1
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Kumar N, He J, Rusling JF. Electrochemical transformations catalyzed by cytochrome P450s and peroxidases. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5135-5171. [PMID: 37458261 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00461a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (Cyt P450s) and peroxidases are enzymes featuring iron heme cofactors that have wide applicability as biocatalysts in chemical syntheses. Cyt P450s are a family of monooxygenases that oxidize fatty acids, steroids, and xenobiotics, synthesize hormones, and convert drugs and other chemicals to metabolites. Peroxidases are involved in breaking down hydrogen peroxide and can oxidize organic compounds during this process. Both heme-containing enzymes utilize active FeIVO intermediates to oxidize reactants. By incorporating these enzymes in stable thin films on electrodes, Cyt P450s and peroxidases can accept electrons from an electrode, albeit by different mechanisms, and catalyze organic transformations in a feasible and cost-effective way. This is an advantageous approach, often called bioelectrocatalysis, compared to their biological pathways in solution that require expensive biochemical reductants such as NADPH or additional enzymes to recycle NADPH for Cyt P450s. Bioelectrocatalysis also serves as an ex situ platform to investigate metabolism of drugs and bio-relevant chemicals. In this paper we review biocatalytic electrochemical reactions using Cyt P450s including C-H activation, S-oxidation, epoxidation, N-hydroxylation, and oxidative N-, and O-dealkylation; as well as reactions catalyzed by peroxidases including synthetically important oxidations of organic compounds. Design aspects of these bioelectrocatalytic reactions are presented and discussed, including enzyme film formation on electrodes, temperature, pH, solvents, and activation of the enzymes. Finally, we discuss challenges and future perspective of these two important bioelectrocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA.
| | - Jie He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA.
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA
| | - James F Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA.
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA
- Department of Surgery and Neag Cancer Center, Uconn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland at Galway, Galway, Ireland
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2
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Hobisch M, Holtmann D, Gomez de Santos P, Alcalde M, Hollmann F, Kara S. Recent developments in the use of peroxygenases - Exploring their high potential in selective oxyfunctionalisations. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 51:107615. [PMID: 32827669 PMCID: PMC8444091 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Peroxygenases are an emerging new class of enzymes allowing selective oxyfunctionalisation reactions in a cofactor-independent way different from well-known P450 monooxygenases. Herein, we focused on recent developments from organic synthesis, molecular biotechnology and reaction engineering viewpoints that are devoted to bring these enzymes in industrial applications. This covers natural diversity from different sources, protein engineering strategies for expression, substrate scope, activity and selectivity, stabilisation of enzymes via immobilisation, and the use of peroxygenases in low water media. We believe that peroxygenases have much to offer for selective oxyfunctionalisations and we have much to study to explore the full potential of these versatile biocatalysts in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hobisch
- Department of Engineering, Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Dirk Holtmann
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstr. 14, Gießen 35390, Germany
| | | | - Miguel Alcalde
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis, CSIC, C/Marie Curie 2, Madrid 28049, Spain; EvoEnzyme S.L, C/ Marie Curie 2, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Biocatalysis Group, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Selin Kara
- Department of Engineering, Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark.
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3
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Höfler GT, But A, Hollmann F. Haloperoxidases as catalysts in organic synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:9267-9274. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01884k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The current state-of-the-art of haloperoxidase catalysis in organic synthesis for halogenation reactions is presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg T. Höfler
- Department of Biotechnology
- Delft University of Technology
- 2629 HZ Delft
- The Netherlands
| | - Andrada But
- Department of Biotechnology
- Delft University of Technology
- 2629 HZ Delft
- The Netherlands
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology
- Delft University of Technology
- 2629 HZ Delft
- The Netherlands
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4
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Multilayer petal-like enzymatic-inorganic hybrid micro-spheres [CPO-(Cu/Co/Cd)3(PO4)2] with high bio-catalytic activity. Chem Eng Res Des 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2018.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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5
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Dong JJ, Fernández-Fueyo E, Li J, Guo Z, Renirie R, Wever R, Hollmann F. Halofunctionalization of alkenes by vanadium chloroperoxidase from Curvularia inaequalis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:6207-6210. [PMID: 28548142 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc03368k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The vanadium-dependent chloroperoxidase from Curvularia inaequalis is a stable and efficient biocatalyst for the hydroxyhalogenation of a broad range of alkenes into halohydrins. Up to 1 200 000 TON with 69 s-1 TOF were observed for the biocatalyst. A bienzymatic cascade to yield epoxides as reaction products is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Jia Dong
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
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6
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Buchhaupt M, Lintz K, Hüttmann S, Schrader J. Partial secretome analysis of Caldariomyces fumago reveals extracellular production of the CPO co-substrate H2O2 and provides a coproduction concept for CPO and glucose oxidase. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:24. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2407-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Olivon F, Apel C, Retailleau P, Allard PM, Wolfender JL, Touboul D, Roussi F, Litaudon M, Desrat S. Searching for original natural products by molecular networking: detection, isolation and total synthesis of chloroaustralasines. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00429c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Four unprecedented chlorinated monoterpenyl quinolones have been isolated using a molecular networking based prioritisation strategy. The bio-inspired total synthesis of chloroaustralasine A involving a chloroperoxydase-mediated hydroxychlorination is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Olivon
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles
- CNRS-ICSN
- UPR 2301
- Université Paris-Saclay
- Gif-sur-Yvette
| | - C. Apel
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles
- CNRS-ICSN
- UPR 2301
- Université Paris-Saclay
- Gif-sur-Yvette
| | - P. Retailleau
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles
- CNRS-ICSN
- UPR 2301
- Université Paris-Saclay
- Gif-sur-Yvette
| | - P. M. Allard
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Geneva
- University of Lausanne
- 1211 Geneva 11
- Switzerland
| | - J. L. Wolfender
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Geneva
- University of Lausanne
- 1211 Geneva 11
- Switzerland
| | - D. Touboul
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles
- CNRS-ICSN
- UPR 2301
- Université Paris-Saclay
- Gif-sur-Yvette
| | - F. Roussi
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles
- CNRS-ICSN
- UPR 2301
- Université Paris-Saclay
- Gif-sur-Yvette
| | - M. Litaudon
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles
- CNRS-ICSN
- UPR 2301
- Université Paris-Saclay
- Gif-sur-Yvette
| | - S. Desrat
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles
- CNRS-ICSN
- UPR 2301
- Université Paris-Saclay
- Gif-sur-Yvette
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8
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Wang Y, Lan D, Durrani R, Hollmann F. Peroxygenases en route to becoming dream catalysts. What are the opportunities and challenges? Curr Opin Chem Biol 2017; 37:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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9
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Holtmann D, Fraaije MW, Arends IWCE, Opperman DJ, Hollmann F. The taming of oxygen: biocatalytic oxyfunctionalisations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:13180-200. [PMID: 24902635 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc49747j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The scope and limitations of oxygenases as catalysts for preparative organic synthesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Holtmann
- DECHEMA Research Institute, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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10
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Zeynalov E, Nagiev T. Enzymatic Catalysis of Hydrocarbons Oxidation “in vitro” (Review). CHEMISTRY & CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.23939/chcht09.02.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Liu Y, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Hu M, Li S, Zhai Q. Biocatalytic synthesis of C3 chiral building blocks by chloroperoxidase-catalyzed enantioselective halo-hydroxylation and epoxidation in the presence of ionic liquids. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:724-9. [PMID: 25826799 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The optically active C3 synthetic blocks are remarkably versatile intermediates for the synthesis of numerous pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. This work provides a simple and efficient enzymatic synthetic route for the environment-friendly synthesis of C3 chiral building blocks. Chloroperoxidase (CPO)-catalyzed enantioselective halo-hydroxylation and epoxidation of chloropropene and allyl alcohol was employed to prepare C3 chiral building blocks in this work, including (R)-2,3-dichloro-1-propanol (DCP*), (R)-2,3-epoxy-1-propanol (GLD*), and (R)-3-chloro-1-2-propanediol (CPD*). The ee values of the formed C3 chiral building blocks DCP*, CPD*, and glycidol were 98.1, 97.5, and 96.7%, respectively. Moreover, the use of small amount of imidazolium ionic liquid enhanced the yield efficiently due to the increase of solubility of hydrophobic organic substrates in aqueous reaction media, as well as the improvement of affinity and selectivity of CPO to substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China
| | - Yali Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China
| | - Yucheng Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China
| | - Mancheng Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China
| | - Shuni Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China
| | - Quanguo Zhai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China
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12
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Bormann S, Gomez Baraibar A, Ni Y, Holtmann D, Hollmann F. Specific oxyfunctionalisations catalysed by peroxygenases: opportunities, challenges and solutions. Catal Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cy01477d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Peroxygenases are promising oxyfunctionalisation catalysts for organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alvaro Gomez Baraibar
- Delft University of Technology
- Department of Biotechnology
- 2628 BL Delft
- The Netherlands
| | - Yan Ni
- Delft University of Technology
- Department of Biotechnology
- 2628 BL Delft
- The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Holtmann
- DECHEMA Research Institute
- 60486 Frankfurt am Main
- Germany
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Delft University of Technology
- Department of Biotechnology
- 2628 BL Delft
- The Netherlands
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13
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14
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Holtmann D, Krieg T, Getrey L, Schrader J. Electroenzymatic process to overcome enzyme instabilities. CATAL COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2014.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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15
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16
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Chakraborty S, Ásgeirsson B, Rao BJ. A measure of the broad substrate specificity of enzymes based on 'duplicate' catalytic residues. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49313. [PMID: 23166637 PMCID: PMC3500292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of an enzyme to select and act upon a specific class of compounds with unerring precision and efficiency is an essential feature of life. Simultaneously, these enzymes often catalyze the reaction of a range of similar substrates of the same class, and also have promiscuous activities on unrelated substrates. Previously, we have established a methodology to quantify promiscuous activities in a wide range of proteins. In the current work, we quantitatively characterize the active site for the ability to catalyze distinct, yet related, substrates (BRASS). A protein with known structure and active site residues provides the framework for computing ‘duplicate’ residues, each of which results in slightly modified replicas of the active site scaffold. Such spatial congruence is supplemented by Finite difference Poisson Boltzmann analysis which filters out electrostatically unfavorable configurations. The congruent configurations are used to compute an index (BrassIndex), which reflects the broad substrate profile of the active site. We identify an acetylhydrolase and a methyltransferase as having the lowest and highest BrassIndex, respectively, from a set of non-homologous proteins extracted from the Catalytic Site Atlas. The acetylhydrolase, a regulatory enzyme, is known to be highly specific for platelet-activating factor. In the methyltransferase (PDB: 1QAM), various combinations of glycine (Gly38/40/42), asparagine (Asn101/11) and glutamic acid (Glu59/36) residues having similar spatial and electrostatic profiles with the specified scaffold (Gly38, Asn101 and Glu59) exemplifies the broad substrate profile such an active site may provide. ‘Duplicate’ residues identified by relaxing the spatial and/or electrostatic constraints can be the target of directed evolution methodologies, like saturation mutagenesis, for modulating the substrate specificity of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Chakraborty
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India.
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17
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Piantini U, Schrader J, Wawrzun A, Wüst M. A biocatalytic route towards rose oxide using chloroperoxidase. Food Chem 2011; 129:1025-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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19
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Monti D, Ottolina G, Carrea G, Riva S. Redox Reactions Catalyzed by Isolated Enzymes. Chem Rev 2011; 111:4111-40. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100334x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Monti
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, C.N.R., Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ottolina
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, C.N.R., Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Giacomo Carrea
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, C.N.R., Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Sergio Riva
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, C.N.R., Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy
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20
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Roepcke CBS, Muench SB, Schulze H, Bachmann TT, Schmid RD, Hauer B. Analysis of phosphorothionate pesticides using a chloroperoxidase pretreatment and acetylcholinesterase biosensor detection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:8748-8756. [PMID: 20614938 DOI: 10.1021/jf1013204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is responsible for the hydrolysis of acetylcholine in the nervous system. It is inhibited by organophosphate and carbamate pesticides. However, this enzyme is only slightly inhibited by organophosphorothionates, which makes the detection of these pesticides analytically very difficult. A new enzymatic method for the activation and detection of phosphorothionates was developed with the capability to be used directly in food samples without the need of laborious solvent extraction steps. Chloroperoxidase (CPO) from Caldariomyces fumago was combined with tert-butyl hydroperoxide and two halides. Chlorpyrifos and triazophos were completely oxidized. Fenitrothion, methidathion and parathion methyl showed conversion rates between 54 and 61%. Furthermore, the oxidized solution was submitted to an AChE biosensor assay. Chlorpyrifos spiked in organic orange juice was oxidized, where its oxon product was detected in concentrations down to 5 microg/L (final concentration food sample: 25 microg/L). The complete duration of the method takes about 2 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse B S Roepcke
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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21
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Hollmann F, Arends I, Buehler K. Biocatalytic Redox Reactions for Organic Synthesis: Nonconventional Regeneration Methods. ChemCatChem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Perez DI, Grau MM, Arends IWCE, Hollmann F. Visible light-driven and chloroperoxidase-catalyzed oxygenation reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:6848-50. [PMID: 19885500 DOI: 10.1039/b915078a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Robust peroxidase-catalyzed enantiospecific oxyfunctionalizations can be achieved by simple light-driven in situ generation of hydrogen peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel I Perez
- Department of Biotechnology, Biocatalysis and Organic Chemistry, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, Delft, 2628 BL, The Netherlands
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Lindborg J, Tanskanen A, Kanerva LT. Chemoselective chloroperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation of hexen-1-ols. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420902811113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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24
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Tzialla A, Kalogeris E, Gournis D, Sanakis Y, Stamatis H. Enhanced catalytic performance and stability of chloroperoxidase from Caldariomyces fumago in surfactant free ternary water–organic solvent systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kaup BA, Ehrich K, Pescheck M, Schrader J. Microparticle-enhanced cultivation of filamentous microorganisms: increased chloroperoxidase formation by Caldariomyces fumago as an example. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 99:491-8. [PMID: 17994590 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Microparticle-enhanced cultivation (MPEC) was applied as a novel method for improved biomass and product formation during cultivation of filamentous microorganisms. Exemplarily, chloroperoxidase (CPO) formation by Caldariomyces fumago was analyzed in the presence and absence of microparticles of different size. Particles of approximately 500 microm in diameter had no effect on growth morphology or productivity of CPO formation by C. fumago. In contrast particles of < or =42 microm in diameter led to the dispersion of the C. fumago mycelia up to the level of single hyphae. Under these conditions the maximum specific productivity of CPO formation was enhanced about fivefold and an accumulated CPO activity in the culture supernatant of more than 1,000 U mL(-1) was achieved after 10-12 days of cultivation. In addition, the novel cultivation method also showed a positive effect on growth characteristics of other filamentous microorganisms proven by the stimulation of single hyphae/cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjoern-Arne Kaup
- DECHEMA e.V, Karl-Winnacker-Institut, Biochemical Engineering Group, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486 Frankfurt, Germany
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Lahaye D, Groves JT. Modeling the haloperoxidases: Reversible oxygen atom transfer between bromide ion and an oxo-Mn(V) porphyrin. J Inorg Biochem 2007; 101:1786-97. [PMID: 17825916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2007.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Revised: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The manganese meso-dimethylimidazolium porphyrin complex Mn(III)[TDMImP] reacted with HOBr/OBr(-) to generate the corresponding oxo-Mn(V)[TDMImP] species. The rate of this process accelerated with increasing pH. A forward rate constant, k(for), of 1.65x10(6)M(-1)s(-1) was determined at pH 8. Under these conditions, the oxo-Mn(V) species is short-lived and is transformed into the corresponding oxo-Mn(IV) complex. A first-order rate constant, k(obs), of 0.66 s(-1) was found for this reduction process at pH 8. The mechanism of this reduction process, which was dependent on bromide ion, appeared to proceed via an intermediate Mn(III)-O-Br complex. Thus, both a fast, reversible Mn(III)-O-Br bond heterolysis and a slower homolytic pathway occur in parallel in this system. The reverse oxidation reaction between oxo-Mn(V)[TDMImP] and bromide was investigated as a function of pH. The rate of this oxo-transfer reaction (k(rev)=1.4x10(3)M(-1)s(-1) at pH 8) markedly accelerated as the pH was lowered. The observed first-order dependence of the rate on [H(+)] indicates that the reactive species responsible for bromide oxidation is a protonated oxo-hydroxo complex and the stable species present in solution at high pH is dioxo-Mn(V)[TDMImP], [O=Mn(V)=O](-). The oxo-Mn(V) species retains nearly all of the oxidative driving force of the hypohalite. The equilibrium constant K(equi)=k(for)/k(rev) for the reversible process was determined at three different pH values (K(equi)=1.15x10(3) at pH 8) allowing the measurement of the redox potentials E of oxo-Mn(V)/Mn(III) (E=1.01 V at pH 8). The redox potential for this couple was extrapolated over the entire pH scale using the Nernst relationship and compared to those of the manganese 2- and 4-meso-N-methylpyridinium porphyrin couples oxo-Mn(V)[2-TMPyP]/Mn(III)[2-TMPyP], oxo-Mn(V)[4-TMPyP]/Mn(III)[4-TMPyP], OBr(-)/Br(-) and H(2)O(2)/H(2)O. Notably, the redox potential of oxo-Mn(V)/Mn(III) for the imidazolium porphyrin approaches that of H(2)O(2)/H(2)O at low pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothée Lahaye
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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