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Learned self-regulation in top-level managers through neurobiofeedback training improves decision making under stress. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6127. [PMID: 35414098 PMCID: PMC9005532 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10142-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Top-level management teams are particularly exposed to stress factors as they frequently have to make important decision under stress. While an existing body of research evidence suggests that stress negatively affects decision-making processes, very little is known about possible strategies to reduce these negative effects. The aim of the current work is to investigate the effect of training self-regulation ability through neurobiofeedback on managers' intertemporal and risky decision making. Twenty-three managers were assigned to the experimental or the control condition. All participants performed, two decisional tasks, before and after a training phase. The tasks were administered through mouse tracker software, in order to measure participants' delay discounting and risk taking propensity on both explicit and implicit choice parameters. During the training phase, the experimental condition received a training protocol based on stress assessment tests via neurobiofeedback signals (i.e., temperature and skin conductance), with the goal of improving self-regulation ability while the control condition was administered a control training. The main result of this study is to have conclusively demonstrated that NBF training increases an individual's ability to self-regulate stress-related psychophysiological phenomena. Consequently, the improved ability to manage one's own reaction to stress enables a reduction in instinctive behavior during a probabilistic choice task.
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2
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Kaewmanee T, Aruin AS. The Role of Predictability of Perturbation in Control of Posture: A Scoping Review. Motor Control 2022; 26:97-143. [PMID: 34891127 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2021-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Efficient maintenance of posture depends on the ability of humans to predict consequences of a perturbation applied to their body. The purpose of this scoping review was to map the literature on the role of predictability of a body perturbation in control of posture. A comprehensive search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL databases was conducted. Inclusion criteria were studies of adults participating in experiments involving body perturbations, reported outcomes of posture and balance control, and studies published in English. Sixty-three studies were selected. The reviewed information resources included the availability of sensory information and the exposure to perturbations in different sequences of perturbation magnitudes or directions. This review revealed that people use explicit and implicit information resources for the prediction of perturbations. Explicit information consists of sensory information related to perturbation properties and timing, whereas implicit information involves learning from repetitive exposures to perturbations of the same properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tippawan Kaewmanee
- PhD Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL,USA
| | - Alexander S Aruin
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL,USA
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Suzuki A, Ishii K, Igawa T, Isogai N, Ui H, Urata R, Ideura K, Sasao Y, Funao H. Effect of the short and intensive rehabilitation (SHAiR) program on dynamic alignment in patients with dropped head syndrome during level walking. J Clin Neurosci 2021; 91:93-98. [PMID: 34373067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the change of dynamic alignment after the short and intensive rehabilitation (SHAiR) program in patients with dropped head syndrome (DHS). Eighteen patients with DHS patients who complained of their inability to maintain horizontal gaze and underwent the SHAiR program. Patients performed level walking at a self-selected speed. Spatiotemporal, kinematic, and kinetic data were recorded using a three-dimensional motion analysis system. Statistical analysis was performed to compare these data before and after the SHAiR program. Those who underwent the SHAiR program showed a significant increase in the head angle and stride length compared to pre-treatment measurements (p < 0.05). The SHAiR program modifies the malalignment of the head and neck and spatiotemporal parameters in DHS patients during level walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akifumi Suzuki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, 852 Hatakeda, Narita City, Chiba 286-8520, Japan; Spine and Spinal Cord Center, International University of Health and Welfare Mita Hospital, 1-4-3, Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8329, Japan; Department of Rehabilitation, International University of Health and Welfare Mita Hospital, 1-4-3, Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8329, Japan
| | - Ken Ishii
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, 852 Hatakeda, Narita City, Chiba 286-8520, Japan; Spine and Spinal Cord Center, International University of Health and Welfare Mita Hospital, 1-4-3, Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8329, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Igawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, 852 Hatakeda, Narita City, Chiba 286-8520, Japan; Spine and Spinal Cord Center, International University of Health and Welfare Mita Hospital, 1-4-3, Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8329, Japan; Department of Rehabilitation, International University of Health and Welfare Mita Hospital, 1-4-3, Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8329, Japan; Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Science, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1, Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi 323-8501, Japan
| | - Norihiro Isogai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, 852 Hatakeda, Narita City, Chiba 286-8520, Japan; Spine and Spinal Cord Center, International University of Health and Welfare Mita Hospital, 1-4-3, Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8329, Japan
| | - Hideto Ui
- Department of Rehabilitation, International University of Health and Welfare Mita Hospital, 1-4-3, Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8329, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Urata
- Department of Rehabilitation, International University of Health and Welfare Mita Hospital, 1-4-3, Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8329, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ideura
- Department of Rehabilitation, International University of Health and Welfare Mita Hospital, 1-4-3, Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8329, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sasao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, 852 Hatakeda, Narita City, Chiba 286-8520, Japan; Spine and Spinal Cord Center, International University of Health and Welfare Mita Hospital, 1-4-3, Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8329, Japan
| | - Haruki Funao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, 852 Hatakeda, Narita City, Chiba 286-8520, Japan; Spine and Spinal Cord Center, International University of Health and Welfare Mita Hospital, 1-4-3, Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8329, Japan.
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4
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Iodice P, Trecroci A, Dian D, Proietti G, Alberti G, Formenti D. Slow-Speed Resistance Training Increases Skeletal Muscle Contractile Properties and Power Production Capacity in Elite Futsal Players. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:8. [PMID: 33345003 PMCID: PMC7739804 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of slow-speed resistance training with low intensity (SRT) on muscle power output in elite futsal players with respect to traditional resistance training. The authors hypothesized that the muscle deoxygenation during SRT causes early recruitment of fast twitch fibers that would positively affect strength and power performance. Thirty male elite futsal players were recruited and randomly assigned either to SRT group or to traditional resistance training (TRT) group. All players underwent an 8-weeks experimental protocol consisting of 2 training sessions per week at both leg curl and leg extension machines. In the SRT, players lifted 50% of one maximum repetition (1RM) involving 3 s for eccentric and concentric actions. In the TRT, players lifted 80% of 1RM involving 1 s for eccentric and concentric actions. All players were tested twice (pre and post) for sprint and jump performances, maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MVC) and maximal isokinetic peak torque (Peak TQ) and total work (TW) at 60 and 120°/s (on knee extensors and flexors). The two groups presented remarkable differences in the within-group changes for all the variables. SRT exhibited greater improvements in both Peak TQ and TW for knee extensors and flexors at 120°/s. Conversely, TRT showed greater improvements in MVC, and in both Peak TQ and TW for knee extensors and flexors at 60°/s, except for Peak TQ of the knee extensors, where no significant difference was found between TRT and SRT. Countermovement jump showed a decrease in eccentric time and an increase in concentric force in SRT group. SRT and TRT resulted effective to enhance the strength performance indices during the 8-weeks experimental protocol. Peak torque at 120°/s explained more of the contractile characteristic effects of SRT training than MVC, suggesting that slow-speed training can cause fast twitch fibers hypertrophy in elite athletes. Since slow-speed training is supposed to produce a decreased exercise-induced muscle damage, SRT method is a suitable option in strength training for futsal and team sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Iodice
- CETAPS-EA 3832, University of Rouen Normandy, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.,Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
| | - Athos Trecroci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Dian
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giorgia Proietti
- CETAPS-EA 3832, University of Rouen Normandy, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Giampietro Alberti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Damiano Formenti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Dropped Head Syndrome Attenuation by Hybrid Assistive Limb: A Preliminary Study of Three Cases on Cervical Alignment during Walking. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56060291. [PMID: 32545567 PMCID: PMC7353901 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56060291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Dropped head syndrome (DHS) is characterized by apparent neck extensor muscle weakness and difficulty in extending the neck to raise the head against gravity. DHS affects forward vision and eating behavior, and hence impairs quality of life. However, standardized treatment of DHS has not yet been established. The purpose of this preliminary study is to seek for a possibility of effective non-surgical, conservative treatment for DHS, by applying a robotic treatment. Materials and Methods: A wearable exoskeleton type robot suit hybrid assistive limb (HAL) was applied to three patients with DHS. A course of HAL treatment included 10 sessions of gait training using HAL. One session lasted about an hour. Case 1 completed the course twice, the first time in two weeks (one session per day) and second time in 10 months (one session per month). Case 2 and Case 3 completed the course once in 10 weeks (one session per week) and in 6 months (one session per 2.5 weeks), respectively. Immediate and lasting effects of HAL on the reduction of cervical sagittal vertical alignment (SVA) during gait was evaluated using a motion capture system. Results: Case 1 showed improvement of cervical alignment during gait after the HAL courses of both different frequencies. Case 2 did not show improvement of cervical alignment during gait. Case 3 showed improvement of cervical kyphosis but not of cervical sagittal alignment during gait. Conclusions: The results of the preliminary study suggest that gait training using HAL may be an effective option of conservative treatment for a part of DHS patients. They also suggest that a lack of immediate effects on the cervical alignment and a lack of ability to perform compensatory trunk motion may indicate a non-responding patient. Generalization of the results requires further research with more cases.
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Iodice P, Boncompagni S, Pietrangelo L, Galli L, Pierantozzi E, Rossi D, Fusella A, Caulo M, Kern H, Sorrentino V, Protasi F. Functional Electrical Stimulation: A Possible Strategy to Improve Muscle Function in Central Core Disease? Front Neurol 2019; 10:479. [PMID: 31191425 PMCID: PMC6548841 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Central Core Disease (CCD) is a congenital myopathy characterized by presence of amorphous central areas (or cores) lacking glycolytic/oxidative enzymes and mitochondria in skeletal muscle fibers. Most CCD families are linked to mutations in ryanodine receptor type-1 (RYR1), the gene encoding for the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ release channel of skeletal muscle. As no treatments are available for CCD, currently management of patients is essentially based on a physiotherapic approaches. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a technique used to deliver low energy electrical impulses to artificially stimulate selected skeletal muscle groups. Here we tested the efficacy of FES in counteracting muscle loss and improve function in the lower extremities of a 55-year-old female patient which was diagnosed with CCD at the age of 44. Genetic screening of the RyR1 gene identified a missense mutation (c.7354C>T) in exon 46 resulting in an amino acid substitution (p.R2452W) and a duplication (c.12853_12864dup12) in exon 91. The patient was treated with FES for 26 months and subjected before, during, and after training to a series of functional and structural assessments: measurement of maximum isometric force of leg extensor muscles, magnetic resonance imaging, a complete set of functional tests to assess mobility in activities of daily living, and analysis of muscle biopsies by histology and electron microscopy. All results point to an improvement in muscle structure and function induced by FES suggesting that this approach could be considered as an additional supportive measure to maintain/improve muscle function (and possibly reduce muscle loss) in CCD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Iodice
- CeSI-Met-Center for Research on Ageing and Translational Medicine, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy.,CETAPS-EA3832, University of Rouen Normandy, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Simona Boncompagni
- CeSI-Met-Center for Research on Ageing and Translational Medicine, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Laura Pietrangelo
- CeSI-Met-Center for Research on Ageing and Translational Medicine, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Lucia Galli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Enrico Pierantozzi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Rossi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Aurora Fusella
- CeSI-Met-Center for Research on Ageing and Translational Medicine, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Massimo Caulo
- DNICS, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Helmut Kern
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Electrical Stimulation and Physical Rehabilitation, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vincenzo Sorrentino
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Feliciano Protasi
- CeSI-Met-Center for Research on Ageing and Translational Medicine, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Aging Science, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
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7
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Iodice P, Ripari P, Pezzulo G. Local high-frequency vibration therapy following eccentric exercises reduces muscle soreness perception and posture alterations in elite athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 119:539-549. [PMID: 30377781 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-4026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exercise-induced muscle damage produces painful sensations (delayed onset of muscle soreness, DOMS). DOMS causes compensatory postural adaptations, which in turn affect athletes' walking and running gait biomechanics. It is still debated whether the postural changes are due to impaired proprioception or pain perception. To disambiguate between these two contrasting hypotheses, we designed a study that tested post-exercise postural adjustments in two groups of athletes: a group who was administered a vibration therapy (VT), to attenuate pain perception, and a control group. METHODS Thirty professional futsal players were tested on five different occasions: baseline, eccentric exercises (EE) session day, 24, 48 and 72 h after EE. Vibration therapy (120 Hz) was applied on legs muscles for 15 min in the experimental group, while no vibration was applied in the control group. The measurements included: isokinetic evaluation, stabilometric test, perceived soreness evaluation and serum levels of creatine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase. RESULTS 48 h after EE, the control group showed changes in biomechanical parameters (antero-rotations of pelvis, p < 0.05). A substantial alteration in the hip kinematics was found, associated to a reduced contractile force (p < 0.01) and soreness perception. On the contrary, the VT group did not show any change in posture and pain perception. High-intensity VT decreases EE effects on muscle strength and DOMS. CONCLUSIONS DOMS significantly changes athletes' posture; but postural changes disappear following a VT therapy that decreases pain perception. It is concluded that soreness perception is the main cause of postural changes and that its effects can be counteracted using VT therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Iodice
- Centre d'Etude des Transformations des Activités Physiques et Sportives (CETAPS), EA 3832, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Rouen, Mont Saint Aignan, France.
| | - P Ripari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - G Pezzulo
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies-CNR, Rome, Italy
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Miura K, Koda M, Kadone H, Kubota S, Shimizu Y, Kumagai H, Nagashima K, Mataki K, Fujii K, Noguchi H, Funayama T, Abe T, Sankai Y, Yamazaki M. Gait training using a hybrid assistive limb (HAL) attenuates head drop: A case report. J Clin Neurosci 2018; 52:141-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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9
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Maffei G, Herreros I, Sanchez-Fibla M, Friston KJ, Verschure PFMJ. The perceptual shaping of anticipatory actions. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:20171780. [PMID: 29263282 PMCID: PMC5745402 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans display anticipatory motor responses to minimize the adverse effects of predictable perturbations. A widely accepted explanation for this behaviour relies on the notion of an inverse model that, learning from motor errors, anticipates corrective responses. Here, we propose and validate the alternative hypothesis that anticipatory control can be realized through a cascade of purely sensory predictions that drive the motor system, reflecting the causal sequence of the perceptual events preceding the error. We compare both hypotheses in a simulated anticipatory postural adjustment task. We observe that adaptation in the sensory domain, but not in the motor one, supports the robust and generalizable anticipatory control characteristic of biological systems. Our proposal unites the neurobiology of the cerebellum with the theory of active inference and provides a concrete implementation of its core tenets with great relevance both to our understanding of biological control systems and, possibly, to their emulation in complex artefacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Maffei
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivan Herreros
- Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Imaging Neuroscience and Theoretical Neurobiology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College of London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Marti Sanchez-Fibla
- Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karl J Friston
- Imaging Neuroscience and Theoretical Neurobiology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College of London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Paul F M J Verschure
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Paillard T. Plasticity of the postural function to sport and/or motor experience. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 72:129-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Multiple timescales of body schema reorganization due to plastic surgery. Hum Mov Sci 2015; 42:54-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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12
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Padulo J, Iacono AD, Innocenti B, Ardigò LP. Comment on Iodice P, Cesinaro S, Romani GL, Pezzulo G: More gain less pain: balance control learning shifts the activation patterns of leg and neck muscles and increases muscular parsimony. Exp Brain Res 2015. [PMID: 26195165 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4376-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Padulo
- University eCampus, Novedrate, Italy.,Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sports Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Antonio Dello Iacono
- Science Life, Orde Wingate Institute for Physical Education and Sports, Netanya, Israel
| | - Bernardo Innocenti
- BEAMS Department, École Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luca Paolo Ardigò
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Verona, Via Felice Casorati, 43, 37131, Verona, Italy.
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