 0.61) and CBV (33.5 ± 17.5% vs. 25.2 ± 13.0%, P = 0.27), but not for BOLD (2.5 ± 0.8% vs. 4.1 ± 0.6%, P = 0.009). The estimated stimulus-induced increases of oxygen consumption were smaller during mild hypoxia as compared to normoxia (3.1 ± 5.0% vs. 15.5 ± 15.1%, P = 0.04). CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate an altered vascular and metabolic response during mild hypoxia upon visual stimulation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;46:142-149.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Mangia
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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9
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Arngrim N, Schytz HW, Britze J, Amin FM, Vestergaard MB, Hougaard A, Wolfram F, de Koning PJH, Olsen KS, Secher NH, Larsson HBW, Olesen J, Ashina M. Migraine induced by hypoxia: an MRI spectroscopy and angiography study. Brain 2015; 139:723-37. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Abnormal high-energy phosphate molecule metabolism during regional brain activation in patients with bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:1079-84. [PMID: 25754079 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Converging evidence suggests bioenergetic abnormalities in bipolar disorder (BD). In the brain, phosphocreatine (PCr) acts a reservoir of high-energy phosphate (HEP) bonds, and creatine kinases (CK) catalyze the transfer of HEP from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to PCr and from PCr back to ATP, at times of increased need. This study examined the activity of this mechanism in BD by measuring the levels of HEP molecules during a stimulus paradigm that increased local energy demand. Twenty-three patients diagnosed with BD-I and 22 healthy controls (HC) were included. Levels of phosphorus metabolites were measured at baseline and during visual stimulation in the occipital lobe using (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 4T. Changes in metabolite levels showed different patterns between the groups. During stimulation, HC had significant reductions in PCr but not in ATP, as expected. In contrast, BD patients had significant reductions in ATP but not in PCr. In addition, PCr/ATP ratio was lower at baseline in patients, and there was a higher change in this measure during stimulation. This pattern suggests a disease-related failure to replenish ATP from PCr through CK enzyme catalysis during tissue activation. Further studies measuring the CK flux in BD are required to confirm and extend this finding.
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11
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Rae CD, Bröer S. Creatine as a booster for human brain function. How might it work? Neurochem Int 2015; 89:249-59. [PMID: 26297632 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Creatine, a naturally occurring nitrogenous organic acid found in animal tissues, has been found to play key roles in the brain including buffering energy supply, improving mitochondrial efficiency, directly acting as an anti-oxidant and acting as a neuroprotectant. Much of the evidence for these roles has been established in vitro or in pre-clinical studies. Here, we examine the roles of creatine and explore the current status of translation of this research into use in humans and the clinic. Some further possibilities for use of creatine in humans are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline D Rae
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker St Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, UNSW, High Street, Randwick, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Stefan Bröer
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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12
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(31)P-MRS using visual stimulation protocols with different durations in healthy young adult subjects. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:2343-50. [PMID: 25227748 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1433-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((31)P-MRS) combined with visual stimulation in functional experiments allows the non-invasive dynamic study of brain energy metabolism. (31)P-MRS has been applied to several diseases and to healthy subjects, but works have shown variable findings and non-reproducible results, possibly caused by low numbers of subjects combined with different stimulation paradigms. In the present work, we used (31)P-MRS at 3 T with two different visual stimulation protocols with different block duration ("short" and "long") to evaluate metabolic changes under different workloads in 38 healthy subjects. We found a 15 % (short protocol-blocks of 1.5 min stimulation) and 3 % (long protocol-blocks of 5 min stimulation) increase in the inorganic phosphate (Pi) to α-adenosine triphosphate (α-ATP) ratio, and a 5 % (short protocol) and 2 % (long protocol) decrease in the nicotinamide adenine nucleotide (NADH + NAD(+)) to α-ATP ratio. The NADH + NAD(+) results are, to the best of our knowledge, the first functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy in vivo assessment of these compounds, but their interpretation is difficult since they cannot be separately quantified at 3 T. Our results show that longer stimulations produce smaller concentration changes in Pi/α-ATP and (NADH + NAD(+))/α-ATP ratios, which suggests a possible adaptation effect during longer stimulations that leads metabolic concentrations towards the initial equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Durgan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (D.J.D., R.M.B.)
| | - Robert M. Bryan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (D.J.D., R.M.B.)
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (R.M.B.)
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Sciences), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (R.M.B.)
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Mochel F, N'Guyen TM, Deelchand D, Rinaldi D, Valabregue R, Wary C, Carlier PG, Durr A, Henry PG. Abnormal response to cortical activation in early stages of Huntington disease. Mov Disord 2012; 27:907-10. [PMID: 22517114 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We wished to identify noninvasive in vivo biomarkers of brain energy deficit in Huntington disease. METHODS We studied 15 early affected patients (mean motor United Huntington Disease Rating Scale, 18 ± 9) and 15 age- and sex-matched controls. We coupled (31)phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with activation of the occipital cortex in order to measure the relative concentrations of adenosine triphosphate, phosphocreatine, and inorganic phosphate before, during, and after visual stimulation. RESULTS In controls, we observed an 11% increase in the inorganic phosphate/phosphocreatine ratio (P = .024) and a 13% increase in the inorganic phosphate/adenosine triphosphate ratio (P = .016) during brain activation, reflecting increased adenosine diphosphate concentrations. Subsequently, controls had a return to baseline levels during recovery (P = .012 and .022, respectively). In contrast, both ratios were unchanged in patients during and after visual stimulation. CONCLUSIONS (31)Phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy could provide functional biomarkers of brain energy deficit to monitor therapeutic efficacy in Huntington disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Mochel
- INSERM UMR S975, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital La Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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Edden RA, Harris AD, Murphy K, Evans CJ, Saxena N, Hall JE, Bailey DM, Wise RG. Edited MRS is sensitive to changes in lactate concentration during inspiratory hypoxia. J Magn Reson Imaging 2010; 32:320-5. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.22233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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16
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Rae C, Bartlett DJ, Yang Q, Walton D, Denotti A, Sachinwalla T, Grunstein RR. Dynamic changes in brain bioenergetics during obstructive sleep apnea. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2009; 29:1421-8. [PMID: 19436316 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2009.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive collapse of the upper airway during obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea (OSA) exposes the brain of sufferers to frequent, transient, hypoxic episodes. The loss of cerebrovascular reactivity in sleep, and particularly in OSA, means that physiologic compensatory mechanisms may not ensure adequate brain oxygen levels. This (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy study, of 13 males with severe, untreated OSA undertaken after overnight sleep deprivation, represents the first, seconds time-scale analysis of human brain bioenergetics during transient hypoxia and demonstrates that a moderate degree of oxygen desaturation during sleep has significant effects on brain bioenergetic status. Oxygen desaturation >10% of sleeping baseline resulted in decreases in brain adenosine triphosphate levels (P<0.01), and increases in inorganic phosphate (P<0.0001) with no concomitant changes in phosphocreatine or brain pH. This indicates that the mechanism of adenosine triphosphate depletion in these patients is different to that observed in normoxic, awake working brain. These data show that the buffering capacity of phosphocreatine and the creatine kinase system is not active in mild transient hypoxia and that cerebrovascular compensatory mechanisms are not adequate to prevent decrements in brain high-energy phosphates in OSA. Transient hypoxia experienced during sleep may impair brain function more than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Rae
- Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, Barker St, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia.
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