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Trends in the Prescription of Strong Opioids for Chronic Non-Cancer Pain in Primary Care in Catalonia: Opicat-Padris-Project. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020237. [PMID: 35213969 PMCID: PMC8876214 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP), evidence of the effectiveness of strong opioids (SO) is very limited. Despite this, their use is increasingly common. To examine SO prescriptions, we designed a descriptive, longitudinal, retrospective population-based study, including patients aged ≥15 years prescribed SO for ≥3 months continuously in 2013–2017 for CNCP in primary care in Catalonia. Of the 22,691 patients included, 17,509 (77.2%) were women, 10,585 (46.6%) were aged >80 years, and most had incomes of <€18,000 per year. The most common diagnoses were musculoskeletal diseases and psychiatric disorders. There was a predominance of transdermal fentanyl in the defined daily dose (DDD) per thousand inhabitants/day, with the greatest increase for tapentadol (312% increase). There was an increase of 66.89% in total DDD per thousand inhabitants/day for SO between 2013 (0.737) and 2017 (1.230). The mean daily oral morphine equivalent dose/day dispensed for all drugs was 83.09 mg. Transdermal fentanyl and immediate transmucosal release were the largest cost components. In conclusion, there was a sustained increase in the prescription of SO for CNCP, at high doses, and in mainly elderly patients, predominantly low-income women. The new SO are displacing other drugs.
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Rahman S, Trussell A, Pearson SA, Buckley NA, Karanges EA, Cairns R, Litchfield M, Todd A, Gisev N. Trends in transdermal fentanyl utilisation and fatal fentanyl overdose across Australia (2003-2015). Drug Alcohol Rev 2021; 41:435-443. [PMID: 34628699 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fentanyl-related overdose is an ongoing concern among countries with high prescription opioid utilisation. This study examines trends in transdermal fentanyl utilisation and fatal fentanyl overdose across Australia between 2003 and 2015, overall, and by age/sex. METHODS This was a retrospective nationwide study of prescription dispensings and coronial records. Transdermal fentanyl utilisation was examined using Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme dispensing records. Details of fatal fentanyl overdoses were extracted from the National Coronial Information System. RESULTS Transdermal fentanyl utilisation increased 5.1-fold between 2003 and 2015, from 0.28 to 1.39 mg/1000 population/day and was consistently higher among females and adults aged ≥85 years. The utilisation of higher strength patches (75 and 100 mcg/h) was more common among males aged 25-44 years. A total of 291 fatal fentanyl overdoses were recorded, increasing from no recorded deaths in 2003 to 2.23 deaths/1 000 000 population in 2015. Rates were higher among males (increasing from 0 to 3.72 deaths/1 000 000 population) and for adults aged 25-44 years (increasing from 0 to 5.34 deaths/1 000 000 population). The number of deaths/kg fentanyl dispensed was highest among males aged <25 years (45.45, 95% confidence interval 21.80-83.59). Most deaths (70.1%) involved the intravenous administration of fentanyl from transdermal patches. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Rates of transdermal fentanyl utilisation and fatal fentanyl overdose across Australia increased between 2003 and 2015. Although transdermal fentanyl utilisation was consistently greater among females and older adults, rates of fatal fentanyl overdose were highest among younger males. Interventions to reduce extramedical use among this high-risk population group are necessary to minimise fentanyl-related harms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafkat Rahman
- Centre for Big Data Research in Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alex Trussell
- The University of Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Nicholas A Buckley
- The University of Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,NSW Poisons Information Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Emily A Karanges
- The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rose Cairns
- NSW Poisons Information Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.,The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Melisa Litchfield
- Centre for Big Data Research in Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Adam Todd
- School of Pharmacy, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Natasa Gisev
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Costantino RC, Gressler LE, Onukwugha E, McPherson ML, Fudin J, Villalonga-Olives E, Slejko JF. Initiation of Transdermal Fentanyl Among US Commercially Insured Patients Between 2007 and 2015. PAIN MEDICINE 2020; 21:2229-2236. [PMID: 32377671 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnaa091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study examined patterns of initial transdermal fentanyl (TDF) claims among US commercially insured patients and explored the risk of 30-day hospitalization among patients with and without prior opioid exposure necessary to produce tolerance. DESIGN A retrospective cohort study of initial outpatient TDF prescriptions. SETTING A 10% random sample of commercially insured enrollees within the IQVIA Health Plan Claims Database (formerly known as PharMetrics Plus). SUBJECTS Individuals with a claim for TDF between 2007 and 2015. METHODS The primary exposure was a new transdermal fentanyl claim, and the primary outcome was guideline concordance based on time and dose exposure. RESULTS Among the 24,770 patients in the cohort, 4,848 (20%) patients had sufficient time exposure to opioids before TDF. Among those with sufficient time exposure, 3,971 (82%) had adequate opioid exposure based on the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) package insert dosing guidance. Overall, 3,971 of the 24,770 (16%) patients received guideline-consistent TDF. An exploratory analysis of 30-day hospitalization after a TDF claim did not detect a difference in odds between guideline-consistent or -inconsistent groups when adjusted for variables known to influence the risk of opioid-induced respiratory depression. CONCLUSIONS A majority of patients met FDA opioid dose thresholds for TDF but had insufficient time exposure based on package insert recommendations for tolerance. Exploratory analysis did not detect a difference in odds for all-cause hospitalization or respiratory-related 30-day hospitalization between guideline-consistent or -inconsistent TDF claims. Prescribers should continue to adhere to FDA TDF labeling, although certain aspects of the labeling should be reevaluated or clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Costantino
- Defense Health Agency, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pharmaceutical Health Service Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Laura E Gressler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Service Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eberechukwu Onukwugha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Service Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mary Lynn McPherson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey Fudin
- Remitigate, Delmar, New York.,Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York.,Western New England University College of Pharmacy, Springfield, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ester Villalonga-Olives
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Service Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Julia F Slejko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Service Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
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Yamaguchi S, Uchida E, Terahara T, Okawa K, Hashimoto F, Tanaka Y. Efficacy and Safety of Fentanyl Citrate Patch, Including a Low-Dose 0.5 mg Formulation, in Opioid-Naïve Patients with Cancer Pain. Clin Drug Investig 2020; 40:1041-1052. [PMID: 32886320 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-020-00965-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The use of transdermal fentanyl for opioid-naïve patients is restricted, however, transdermal fentanyl is a useful opioid analgesic for patients in whom oral administration is difficult or for those with renal failure. In this study, the efficacy and safety of fentanyl citrate patches was evaluated in opioid-naïve patients suffering from cancer pain. METHODS An open-label uncontrolled study was conducted in opioid-naïve patients with cancer pain unable to be controlled by non-opioid analgesics. Fentanyl citrate patches starting at a low dose (0.5 mg/patch, corresponding to 6.25 μg/h fentanyl delivered) were applied once/day for up to 14 days. The analgesic effect was assessed every day from the visual analogue scale pain score and the number of doses of rescue medication. When improvement of the analgesic effect was "significant" or "moderate" at a certain dose for three consecutive days, the patient was classified as a "responder" and was considered to have "completed" the study. RESULTS A fentanyl citrate patch was administered to 208 of 209 enrolled patients. In the full-analysis set, 87.0% of the patients were "responders" (95% confidence interval 81.7-91.3%). In 148 patients, the optimum dose was low (0.5 mg in 99, and 1 mg in 49), with patients finishing the study on days 4-8. Following dose escalation to 4 mg, respiratory depression occurred in one patient; however, this was considered a mild adverse event. CONCLUSION A low-dose fentanyl citrate patch was effective in the management of cancer pain in opioid-naïve patients and was well tolerated. STUDY REGISTRATION JPRN-JapicCTI-173717.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Yamaguchi
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | - Takaaki Terahara
- Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical Co., Inc., 2-4-1, Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-6330, Japan
| | - Koji Okawa
- Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical Co., Inc., 2-4-1, Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-6330, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Hashimoto
- Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical Co., Inc., 2-4-1, Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-6330, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Tanaka
- Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical Co., Inc., 2-4-1, Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-6330, Japan
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Nielsen S, Crossin R, Middleton M, Lam T, Wilson J, Scott D, Martin C, Smith K, Lubman D. Comparing rates and characteristics of ambulance attendances related to extramedical use of pharmaceutical opioids in Victoria, Australia from 2013 to 2018. Addiction 2020; 115:1075-1087. [PMID: 31742765 PMCID: PMC7317708 DOI: 10.1111/add.14896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Despite increases in opioid prescribing and related morbidity and mortality, few studies have comprehensively documented harms across opioid types. We examined a population-wide indicator of extramedical pharmaceutical opioid-related harm to determine if the supply-adjusted rates of ambulance presentations, the severity of presentations or other attendance characteristics differed by opioid type. DESIGN Retrospective observational study of coded ambulance patient care records related to extramedical pharmaceutical opioid use, January 2013 to September 2018. SETTING Australia CASES: Primary analyses used Victorian data (n = 9823), with available data from other Australian jurisdictions (n = 4338) used to determine generalizability. MEASUREMENTS We calculated supply-adjusted rates of attendances using Poisson regression, and used multinomial logistic regression to compare demographic, presentation severity, mental health, substance use and other characteristics of attendances associated with seven pharmaceutical opioids. FINDINGS In Victoria, the highest rates of attendance [per 100 000 oral morphine equivalent mg (OME)] were for codeine (0.273/100 000) and oxycodone (0.113/100 000). The lowest rates were for fentanyl (0.019/100 000) and tapentadol (0.005/100 000). Oxycodone-naloxone rates (0.031/100 000) were lower than for oxycodone as a single ingredient (0.113/100 000). Fentanyl-related attendances were associated with the most severe characteristics, most likely to be an accidental overdose, most likely to have naloxone administered and least likely to be transferred to hospital. In contrast, codeine-related attendances were more likely to involve suicidal thoughts/behaviours, younger females and be transported to hospital. Supply-adjusted attendance rates for individual opioids were stable over time. Victorian states were broadly consistent with non-Victorian states. CONCLUSIONS In Australia, rates and characteristics of opioid-related harm vary by opioid type. Supply-adjusted ambulance attendance rates appear to be both stable over time and unaffected by large changes in supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Nielsen
- Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityFrankstonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Rose Crossin
- Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityFrankstonVictoriaAustralia,Turning Point, Eastern Health and Eastern Health Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityRichmondVictoriaAustralia
| | - Melissa Middleton
- Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityFrankstonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Tina Lam
- Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityFrankstonVictoriaAustralia
| | - James Wilson
- Turning Point, Eastern Health and Eastern Health Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityRichmondVictoriaAustralia
| | - Debbie Scott
- Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityFrankstonVictoriaAustralia,Turning Point, Eastern Health and Eastern Health Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityRichmondVictoriaAustralia
| | - Catherine Martin
- Biostatistical Unit, Public Health and Preventative MedicineMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Karen Smith
- Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityFrankstonVictoriaAustralia,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive MedicineMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia,Ambulance VictoriaDoncasterVictoriaAustralia,Department of Community Emergency Health and Paramedic PracticeMonash UniversityFrankstonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Dan Lubman
- Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityFrankstonVictoriaAustralia,Turning Point, Eastern Health and Eastern Health Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityRichmondVictoriaAustralia
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Strong opioids and non-cancer chronic pain in Catalonia. An analysis of the family physicians prescription patterns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 67:68-75. [PMID: 31740046 DOI: 10.1016/j.redar.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify family doctor prescription patterns for strong opioids for chronic, non-cancer-related pain. MATERIALS AND METHODS Design A descriptive study based on a self-administered email questionnaire. LOCATION All primary health care centres in Catalonia. PARTICIPANTS 3,602 family doctors, all members of the Catalan Society of Family and Community Medicine. INTERVENTIONS Email survey of Catalan family doctors. MAIN MEASUREMENTS Demographic data, number of patients treated with potent opioids for chronic non-cancer pain, type of opioid used and indications, prescribing patterns and relationship with the Pain Management Unit. RESULTS A total of 551 answers were obtained from 3,602 questionnaires sent (response rate of 15.3%), in which 480 physicians (87%) prescribed strong opioids for musculoskeletal pain, 268 (48.6%) prescribed ultra-rapid fentanyl and 434 (78.7%) reduced benzodiazepines dosage when prescribing potent opioids. The most common adverse effects were constipation and nausea. The main problems related with opioid prescription were improper use (341, 71%) and patient and/or practitioner reluctance (87, 18.1%). The assessment of the relationship with Pain Management Units was 2±1 (on a 1 to 5 scale), with communication (271, 52.2%) and accessibility (141, 27.1%) being the areas most in need of improvement. CONCLUSIONS Opioid prescribing patterns generally follow clinical guidelines (e.g. reduction of benzodiazepine use or dose titration). However, there are some areas of improvement, such as sparse use of laxatives or use of ultra-rapid opioids for unapproved indications and in patients with no background opioid therapy. Family doctors perceive patient reluctance to adhere to the prescribed treatment, and call for specific training and better relationships with Pain Management Units.
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