1
|
Belt T, Harju A, Kilpeläinen P, Venäläinen M. Fungal Degradation of Extractives Plays an Important Role in the Brown Rot Decay of Scots Pine Heartwood. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:912555. [PMID: 35646036 PMCID: PMC9133955 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.912555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Scots pine heartwood is known to have resistance to wood decay due to the presence of extractives, namely stilbenes and resin acids. However, previous studies have indicated that these extractives are degradable by wood decaying fungi. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between extractive degradation and heartwood decay in detail and to gain insight into the mechanisms of extractive degradation. Mass losses recorded after a stacked-sample decay test with brown rot fungi showed that the heartwood had substantial decay resistance against Coniophora puteana but little resistance against Rhodonia placenta. Extracts obtained from the decayed heartwood samples revealed extensive degradation of stilbenes by R. placenta in the early stages of decay and a noticeable but statistically insignificant loss of resin acids. The extracts from R. placenta-degraded samples contained new compounds derived from the degraded extractives: hydroxylated stilbene derivatives appeared in the early decay stages and then disappeared, while compounds tentatively identified as hydroxylated derivatives of dehydroabietic acid accumulated in the later stages. The degradation of extractives was further analysed using simple degradation assays where an extract obtained from intact heartwood was incubated with fungal mycelium or extracellular culture fluid from liquid fungal cultures or with neat Fenton reagent. The assays showed that extractives can be eliminated by several fungal degradative systems and revealed differences between the degradative abilities of the two fungi. The results of the study indicate that extractive degradation plays an important role in heartwood decay and highlight the complexity of the fungal degradative systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Belt
- Production Systems Unit, Biomass Characterization and Properties, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Espoo, Finland
| | - Anni Harju
- Production Systems Unit, Biomass Characterization and Properties, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Savonlinna, Finland
| | - Petri Kilpeläinen
- Production Systems Unit, Biorefinery and Bioproducts, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Espoo, Finland
| | - Martti Venäläinen
- Production Systems Unit, Biomass Characterization and Properties, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Savonlinna, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Virtanen T, Lahti J, Kalliola A, Tamminen T, Mänttäri M, Kallioinen M. Influence of laccase treatment on fouling layer formation in ultrafiltration of birch hot-water extract. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
3
|
Kumar A, Yadav M, Tiruneh W. Debarking, pitch removal and retting: Role of microbes and their enzymes. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2019-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMicrobial enzymes are green and clean alternatives for several processes in the pulp and paper industry. Enzyme treatment decreases the energy requirement and minimizes the wood losses during drum debarking. Lipophilic wood extractives are known as pitch. Pitch deposition adversely affects the pulp quality and increases equipment maintenance and operating costs during paper manufacturing. Several chemical additives have been used to remove pitch deposits. Natural seasoning of wood is used to minimize pitch content in wood, but it has some disadvantages including yield losses and decreased brightness. Controlled seasoning with white-rot fungi or albino strains of sapstain fungi is an effective tool for degradation and removal of wood extractives. Enzymes including lipase, laccase, sterol esterase, and lipooxygenase have also been used to minimize pitch-related problems. Enzymatic retting has been proved an eco-friendly and economical solution for chemical degumming and traditional retting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Mukesh Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, India
| | - Workinesh Tiruneh
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Singh G, Arya SK. Utility of laccase in pulp and paper industry: A progressive step towards the green technology. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 134:1070-1084. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
5
|
Filgueira D, Holmen S, Melbø JK, Moldes D, Echtermeyer AT, Chinga-Carrasco G. 3D Printable Filaments Made of Biobased Polyethylene Biocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E314. [PMID: 30966349 PMCID: PMC6415196 DOI: 10.3390/polym10030314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Two different series of biobased polyethylene (BioPE) were used for the manufacturing of biocomposites, complemented with thermomechanical pulp (TMP) fibers. The intrinsic hydrophilic character of the TMP fibers was previously modified by grafting hydrophobic compounds (octyl gallate and lauryl gallate) by means of an enzymatic-assisted treatment. BioPE with low melt flow index (MFI) yielded filaments with low void fraction and relatively low thickness variation. The water absorption of the biocomposites was remarkably improved when the enzymatically-hydrophobized TMP fibers were used. Importantly, the 3D printing of BioPE was improved by adding 10% and 20% TMP fibers to the composition. Thus, 3D printable biocomposites with low water uptake can be manufactured by using fully biobased materials and environmentally-friendly processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Filgueira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Edificio Isaac Newton, Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Solveig Holmen
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, NTNU, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | | | - Diego Moldes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Edificio Isaac Newton, Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Stajić M, Vukojević J, Milovanović I, Ćilerdžić J, Knežević A. Role of Mushroom Mn-Oxidizing Peroxidases in Biomass Conversion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-43679-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
|
7
|
White and Brown Rot Fungi as Decomposers of Lignocellulosic Materials and Their Role in Waste and Pollution Control. FUNGAL APPLICATIONS IN SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42852-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
|
8
|
Du X, Li J, Gellerstedt G, Rencoret J, Del Río JC, Martínez AT, Gutiérrez A. Understanding Pulp Delignification by Laccase–Mediator Systems through Isolation and Characterization of Lignin–Carbohydrate Complexes. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:3073-80. [DOI: 10.1021/bm4006936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xueyu Du
- Department of Fibre and Polymer
Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jiebing Li
- Department of Fibre and Polymer
Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Gellerstedt
- Department of Fibre and Polymer
Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jorge Rencoret
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales
y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC,
P.O. Box 1052, E-41080 Seville, Spain
| | - José C. Del Río
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales
y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC,
P.O. Box 1052, E-41080 Seville, Spain
| | - Angel T. Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales
y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC,
P.O. Box 1052, E-41080 Seville, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mycoremediation of Paper, Pulp and Cardboard Industrial Wastes and Pollutants. SOIL BIOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-33811-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
10
|
Moldes D, Vidal T. Laccase for biobleaching of eucalypt kraft pulp by means of a modified industrial bleaching sequence. Biotechnol Prog 2012; 28:1225-31. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
11
|
Virk AP, Sharma P, Capalash N. Use of laccase in pulp and paper industry. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 28:21-32. [PMID: 22012940 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Laccase, through its versatile mode of action, has the potential to revolutionize the pulping and paper making industry. It not only plays a role in the delignification and brightening of the pulp but has also been described for the removal of the lipophilic extractives responsible for pitch deposition from both wood and nonwood paper pulps. Laccases are capable of improving physical, chemical, as well as mechanical properties of pulp either by forming reactive radicals with lignin or by functionalizing lignocellulosic fibers. Laccases can also target the colored and toxic compounds released as effluents from various industries and render them nontoxic through its polymerization and depolymerization reactions. This article reviews the use of both fungal and bacterial laccases in improving pulp properties and bioremediation of pulp and paper mill effluents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antar Puneet Virk
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Babot ED, Rico A, Rencoret J, Kalum L, Lund H, Romero J, del Río JC, Martínez AT, Gutiérrez A. Towards industrially-feasible delignification and pitch removal by treating paper pulp with Myceliophthora thermophila laccase and a phenolic mediator. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:6717-22. [PMID: 21511459 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.03.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The ability of two natural phenols to act as mediators of the recombinant Myceliophthora thermophila laccase (MtL) in eucalypt-pulp delignification was investigated. After alkaline peroxide extraction, the properties of the enzymatically-treated pulps improved with respect to the control. The pulp brightness increased (3.1 points) after the enzymatic treatment with MtL alone, but the highest improvements were obtained after the MtL treatment using syringaldehyde (4.7 points) and especially methyl syringate (8.3 points) as mediators. Likewise, a decrease in kappa number up to 2.7 points was obtained after the MtL-methyl syringate treatment, followed by decreases of 1.4 and 0.9 points after the treatments with MtL-syringaldehyde and MtL alone, respectively. On the other hand, removal of the main lipophilic extractives present in eucalypt pulp was observed after the above laccase-mediator treatments. Finally, the doses of both MtL and methyl syringate were reduced, and results compatible with industrial implementation were obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esteban D Babot
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, P.O. Box 1052, E-41080 Seville, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cadena EM, Du X, Gellerstedt G, Li J, Fillat A, García-Ubasart J, Vidal T, Colom JF. On hexenuronic acid (HexA) removal and mediator coupling to pulp fiber in the laccase/mediator treatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:3911-3917. [PMID: 21194930 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.11.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 11/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Flax soda/AQ pulps were treated with different fungal laccase-mediator combinations followed by physical and chemical characterization of the pulps to obtain a thorough understanding of the laccase/mediator effects on hexenuronic acid (HexA) removal and the coupling of mediator onto pulps for fiber functionalization. Large differences were found and the presence of lauryl gallate (LG) during Trametes villosa laccase (TvL) treatment (TvL+LG) resulted in a much larger reduction of pulp-linked HexA than the combination of p-coumaric acid (PCA) and Pycnoporus cinnabarinus laccase (PcL). A major portion of LG became attached to the pulp as revealed by an increase in the kappa number and further confirmed by thioacidolysis and (1)H NMR analysis of solubilized pulp fractions. Additional experiments with other chemical pulps and isolated pulp xylan and lignin revealed that HexA seems to be the sole pulp component attacked by TvL+LG. As a substrate for TvL, the reaction preference order is PCA>HexA>LG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edith M Cadena
- Textile and Paper Engineering Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, ETSEIAT, Colom 11, E-08222 Terrassa, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Marques G, Molina S, Babot ED, Lund H, del Río JC, Gutiérrez A. Exploring the potential of fungal manganese-containing lipoxygenase for pitch control and pulp delignification. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:1338-1343. [PMID: 20864336 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.08.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Revised: 08/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The potential of the lipoxygenase from Gaeumannomyces graminis to remove lipophilic extractives from eucalypt and flax pulps was investigated. Pulp treatments were performed with the lipoxygenase both in the presence and absence of linoleic acid, and were followed by a peroxide bleaching stage. The main lipophilic extractives from eucalypt pulp such as conjugated and free sterols decreased up to 40% and 7%, respectively, by the lipoxygenase treatment in the presence of linoleic acid. Different degradation patterns were observed among the lipophilic compounds present in flax pulp, although a high removal of all the extractives classes, including alkanes (21-55%), fatty alcohols (42-61%), and free (16-55%) and glycosylated (45-71%) sterols, was attained in all the lipoxygenase treatments. Reactions of the lipoxygenase with model lipid mixtures were carried out to better understand the degradation patterns observed in pulps. Finally, pulp delignification by the lipoxygenase treatments was also evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Marques
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, P.O. Box 1052, E-41080 Seville, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Şaşmaz S, Gedikli S, Aytar P, Güngörmedi G, Çabuk A, Hür E, Ünal A, Kolankaya N. Decolorization Potential of Some Reactive Dyes with Crude Laccase and Laccase-Mediated System. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2010; 163:346-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-010-9043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
16
|
Viikari L, Grönqvist S, Kruus K, Pere J, Siika-Aho M, Suurnäkki A. Industrial Biotechnology in the Paper and Pulp Sector. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527630233.ch11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
|
17
|
Valls C, Molina S, Vidal T, del Río JC, Colom JF, Martínez ÁT, Gutiérrez A, Roncero MB. Influence of operation conditions on laccase-mediator removal of sterols from eucalypt pulp. Process Biochem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
18
|
Shadkami F, Helleur R. Use of an injection port for thermochemolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry: Rapid profiling of biomaterials. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:5903-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
19
|
Microbial and enzymatic control of pitch in the pulp and paper industry. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 82:1005-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-1905-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 02/01/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
20
|
Mikolasch A, Schauer F. Fungal laccases as tools for the synthesis of new hybrid molecules and biomaterials. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 82:605-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-1869-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Revised: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
21
|
Molina S, Rencoret J, del Río JC, Lomascolo A, Record E, Martínez AT, Gutiérrez A. Oxidative degradation of model lipids representative for main paper pulp lipophilic extractives by the laccase–mediator system. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 80:211-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1547-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
22
|
Maijala P, Kleen M, Westin C, Poppius-Levlin K, Herranen K, Lehto J, Reponen P, Mäentausta O, Mettälä A, Hatakka A. Biomechanical pulping of softwood with enzymes and white-rot fungus Physisporinus rivulosus. Enzyme Microb Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2007.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
23
|
Structure and action mechanism of ligninolytic enzymes. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 157:174-209. [PMID: 18581264 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8279-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is the most abundant renewable source of aromatic polymer in nature, and its decomposition is indispensable for carbon recycling. It is chemically recalcitrant to breakdown by most organisms because of the complex, heterogeneous structure. The white-rot fungi produce an array of extracellular oxidative enzymes that synergistically and efficiently degrade lignin. The major groups of ligninolytic enzymes include lignin peroxidases, manganese peroxidases, versatile peroxidases, and laccases. The peroxidases are heme-containing enzymes with catalytic cycles that involve the activation by H2O2 and substrate reduction of compound I and compound II intermediates. Lignin peroxidases have the unique ability to catalyze oxidative cleavage of C-C bonds and ether (C-O-C) bonds in non-phenolic aromatic substrates of high redox potential. Manganese peroxidases oxidize Mn(II) to Mn(III), which facilitates the degradation of phenolic compounds or, in turn, oxidizes a second mediator for the breakdown of non-phenolic compounds. Versatile peroxidases are hybrids of lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase with a bifunctional characteristic. Laccases are multi-copper-containing proteins that catalyze the oxidation of phenolic substrates with concomitant reduction of molecular oxygen to water. This review covers the chemical nature of lignin substrates and focuses on the biochemical properties, molecular structures, reaction mechanisms, and related structures/functions of these enzymes.
Collapse
|
24
|
Xu F, Salmon S. Potential Applications of Oxidoreductases for the Re‐oxidation of Leuco Vat or Sulfur Dyes in Textile Dyeing. Eng Life Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.200700070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
|
25
|
Saparrat MC, Mocchiutti P, Liggieri CS, Aulicino MB, Caffini NO, Balatti PA, Martínez MJ. Ligninolytic enzyme ability and potential biotechnology applications of the white-rot fungus Grammothele subargentea LPSC no. 436 strain. Process Biochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2007.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
26
|
|