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Tribian LS, Lennartz M, Höflmayer D, de Wispelaere N, Dwertmann Rico S, von Bargen C, Kind S, Reiswich V, Viehweger F, Lutz F, Bertram V, Fraune C, Gorbokon N, Weidemann S, Hube-Magg C, Menz A, Uhlig R, Krech T, Hinsch A, Burandt E, Sauter G, Simon R, Kluth M, Steurer S, Marx AH, Lebok P, Dum D, Minner S, Jacobsen F, Clauditz TS, Bernreuther C. Diagnostic Role and Prognostic Impact of PSAP Immunohistochemistry: A Tissue Microarray Study on 31,358 Cancer Tissues. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3242. [PMID: 37892063 PMCID: PMC10606209 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13203242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate-specific acid phosphatase (PSAP) is a marker for prostate cancer. To assess the specificity and prognostic impact of PSAP, 14,137 samples from 127 different tumor (sub)types, 17,747 prostate cancers, and 76 different normal tissue types were analyzed via immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray format. In normal tissues, PSAP staining was limited to the prostate epithelial cells. In prostate cancers, PSAP was seen in 100% of Gleason 3 + 3, 95.5% of Gleason 4 + 4, 93.8% of recurrent cancer under androgen deprivation therapy, 91.0% of Gleason 5 + 5, and 31.2% of small cell neuroendocrine cancer. In non-prostatic tumors, PSAP immunostaining was only found in 3.2% of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and in 0.8% of diffuse-type gastric adenocarcinomas. In prostate cancer, reduced PSAP staining was strongly linked to an advanced pT stage, a high classical and quantitative Gleason score, lymph node metastasis, high pre-operative PSA levels, early PSA recurrence (p < 0.0001 each), high androgen receptor expression, and TMPRSS2:ERG fusions. A low level of PSAP expression was linked to PSA recurrence independent of pre- and postoperative prognostic markers in ERG-negative cancers. Positive PSAP immunostaining is highly specific for prostate cancer. Reduced PSAP expression is associated with aggressive prostate cancers. These findings make PSAP a candidate marker for prognostic multiparameter panels in ERG-negative prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sophie Tribian
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (L.S.T.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (S.D.R.); (C.v.B.); (S.K.); (V.R.); (F.V.); (F.L.); (V.B.); (C.F.); (N.G.); (S.W.); (C.H.-M.); (A.M.); (R.U.); (T.K.); (A.H.); (E.B.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (S.S.); (P.L.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (F.J.); (T.S.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Maximilian Lennartz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (L.S.T.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (S.D.R.); (C.v.B.); (S.K.); (V.R.); (F.V.); (F.L.); (V.B.); (C.F.); (N.G.); (S.W.); (C.H.-M.); (A.M.); (R.U.); (T.K.); (A.H.); (E.B.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (S.S.); (P.L.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (F.J.); (T.S.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Doris Höflmayer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (L.S.T.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (S.D.R.); (C.v.B.); (S.K.); (V.R.); (F.V.); (F.L.); (V.B.); (C.F.); (N.G.); (S.W.); (C.H.-M.); (A.M.); (R.U.); (T.K.); (A.H.); (E.B.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (S.S.); (P.L.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (F.J.); (T.S.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Noémi de Wispelaere
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Sebastian Dwertmann Rico
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (L.S.T.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (S.D.R.); (C.v.B.); (S.K.); (V.R.); (F.V.); (F.L.); (V.B.); (C.F.); (N.G.); (S.W.); (C.H.-M.); (A.M.); (R.U.); (T.K.); (A.H.); (E.B.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (S.S.); (P.L.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (F.J.); (T.S.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Clara von Bargen
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (L.S.T.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (S.D.R.); (C.v.B.); (S.K.); (V.R.); (F.V.); (F.L.); (V.B.); (C.F.); (N.G.); (S.W.); (C.H.-M.); (A.M.); (R.U.); (T.K.); (A.H.); (E.B.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (S.S.); (P.L.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (F.J.); (T.S.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Simon Kind
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (L.S.T.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (S.D.R.); (C.v.B.); (S.K.); (V.R.); (F.V.); (F.L.); (V.B.); (C.F.); (N.G.); (S.W.); (C.H.-M.); (A.M.); (R.U.); (T.K.); (A.H.); (E.B.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (S.S.); (P.L.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (F.J.); (T.S.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Viktor Reiswich
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (L.S.T.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (S.D.R.); (C.v.B.); (S.K.); (V.R.); (F.V.); (F.L.); (V.B.); (C.F.); (N.G.); (S.W.); (C.H.-M.); (A.M.); (R.U.); (T.K.); (A.H.); (E.B.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (S.S.); (P.L.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (F.J.); (T.S.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Florian Viehweger
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (L.S.T.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (S.D.R.); (C.v.B.); (S.K.); (V.R.); (F.V.); (F.L.); (V.B.); (C.F.); (N.G.); (S.W.); (C.H.-M.); (A.M.); (R.U.); (T.K.); (A.H.); (E.B.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (S.S.); (P.L.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (F.J.); (T.S.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Florian Lutz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (L.S.T.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (S.D.R.); (C.v.B.); (S.K.); (V.R.); (F.V.); (F.L.); (V.B.); (C.F.); (N.G.); (S.W.); (C.H.-M.); (A.M.); (R.U.); (T.K.); (A.H.); (E.B.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (S.S.); (P.L.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (F.J.); (T.S.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Veit Bertram
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (L.S.T.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (S.D.R.); (C.v.B.); (S.K.); (V.R.); (F.V.); (F.L.); (V.B.); (C.F.); (N.G.); (S.W.); (C.H.-M.); (A.M.); (R.U.); (T.K.); (A.H.); (E.B.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (S.S.); (P.L.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (F.J.); (T.S.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Christoph Fraune
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (L.S.T.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (S.D.R.); (C.v.B.); (S.K.); (V.R.); (F.V.); (F.L.); (V.B.); (C.F.); (N.G.); (S.W.); (C.H.-M.); (A.M.); (R.U.); (T.K.); (A.H.); (E.B.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (S.S.); (P.L.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (F.J.); (T.S.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Natalia Gorbokon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (L.S.T.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (S.D.R.); (C.v.B.); (S.K.); (V.R.); (F.V.); (F.L.); (V.B.); (C.F.); (N.G.); (S.W.); (C.H.-M.); (A.M.); (R.U.); (T.K.); (A.H.); (E.B.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (S.S.); (P.L.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (F.J.); (T.S.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Sören Weidemann
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (L.S.T.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (S.D.R.); (C.v.B.); (S.K.); (V.R.); (F.V.); (F.L.); (V.B.); (C.F.); (N.G.); (S.W.); (C.H.-M.); (A.M.); (R.U.); (T.K.); (A.H.); (E.B.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (S.S.); (P.L.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (F.J.); (T.S.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Claudia Hube-Magg
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (L.S.T.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (S.D.R.); (C.v.B.); (S.K.); (V.R.); (F.V.); (F.L.); (V.B.); (C.F.); (N.G.); (S.W.); (C.H.-M.); (A.M.); (R.U.); (T.K.); (A.H.); (E.B.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (S.S.); (P.L.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (F.J.); (T.S.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Anne Menz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (L.S.T.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (S.D.R.); (C.v.B.); (S.K.); (V.R.); (F.V.); (F.L.); (V.B.); (C.F.); (N.G.); (S.W.); (C.H.-M.); (A.M.); (R.U.); (T.K.); (A.H.); (E.B.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (S.S.); (P.L.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (F.J.); (T.S.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Ria Uhlig
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (L.S.T.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (S.D.R.); (C.v.B.); (S.K.); (V.R.); (F.V.); (F.L.); (V.B.); (C.F.); (N.G.); (S.W.); (C.H.-M.); (A.M.); (R.U.); (T.K.); (A.H.); (E.B.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (S.S.); (P.L.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (F.J.); (T.S.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Till Krech
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (L.S.T.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (S.D.R.); (C.v.B.); (S.K.); (V.R.); (F.V.); (F.L.); (V.B.); (C.F.); (N.G.); (S.W.); (C.H.-M.); (A.M.); (R.U.); (T.K.); (A.H.); (E.B.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (S.S.); (P.L.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (F.J.); (T.S.C.); (C.B.)
- Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center Osnabrueck, 49076 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Andrea Hinsch
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (L.S.T.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (S.D.R.); (C.v.B.); (S.K.); (V.R.); (F.V.); (F.L.); (V.B.); (C.F.); (N.G.); (S.W.); (C.H.-M.); (A.M.); (R.U.); (T.K.); (A.H.); (E.B.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (S.S.); (P.L.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (F.J.); (T.S.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Eike Burandt
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (L.S.T.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (S.D.R.); (C.v.B.); (S.K.); (V.R.); (F.V.); (F.L.); (V.B.); (C.F.); (N.G.); (S.W.); (C.H.-M.); (A.M.); (R.U.); (T.K.); (A.H.); (E.B.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (S.S.); (P.L.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (F.J.); (T.S.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (L.S.T.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (S.D.R.); (C.v.B.); (S.K.); (V.R.); (F.V.); (F.L.); (V.B.); (C.F.); (N.G.); (S.W.); (C.H.-M.); (A.M.); (R.U.); (T.K.); (A.H.); (E.B.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (S.S.); (P.L.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (F.J.); (T.S.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (L.S.T.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (S.D.R.); (C.v.B.); (S.K.); (V.R.); (F.V.); (F.L.); (V.B.); (C.F.); (N.G.); (S.W.); (C.H.-M.); (A.M.); (R.U.); (T.K.); (A.H.); (E.B.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (S.S.); (P.L.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (F.J.); (T.S.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Martina Kluth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (L.S.T.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (S.D.R.); (C.v.B.); (S.K.); (V.R.); (F.V.); (F.L.); (V.B.); (C.F.); (N.G.); (S.W.); (C.H.-M.); (A.M.); (R.U.); (T.K.); (A.H.); (E.B.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (S.S.); (P.L.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (F.J.); (T.S.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Stefan Steurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (L.S.T.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (S.D.R.); (C.v.B.); (S.K.); (V.R.); (F.V.); (F.L.); (V.B.); (C.F.); (N.G.); (S.W.); (C.H.-M.); (A.M.); (R.U.); (T.K.); (A.H.); (E.B.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (S.S.); (P.L.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (F.J.); (T.S.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Andreas H. Marx
- Department of Pathology, Academic Hospital Fuerth, 90766 Fuerth, Germany;
| | - Patrick Lebok
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (L.S.T.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (S.D.R.); (C.v.B.); (S.K.); (V.R.); (F.V.); (F.L.); (V.B.); (C.F.); (N.G.); (S.W.); (C.H.-M.); (A.M.); (R.U.); (T.K.); (A.H.); (E.B.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (S.S.); (P.L.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (F.J.); (T.S.C.); (C.B.)
- Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center Osnabrueck, 49076 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - David Dum
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (L.S.T.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (S.D.R.); (C.v.B.); (S.K.); (V.R.); (F.V.); (F.L.); (V.B.); (C.F.); (N.G.); (S.W.); (C.H.-M.); (A.M.); (R.U.); (T.K.); (A.H.); (E.B.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (S.S.); (P.L.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (F.J.); (T.S.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Sarah Minner
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (L.S.T.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (S.D.R.); (C.v.B.); (S.K.); (V.R.); (F.V.); (F.L.); (V.B.); (C.F.); (N.G.); (S.W.); (C.H.-M.); (A.M.); (R.U.); (T.K.); (A.H.); (E.B.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (S.S.); (P.L.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (F.J.); (T.S.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Frank Jacobsen
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (L.S.T.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (S.D.R.); (C.v.B.); (S.K.); (V.R.); (F.V.); (F.L.); (V.B.); (C.F.); (N.G.); (S.W.); (C.H.-M.); (A.M.); (R.U.); (T.K.); (A.H.); (E.B.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (S.S.); (P.L.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (F.J.); (T.S.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Till S. Clauditz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (L.S.T.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (S.D.R.); (C.v.B.); (S.K.); (V.R.); (F.V.); (F.L.); (V.B.); (C.F.); (N.G.); (S.W.); (C.H.-M.); (A.M.); (R.U.); (T.K.); (A.H.); (E.B.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (S.S.); (P.L.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (F.J.); (T.S.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Christian Bernreuther
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (L.S.T.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (S.D.R.); (C.v.B.); (S.K.); (V.R.); (F.V.); (F.L.); (V.B.); (C.F.); (N.G.); (S.W.); (C.H.-M.); (A.M.); (R.U.); (T.K.); (A.H.); (E.B.); (G.S.); (M.K.); (S.S.); (P.L.); (D.D.); (S.M.); (F.J.); (T.S.C.); (C.B.)
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He C, Li J, Wu Z, Lu C, Huang Z, Luo N, Fan S, Shen J, Liu X, Zhao H. The semenogelin I-derived peptide SgI-52 in seminal plasma participates in sperm selection and clearance by macrophages. Peptides 2022; 153:170799. [PMID: 35427699 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages can phagocytose sperm, especially damaged spermatozoa, in the female genital tract. The semenogelin I-derived peptide SgI-52 in seminal plasma exhibits seminal plasma motility inhibitor (SPMI) activity and can inhibit sperm motility. This raises the question of the role played by SPMIs in macrophage-mediated phagocytosis of sperm. We speculated that SgI-52 promotes sperm clearance by macrophages. Therefore, we investigated the phagocytosis of sperm in different states using this peptide. METHODS SgI-52 was fluorescently labeled, and its binding site for sperm was observed. The ability of macrophages to phagocytose sperm was observed using fluorescence confocal microscopy. Spermatozoa from different sources were co-cultured with SgI-52 in BWW medium for 4 and 22 h to compare the differences in their phagocytosis by macrophages. Sperm motility, induced acrosome reaction, mitochondrial membrane potential, and ATP content were examined after incubation with SgI-52. RESULTS SgI-52 could bind to spermatozoa in different states, mainly to the tail, and then spread to the acrosome. This effect was more pronounced in demembranated spermatozoa. SgI-52 promoted phagocytosis of spermatozoa by macrophages, decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased the average ATP content of spermatozoa (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We found for the first time that SgI-52 can bind to spermatozoa in different states and promote their phagocytosis by macrophages. Therefore, we speculate that SgI-52 is involved in the screening of sperm in the female reproductive tract and has potential value in improving assisted reproductive technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyong He
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Jiankai Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Zhao Wu
- Department of Reproductive Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Chuncheng Lu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Zhuo Huang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Ning Luo
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Shipeng Fan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Jihong Shen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China; Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China.
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Aitken RJ, Drevet JR. The Importance of Oxidative Stress in Determining the Functionality of Mammalian Spermatozoa: A Two-Edged Sword. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9020111. [PMID: 32012712 PMCID: PMC7070991 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This article addresses the importance of oxidative processes in both the generation of functional gametes and the aetiology of defective sperm function. Functionally, sperm capacitation is recognized as a redox-regulated process, wherein a low level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation is intimately involved in driving such events as the stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation, the facilitation of cholesterol efflux and the promotion of cAMP generation. However, the continuous generation of ROS ultimately creates problems for spermatozoa because their unique physical architecture and unusual biochemical composition means that they are vulnerable to oxidative stress. As a consequence, they are heavily dependent on the antioxidant protection afforded by the fluids in the male and female reproductive tracts and, during the precarious process of insemination, seminal plasma. If this antioxidant protection should be compromised for any reason, then the spermatozoa experience pathological oxidative damage. In addition, situations may prevail that cause the spermatozoa to become exposed to high levels of ROS emanating either from other cells in the immediate vicinity (particularly neutrophils) or from the spermatozoa themselves. The environmental and lifestyle factors that promote ROS generation by the spermatozoa are reviewed in this article, as are the techniques that might be used in a diagnostic context to identify patients whose reproductive capacity is under oxidative threat. Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of ROS-monitoring methodologies is critical if we are to effectively identify those patients for whom treatment with antioxidants might be considered a rational management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Aitken
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Sciences, Faculty of Science and Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Joel R. Drevet
- GReD Institute, INSERM U1103—CNRS UMR6293—Université Clermont Auvergne, Faculty of Medicine, CRBC building, 28 place Henri Dunant, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
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