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Roza-Llera A, Di Lorenzo F, Churakov SV, Jiménez A, Fernández-Díaz L. Pb Removal Efficiency by Calcium Carbonates: Biogenic versus Abiogenic Materials. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2024; 24:79-92. [PMID: 38188268 PMCID: PMC10767703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.3c00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The sorption of heavy metals on mineral surfaces plays a key role in controlling the fate and bioavailability of harmful elements through dissolution-precipitation reactions. Here, we investigate the efficiency of Pb removal from highly contaminated waters by two calcium carbonate hard tissues, scallop shells (up to 99.9 mol %; -biocalcite) and cuttlefish bones (up to 90.0 mol %; bioaragonite), which template the precipitation of the highly insoluble mineral cerussite (PbCO3). The experiments show that both biomaterials are about five times more effective Pb scavengers (5 mmol of cerussite precipitated/g sample) than their inorganic counterparts (∼1 mmol/g). We relate this enhanced Pb scavenging capacity of biocarbonates to their composite organic-inorganic nature, which modulates their specific nano- and microstructural features and defines their larger surface areas, solubility, and reactivity compared to those of their inorganic counterparts. The oriented growth of cerussite progressively passivates the bioaragonite surface, reducing its long-term Pb scavenging capacity. In contrast, the randomly oriented growth of cerussite crystals on biocalcite prevents surface passivation and explains why biocalcite outperforms bioaragonite as a long-term Pb scavenger. The use of biocarbonates could be a key for designing more efficient decontamination strategies for heavy metal-polluted waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Roza-Llera
- Department
of Geology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo 33005, Spain
| | - Fulvio Di Lorenzo
- Laboratory
for Waste Management, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Sergey V. Churakov
- Laboratory
for Waste Management, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Amalia Jiménez
- Department
of Geology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo 33005, Spain
| | - Lurdes Fernández-Díaz
- Department
of Mineralogy and Petrology, Complutense
University of Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
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Lee HH, Noh YD, Hur DY, Park S, Song S, Bae JS, Kang H, Kim SU, Hong CO. Optimizing calcium materials for minimizing arsenate phytoavailability in upland arable soil based on geochemical analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 448:130927. [PMID: 36764253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the reducing effects of calcite and phosphogypsum on arsenate [As(V)] availability to plants and elucidate the mechanisms of As(V) immobilization. The concentration of available As(V) to plants in upland arable soils with 1% calcite and phosphogypsum decreased to 17.4% and 36.9%, respectively, compared to the control. As(V) phytoavailability depends on the soil pH and calcium materials. The process of stabilizing As(V) (F3; anion exchange) with phosphogypsum is faster and easier compared to that with calcite (F4; bind to carbonate), but it results in a less stable form. New Ca-As(V) minerals (Ca52(HAsO4)x(AsO4)∙yH2O, Ca5H2x(AsO4)∙yH2O, or Ca32(AsO4)∙10 H2O) were identified in X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns with calcite treatment. Precipitation, the primary mechanism induced by calcite, was activated at a soil pH above 8.0. Based on the deconvolution of calcium and sulfur X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra and the peak shift in the XRD pattern in phosphogypsum, the substitution in which SO42- is exchanged with HAsO42- is the primary mechanism for As(V) immobilization. Substitution induced by phosphogypsum is a suitable reaction in upland arable soils, the predominant form of As(V) in the soil, with a pH range of 5-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ho Lee
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Yong Dong Noh
- Department of Life Science and Environmental Biochemistry, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, South Korea
| | - Do Yeong Hur
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, NC 27695, United States
| | - Sungkyun Park
- Department of Physics, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Sehwan Song
- Department of Physics, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Jong-Seong Bae
- Busan Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Busan 46742, South Korea
| | - Hojeong Kang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Sung Un Kim
- Department of Life Science and Environmental Biochemistry, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, South Korea; Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, South Korea
| | - Chang Oh Hong
- Department of Life Science and Environmental Biochemistry, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, South Korea; Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, South Korea.
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Zeng T, Guo J, Li Y, Wang G. Oyster shell amendment reduces cadmium and lead availability and uptake by rice in contaminated paddy soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:44582-44596. [PMID: 35133586 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18727-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Contamination with cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in rice and paddy soil threatens food safety and human health. This study determined the effects of oyster shell amendment (0, 6, and 12 g kg-1) on the mobility and uptake of Cd and Pb by two rice plants (ZY18, japonica and DL5, indica) in contaminated paddy soil. Oyster shell amendment significantly increased the pH of soil and pore water, and decreased the DTPA-extractable Cd concentration in soil, but not the Cd concentration in pore water. Furthermore, the DTPA-extractable Pb concentration in rhizosphere soil was not significantly influenced by oyster shell addition. Application of oyster shell reduced the Pb concentration in pore water and Pb uptake by both cultivars, but excessive application (12 g kg-1) resulted in Cd accumulation in tissues for ZY18. Furthermore, oyster shell addition significantly increased the dissolved organic carbon, calcium, and magnesium concentrations in soil pore water, and decreased glutathione and phytochelatin levels in roots, all of which alleviated heavy metal toxicity and improved rice growth. These results demonstrate that amendment with the appropriate amount of oyster shell, combined with rice cultivar type, could simultaneously reduce Cd and Pb accumulation in rice grown in heavy metal-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zeng
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Jingxia Guo
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Yunyun Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Guo Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.
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Hu H, Zhao D, Wu C, Xie R. Sulfidized Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron Supported by Oyster Powder for Efficient Removal of Cr (VI): Characterization, Performance, and Mechanisms. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15113898. [PMID: 35683196 PMCID: PMC9182185 DOI: 10.3390/ma15113898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, sulfidized nanoscale zerovalent iron (S-nZVI) supported by oyster shell (OS) powder (S-nZVI@OS) was synthesized by controlling the initial S/Fe ratios (0.1–0.5) to explore the potential synergistic effects during the adsorption and reduction of Cr (VI). X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses showed that Fe (0) and FeS were well dispersed on the OS surface. Furthermore, the stability of S-nZVI@OS composite was higher than that of nZVI, which was proved by the material ageing experiment. The effects of different S/Fe molar ratios, time, temperature, the initial concentration of Cr (VI), and initial pH on the removal efficiency were also studied. The results indicated that with the increase of the S/Fe molar ratio, the removal capacity of Cr (VI) first increased rapidly and then decreased slowly. Batch experiments showed that an optimal S/Fe molar ratio of 0.2 offered a Cr (VI) removal capacity of about 164.7 mg/g at pH 3.5. The introduction of S can not only promote Cr (VI) reduction but also combine with Cr (III) by forming precipitate on S-nZVI@OS mainly as CrxFe(1−x) OOH and Cr2S3. The adsorption thermodynamics and kinetics demonstrated that the Langmuir model and pseudo-second-order kinetics model can describe the adsorption isotherms and kinetics. These results suggest that S-nZVI@OS is an effective and safe material for removing Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donglin Zhao
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-551-63828100; Fax: +86-551-63828103
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Guo J, Ye D, Zhang X, Huang H, Wang Y, Zheng Z, Li T, Yu H. Characterization of cadmium accumulation in the cell walls of leaves in a low-cadmium rice line and strengthening by foliar silicon application. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132374. [PMID: 34592211 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) remobilization in leaves is affected by whether Cd is stored in nonlabile subcellular compartments, which might be regulated by silicon (Si) application. However, the underlying mechanism is still far from being completely understood. In this research, the Cd distribution pattern in leaves and a Cd-binding characterization in the cell wall of the low-Cd rice line YaHui2816 were investigated through one hydroponic experiment with 10 μM Cd in solutions. Foliar Si application was further adopted to explore its influence on the Cd accumulation in the cell walls of leaves in YaHui2816. Most of the Cd (69.4%) was distributed in the cell walls of YaHui2816 leaves, whereas the isolated cell walls of leaves from YaHui2816 exhibited a lower capacity for Cd chemisorption than the contrasting line C268A, which was resulted from its fewer relative peak areas of functional groups in the cell wall, such as carboxyl CO and OH stretching. Foliar Si application significantly increased the Cd concentration in leaves and various cell wall fractions (pectin, hemicellulose 1 and residue) by 191% and 137-160%, respectively. RNA-seq analysis revealed that foliar Si application depressed the expression of the metal transporters OsZIP7 and OsZIP8, up-regulated the expression of genes participating in the glutathione metabolism and the cellulose synthesis. Overall, the influence of foliar Si application on Cd-accumulation in the cell wall of leaves in a low-Cd rice line was demonstrated in this research, which inspires further avenues to ensure the food safety of rice grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Guo
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Daihua Ye
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Xizhou Zhang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Huagang Huang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Yongdong Wang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Zicheng Zheng
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Tingxuan Li
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
| | - Haiying Yu
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
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Álvarez-Ayuso E, Abad-Valle P. Application of different alkaline materials as polluted soil amendments: A comparative assessment of their impact on trace element mobility and microbial functions. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 227:112927. [PMID: 34700167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Treatment with chemical amendments is among the best techniques to remediate soils highly polluted with trace elements. The use of waste-derived products has several advantages in this regard, mainly in terms of reducing process costs and conserving natural resources. In this study, the performance of the synthetic zeolite NaP1 derived from coal combustion fly ash (SZ) and the by-product generated from the processing of aluminum salt slags (BP) was evaluated with this aim in comparison to calcite (CC). For this purpose, mine soils polluted with Zn, Cd, and Pb were amended under controlled laboratory conditions with different doses (0%, 1%, 2%, 5%, and 10%) of SZ, BP, or CC, and their impact on trace element mobility and microbial functions was evaluated. Specifically, the mobile and mobilizable trace element pools, basal soil respiration, and different enzyme activities were analyzed. Both SZ and BP performed better than CC in the immobilization of trace elements, reaching, respectively, mobility decreases up to 89-94% and 66-87% when applied at a dose of 10%. These amendments reduced the mobile trace element pool by precipitating them as acid-soluble precipitates and/or retaining them in the reducible fraction of soils. The alkaline nature of these materials and the concomitant increase in soil pH caused by their application mainly accounted for this behavior. Additionally, soil microbial functionality improved after amendment, especially in the case of SZ, as shown by dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activities, which significantly increased (p < 0.05) up to 536% and 48%, respectively. Therefore, applying SZ or BP as soil amendments can significantly decrease the mobile trace element contents of heavily polluted soils without negatively affecting soil quality, thus facilitating plant growth to revegetate and reclaim degraded spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Álvarez-Ayuso
- Department of Environmental Geochemistry, IRNASA (CSIC), C/ Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - P Abad-Valle
- Department of Environmental Geochemistry, IRNASA (CSIC), C/ Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
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He L, Meng J, Wang Y, Tang X, Liu X, Tang C, Ma LQ, Xu J. Attapulgite and processed oyster shell powder effectively reduce cadmium accumulation in grains of rice growing in a contaminated acidic paddy field. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 209:111840. [PMID: 33383343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Heavy-metal contamination is widespread in agricultural soils worldwide, especially paddy soils contaminated by Cd. Amendment-induced immobilization of heavy metals is an attractive and effective technique, provided that cost-effective materials are used. This field experiment compared three alkaline passivators (attapulgite, processed oyster shell powder, and mixed soil conditioner) at a rate of 2.25 t ha-1 for their effectiveness in decreasing Cd bioavailability in soils and accumulation in rice plants in a paddy field contaminated by Cd (0.38 Cd mg kg-1). The utilization of attapulgite and processed oyster shell powder decreased labile fractions but increased stable fractions of Cd in soils through ion exchange, precipitation and complexation. The addition of attapulgite decreased the concentration of bioavailable Cd in both bulk and rhizosphere soils, whereas the amendment of processed oyster shell powder decreased it only in bulk soil. The Cd accumulation in rice plants correlated significantly with acid-soluble and residual Cd fractions in the rhizosphere soil but not in the bulk soil. The addition of attapulgite and processed oyster shell powder decreased Cd accumulation in rice grains from 0.26 mg kg-1 to 0.14 and 0.19 mg kg-1, respectively, meeting the National Food Safety Standard (< 0.20 mg kg-1). However, the mixed soil conditioner did not decrease the Cd accumulation in rice shoots or grains. This study demonstrated that attapulgite and processed oyster shell powder were economic agents in reducing Cd accumulation in rice grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi He
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jun Meng
- School of Environmental and Natural Resources, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xianjin Tang
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xingmei Liu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Caixian Tang
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Lena Q Ma
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianming Xu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Bi D, Yuan G, Wei J, Xiao L, Feng L. Conversion of Oyster Shell Waste to Amendment for Immobilising Cadmium and Arsenic in Agricultural Soil. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 105:277-282. [PMID: 32556688 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-02906-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A bulky waste, oyster shell (OS), was calcinated at 400-800°C to produce Ca-rich products (OS400-OS800) to reduce the human health risk of soil cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As). Thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and BET method were used to characterize OS and its calcined products. OS and OS400-OS700 removed little Cd and As from water, whereas OS800 removed 1508 mg Cd or 514 mg As per kg of OS800 from solutions of 1032 mg Cd/L or 257 mg As/L via adsorption and precipitation. Adding OS800 at a 2% dose to a Cd- and As-contaminated soil lowered its exchangeable Cd from 60% to 27%, and reduced Cd content in the edible part of vegetable Bok Choy from 2.80 to 0.048 mg/kg and As from 1.73 to 0.47 mg/kg. Converting OS to soil amendment has the dual benefits to soil remediation and sustainable oyster aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxue Bi
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guodong Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Health and Land Resource, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jing Wei
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Liang Xiao
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Lirong Feng
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China
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Bonnard M, Boury B, Parrot I. Key Insights, Tools, and Future Prospects on Oyster Shell End-of-Life: A Critical Analysis of Sustainable Solutions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:26-38. [PMID: 31657905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Oyster farming represents one of the most developed aquaculture activities, producing delicacies unfortunately related to a direct accumulation of waste shells. Facing what is becoming an environmental issue, chemists are currently developing solutions to add value to this wild source of raw material in line with the principles of sustainable chemistry. An argumentative overview of this question is proposed here with a focus on recent data. Starting with a presentation of the environmental impact of oyster farming, existing and promising applications are then classified according to the type of raw materials derived from the oyster shell, namely the natural oyster shell (NOS), the calcined natural oyster shell (CNOS), and biomolecules of the organic matrix extracted from the oyster shell. Their relevance is discussed in regard to their scalability, originality, and sustainability. This review constitutes the first critical compilation on oyster shell applications, with the aim to provide essential elements to better comprehend the recycling of waste oyster shells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Bonnard
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
- Tarbouriech-Médithau, Marseillan 34340, France
| | - Bruno Boury
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Isabelle Parrot
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
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