Effects of alprazolam supplementation on vertebral and femoral bone mass in rats on strenuous treadmill training exercise

Effects of an energy drink on myonectin in the liver, kidney and skeletal muscle of exercised rats

Myonectin is a hormone that is produced mainly by skeletal muscle. We investigated the effects of exercise and energy drink (ED) administration on myonectin expression in skeletal muscle, liver and kidney tissue in rats; myonectin is produced by all three tissues. We used 28 male albino rats in four groups: untreated control (C), exercise (E), energy drink (ED) and exercise + energy drink (E + ED). The E and E + ED groups were exercised using a treadmill for 4 weeks. We also administered 3.5 ml/kg/day ED during week 1, 7 ml/kg/day during week 2 and 10 ml/kg/day during weeks 3 and 4 in the E and E + ED groups. We used ELISA to measure the levels of myonectin in skeletal muscle, liver and kidney tissues. We used immunohistochemical staining to investigate the localization and intensity of myonectin in these tissues. The amount of myonectin in skeletal muscle tissue was increased significantly in all experimental groups compared to group C. The amount of myonectin in the ED group was significantly greater than group E. No significant difference was observed in liver tissue; however, the amount of myonectin in the liver of group C was the greatest among all groups. The amount of myonectin in kidney tissue exhibited no significant difference among groups. Consumption of ED during exercise increased the amount of myonectin in kidney and skeletal muscle tissues and decreased it in liver tissue. We suggest that consumption of ED might adapt metabolism to incresed exercise by controling synthesis of myonectin in liver, kidney and skeletal muscle.

The application of CGF combined with GBR in alveolar bone increment for patients with anxiety disorder: A rare case report and literature review

RATIONALE

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), one of the commonly used anti-anxiety drugs, may have impacts on bone metabolism and potentially lead to drug-induced osteoporosis. The traditional approach of oral implantation in individuals with both anxiety disorder and drug-induced osteoporosis poses a significant challenge. To address this issue, concentrated growth factor (CGF) has been utilized in patients undergoing concurrent alveolar ridge augmentation during oral implantation, resulting in favorable clinical outcomes. Consequently, combining CGF with guided bone regeneration (GBR) in alveolar bone increment may represent a promising new surgical approach for such patients. In this report, we present a case study of a 25-year-old male with anxiety disorder and drug-induced osteoporosis, in who CGF combined with GBR was employed in alveolar bone increment.

PATIENT CONCERNS

This article reports the case of a 25-year-old male who underwent cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) due to the absence of his right lower second molar for a period of six months. The CBCT scan revealed significant bone defects, which were attributed to the tooth loss and prolonged use of anti-anxiety drugs. Consequently, the patient sought medical assistance from our department.

DIAGNOSES

Based on the patient's self-report, he was diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. Additionally, the CBCT scan confirmed the loss of the right mandibular second molar and revealed the presence of dental irregularity and an alveolar bone defect.

INTERVENTIONS

During the patient's course of treatment with anti-anxiety medication, a combination of CGF and GBR was employed for the simultaneous implantation of the missing right mandibular second molar, along with bone augmentation.

OUTCOMES

The patient had a follow-up visit two weeks after the surgical procedure, and the wound in the operation area had healed satisfactorily. Six months later, CBCT images revealed excellent osseointegration. The buccal and lingual width of the alveolar bone measured 6.95mm, which was an increase of 1.35mm compared to the pre-implantation stage.

LESSONS

This article presents a case study in which CGF combined with GBR were utilized to address alveolar bone augmentation during the implantation phase in patients taking anti-anxiety medication. The results demonstrated that CGF combined with GBR, as a cutting-edge platelet concentrate technique, could effectively stimulate bone tissue proliferation in individuals who have been on long-term anti-anxiety medication, specifically in oral implant areas. This approach can help prevent poor osseointegration, promote higher osseointegration rates, and facilitate wound healing.

The Effect of Moderate-Intensity Physical Exercise on Some Serum Inflammation Markers and the Immune System in Rats Fed Intermittent Fasting with a High-Fat Diet

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the impact of moderate-intensity physical exercise on serum inflammation markers and the immune system in rats that were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) with intermittent fasting. Materials and Methods: A total of 48 Wistar albino male rats were included in the study and divided into eight groups, each consisting of six rats. Group 1 served as the control group (CG), receiving a standard diet. Group 2 followed the standard nutrition program with intermittent fasting (CG + IF). Group 3 underwent exercise with a standard diet (CG + E). Group 4 underwent both a standard diet with intermittent fasting and exercise (CG + IF + E). Group 5 was fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Group 6 received a high-fat diet with intermittent fasting (HFD + IF). Group 7 followed a high-fat diet with exercise (HFD + E). Group 8 underwent both a high-fat diet with intermittent fasting and exercise (HFD + IF + E). The study lasted for 8 weeks. Results: The results of the analysis show that lymphocyte cell levels in groups HFD + IF, HFD + IF, and HFD + IF + E were higher compared to groups CG-HFD (p < 0.05). Additionally, B lymphocyte and monocyte cell levels were higher in group HFD + IF + E compared to groups CG, CG + IF, and CG + IF + E, as well as CG, CG + IF, and CG + E, respectively. TNF-α levels were significantly higher in group HFD compared to the other groups. Furthermore, IL 10 levels were higher in group HFD + IF + E compared to the other groups. Conclusions: These findings indicate that moderate exercise and intermittent fasting, particularly in groups fed a high-fat diet, increased anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, and certain immune system cell counts, while decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokine levels.

Does Physical Exercise Always Improve Bone Quality in Rats?

For decades, the osteogenic effect from different physical activities on bone in rodents remained uncertain. This literature review presents for the first time the effects on five exercise models (treadmill running, wheel running, swimming, resistance training and vibration modes) in three different experimental rat groups (males, females, osteopenic) on bone quality. The bone parameters presented are bone mineral density, micro-architectural and mechanical properties, and osteoblast/osteocyte and osteoclast parameters. This review shows that physical activities have a positive effect (65% of the results) on bone status, but we clearly observed a difference amongst the different protocols. Even if treadmill running is the most used protocol, the resistance training constitutes the first exercise model in term of osteogenic effects (87% of the whole results obtained on this model). The less osteogenic model is the vibration mode procedure (31%). It clearly appears that the gender plays a role on the bone response to swimming and wheel running exercises. Besides, we did not observe negative results in the osteopenic population with impact training, wheel running and vibration activities. Moreover, about osteoblast/osteocyte parameters, we conclude that high impact and resistance exercise (such jumps and tower climbing) seems to increase bone formation more than running or aerobic exercise. Among the different protocols, literature has shown that the treadmill running procedure mainly induces osteogenic effects on the viability of the osteocyte lineage in both males and females or ovariectomized rats; running in voluntary wheels contributes to a negative effect on bone metabolism in older male models; whole-body vertical vibration is not an osteogenic exercise in female and ovariectomized rats; whereas swimming provides controversial results in female models. For osteoclast parameters only, running in a voluntary wheel for old males, the treadmill running program at high intensity in ovariectomized rats, and the swimming program in a specific ovariectomy condition have detrimental consequences.

Multiscale experimental study on the effects of different weight-bearing levels during moderate treadmill exercise on bone quality in growing female rats

Background

Bone tissue displays a hierarchical organization. Mechanical environments influence bone mass and structure. This study aimed to explore the effects of different mechanical stimuli on growing bone properties at macro–micro–nano scales.

Methods

Sixty five-week-old female Wistar rats were treadmill exercised at moderate intensity with the speed of 12 m/min, and then randomly divided into five groups according to weight-bearing level. After 8 weeks of experiment, femurs were harvested to perform multiscale tests.

Results

Bone formation was significantly increased by weight-bearing exercise, whereas bone resorption was not significantly inhibited. Trabecular and cortical bone mineral densities showed no significant increase by weight-bearing exercise. The microstructure of trabecular bone was significantly improved by 12% weight-bearing exercise. However, similar positive effects were not observed with further increase in weight-bearing levels. The nanomechanical properties of trabecular bone were not significantly changed by weight-bearing exercise. The macrostrength of whole femur and the nanomechanical properties of cortical bone significantly decreased in the 19% and 26% weight-bearing exercise groups.

Conclusion

When rats ran on the treadmill at moderate intensity during growth period, additional 12% weight-bearing level could significantly increase bone formation, improve microstructure of trabecular bone, as well as maintain the structure and mechanical properties of cortical bone. Excessive weight-bearing level caused no positive effects on the trabecular bone microstructure and properties of cortical bone at all scales. In addition, increased weight-bearing level exerted no significant influence on trabecular and cortical bone mineral densities.

The effects of treadmill exercise on penicillin-induced epileptiform activity

INTRODUCTION

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of short-, moderate- and long-duration treadmill exercise (15, 30 and 60 min) on the mean frequency and amplitude of penicillin-induced epileptiform activity in rats.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

In this study, 32 rats were assigned to 15, 30, and 60 min running exercise groups and the control group, each consisting of 8 rats. According to the specified protocol, the rats were submitted to running exercises at the same hour of each day for 90 days. After the exercise program, the rats were administered (500 IU/2.5 µl) of penicillin into the left cortex by the microinjection method. An electrocorticogram (ECoG) recording was performed for 3 h using a data acquisition system. The frequency and the amplitude of the recordings were analyzed.

RESULTS

Short-duration treadmill exercise (15 min) caused a decrease in the frequency of penicillin-induced epileptiform activity at 70 min after penicillin injection (p < 0.001). The mean frequency of epileptiform activity decreased at 90 min after penicillin injection in the 30 and 60 min treadmill exercise groups (p < 0.01). The mean amplitude of epileptiform activity was not changed in any of the exercise groups compared to the control (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the present study demonstrate for the first time that short-, moderate- and long-duration treadmill exercises decreased the frequency of penicillin-induced epileptiform activity. These findings may contribute to improving the quality of life in epileptic patients.

Acute effects of moderate and strenuous running on trace element distribution in the brain, liver, and spleen of trained rats

OBJECTIVE

Trace elements such as manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co) and chromium (Cr) play key roles in metabolic reactions and are important in many physiological enzymatic processes. In this study, we aimed to investigate the acute effects of moderate and strenuous running (treadmill) exercise on the levels of Mn, Co and Cr in the brain, liver, and spleen of trained rats.

STUDY DESIGN

Animal experiment.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Twenty-one Wistar-Albino adult male rats were used in the study. Rats were grouped as control group (no mandated exercise; n=8), moderate exercise group (30 min exercise duration; n=7), and strenuous exercise group (60 min exercise duration; n=6). The levels of Mn, Co, and Cr in the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, brain stem, liver, and spleen were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer.

RESULTS

Cr levels in liver of rats increased in parallel to the time course of running supporting the exercise training effect on the action of insulin. Compared to the control group, the level of Co significantly decreased in the brain stem of rats in the moderate exercise group (p=0.009) and in the frontal lobe of rats in the strenuous exercise group (p=0.004). In the strenuous exercise group, an examination of the brain stem revealed that the level of Mn significantly decreased (p=0.001), and levels of Co and Cr were apparently depleted to the extent that these elements were no longer detectable.

CONCLUSION

A notable finding is that during or after single bout strenuous exercise, levels of Co decreased in the spleen and particularly decreased in the brain stem of regularly trained rats. From this study, it can be inferred that sportsmen should aware trace element disturbances among the body parts or depletion of some trace elements after single bout of chronic strenuous running exercise.

Effects of chronic NH4Cl dosage and swimming exercise on bone metabolic turnover in rats

To determine the effects of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) dosage and swimming exercise training during 4 weeks on bone metabolic turnover in rats, seven-week-old female 24 Wister-Kyoto (WKY) rats were investigated by bone status including bone mineral density (BMD) and biomechanical markers from blood and urine. Twenty-four rats (initial weight: 191.2+/-7.6 g) were randomly divided into four groups: baseline (8 weeks old) control group (n=6, BC), 4-week control group (n=6, Con), 4-week swimming exercise loading group (n=6, Swim) and 4-week chronic NH4Cl dosage group (n=6, Acid). All rats were fed an AIN93M diet (Ca: 0.5%, P: 0.3%), and both Con and Swim groups were pair-fed by feeding volume of the NH4Cl dosage group. The acid group only received 0.25 M NH4Cl distilled water ad libitum. At the end of the experimental period, rats were sacrificed with blood drawn and femur and tibia were removed for analysis of bone mineral density (BMD) by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). In the Swim group, 24-hour urinary deoxypiridinoline (Dpd) excretion, reflecting bone resorption, was significantly increased (p<0.05) with a tendency towards decrease of BMD (N.S.), and body weight and abdominal fat weight were decreased in approximately 7% (p<0.05) and 58% (p<0.001), as compared with age matched Con rats. In the Acid group, 24-hour urinary calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) excretion were increased approximately 2.1-fold (p<0.05) and 2.0-fold (p<0.01), respectively, with increase of kidney weight as much as in the Con groups. Serum Ca and P concentration, as well as urinary Dpd excretion were, however, not significantly changed. These results suggest that blood Ca and P concentrations in the chronic acidosis condition during the 4-weeks might be maintained by hypercalciuria and hyperphosphaturia with kidney disorder, and swimming exercise training leads to decrease in BMD with stimulation of bone resorption and reduction of body fat.

Benzodiazepines and risk of hip fractures in older people: a review of the evidence

A hip fracture epidemic is occurring in developed countries in association with population aging. The increasing number of people with a hip fracture has major implications for clinicians and health service managers. More importantly, a hip fracture is a devastating event in the life of an older person, as it often leads to loss of independence and death. Identification of risk factors for hip fracture is an essential first step towards prevention. The use of psychotropic medications is an established risk factor for hip fracture. The purpose of this article is to systematically review epidemiological studies of the relationship between use of benzodiazepines and risk of hip fracture and, then, to see how the findings of these studies fit with what is known about the pharmacology of benzodiazepines. Eleven primary epidemiological studies were identified. The results of these studies were not consistent; however, the inconsistency appeared to be almost entirely explained by research design. The studies that did not show an association between increased hip fracture risk and benzodiazepine use were nearly all hospital-based case-control studies, a type of study that often lacks validity because of the difficulty of finding an appropriate control group. After excluding the hospital-based case-control studies, all but one of the remaining seven studies found that use of benzodiazepines was associated with an increased risk of hip fracture that varied between 50% and 110%. The only higher quality study that did not find an association between benzodiazepine use and hip fracture was also the only study conducted entirely in nursing homes. There was no evidence that the risk of hip fracture differed between short- and long-acting benzodiazepines. People using higher doses of benzodiazepines and those who had recently started using benzodiazepines were at the highest risk of hip fracture. In very old people, there was some preliminary evidence that benzodiazepines that undergo oxidation in the liver may be associated with a higher risk of hip fracture than other benzodiazepines. The epidemiological evidence strongly suggests that the use of benzodiazepines by older people increases their risk of hip fracture by at least 50%. The benefits of benzodiazepines for older people are unclear. Given the high morbidity and mortality of hip fracture, it can be concluded that older people should rarely be prescribed benzodiazepines and that many older people already taking these drugs should have them withdrawn under appropriate supervision.

Prolonged swimming exercise training induce hypophosphatemic osteopenia in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP)

Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) induce spontaneous osteoporosis. To elucidate the specific characteristics of bone metabolism, the SHRSP was compared with age matched Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. We investigated the effects of prolonged swimming exercise training on bone mineral density (BMD) and metabolism in the SHRSP. Seven-week-old male SHRSP and WKY were divided into three groups; the sedentary control WKY group (n = 6, WKY), the sedentary control SHRSP group (n = 6, SP) and the swimming exercise training SHRSP group (n = 6, SWIM) (in pool with 60 min./day, 5 days/week for 12 weeks). The femoral BMD, bone mineral content (BMC), strength, Ca and P contents (%) of SHRSP were approximately 17, 27, 25, 20 and 9%, respectively, lower than that of WKY (p < 0.001). Serum alkaline phosphatase (AlP) had not changed between both of SP and WKY, but tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TrAcP) of SP approximately 3-fold higher than that of WKY (p < 0.05). Both serum calcium (Ca) and intact parathyroid hormone (i-PTH) were similar between SP and WKY. However, serum phosphate (P) of SP was approximately 18% lower than that of WKY (N.S.). These results suggested that SHRSP induces osteopenia by the bone turnover of the promoted osteoclast activity with disturbed phosphate homeostasis. On the other hand, the femoral BMD and strength were approximately 7% and 20%, respectively, decreased in the SWIM (p < 0.001), and femoral bone Ca and P contents (%) were also approximately 11% and 14%, respectively, lower than that of SP (p < 0.001). There were no significant difference between SWIM and SP on serum Ca, but serum P of SWIM was significantly lower than that of SP (p < 0.05). These results suggested that the prolonged swimming exercise training in the SHRSP induces more cruelly hypophosphatemia, and leading to osteopenia eventually. We conclude that SHRSP induces osteopenia with disturbance of phosphate homeostasis, and the prolonged swimming exercise in the SHRSP might deteriorate hypophosphatemia and osteopenia.