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Liang R, Xu K, Wang X, Wei W, Chen Q, Qin Z, Zeng W, Zhou J. Rational design of lanosterol 14α-demethylase for ergosterol biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:300. [PMID: 39554987 PMCID: PMC11564469 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-04136-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 10/21/2024] [Indexed: 11/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Ergosterol is widely used in skin care products and drug preparation. Lanosterol 14α-demethylase (Erg11p, 14DM, CYP51) is the rate-limiting enzyme for the biosynthesis of various steroid compounds in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Herein, Erg11p was engineered to extend the in vivo catalytic half-life and increase the turnover rate. Single mutations resulting in lower folding energy were selected, and mutant P201H had an ergosterol yield of 576.9 mg·L-1. Through consensus design, single mutations resulting in higher sequence identity to homologs were tested and mutant K352L had an ergosterol yield of 677.9 mg·L-1. The key residues for substrate binding were confirmed via alanine scanning mutagenesis and mutant F384A had an ergosterol yield of 657.8 mg·L-1. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was conducted to investigate the contributions of pocket residues and eight residues were found to engage in weak interactions with lanosterol. Saturation mutagenesis was applied to these residues to enhance binding to lanosterol, and mutant F384E had an ergosterol yield of 733.8 mg·L-1. Meanwhile, MD simulations were conducted to assess the impact of mutant F384E on enzyme activity. The results consistently showed that single point mutation F384E had the greatest effect, outperforming the combination mutations. Batch fermentation increased the ergosterol yield of mutant F384E to 3067.5 mg·L-1, the highest reported to date. The successful engineering of Erg11p may pave the way for industrial-scale production of ergosterol and other steroids. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-024-04136-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Liang
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China
| | - Kangjie Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China
| | - Xinglong Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Wenqian Wei
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China
| | - Qihang Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China
| | - Zhijie Qin
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Weizhu Zeng
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
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Wang W, Nie Y, Liu XY, Huang B. The genome and transcriptome of Sarocladium terricola provide insight into ergosterol biosynthesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1181287. [PMID: 37124038 PMCID: PMC10140317 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1181287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarocladium terricola is a species of ascomycete fungus that has been recognized as a biocontrol agent for managing animal and plant pathogens, and exhibits significant potential as a feed additive. In this study, we utilized a combination of short-read Illumina sequencing and long-read PacBio sequencing to sequence, assemble, and analyze the genome of S. terricola. The resulting genome consisted of 11 scaffolds encompassing 30.27 Mb, with a GC content of 54.07%, and 10,326 predicted protein coding gene models. We utilized 268 single-copy ortholog genes to reconstruct the phylogenomic relationships among 26 ascomycetes, and found that S. terricola was closely related to two Acremonium species. We also determined that the ergosterol content of S. terricola was synthesized to nearly double levels when cultured in potato dextrose media compared to bean media (4509 mg/kg vs. 2382 mg/kg). Furthermore, transcriptome analyses of differentially expressed genes suggested that the ergosterol synthesis genes ERG3, ERG5, and ERG25 were significantly up-regulated in potato dextrose media. These results will help us to recognize metabolic pathway of ergosterol biosynthesis of S. terricloa comprehensivelly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yong Nie
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Huang,
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3
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Liu Y, Ren L, Zhao J, Xia Y, Zhang Z, Guan X, Huang S, Wang Q, Wu J, Yu Z, Xu D, Li F, Zhang B. Ergosterol production at elevated temperatures by Upc2-overexpressing Kluyveromyces marxianus using Jerusalem artichoke tubers as feedstock. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 362:127878. [PMID: 36055542 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ergosterol is an important precursor in the pharmaceutical industry for the production of numerous drugs. In this study, Kluyveromyces marxianus that showed more potential for ergosterol production than some other yeasts was reported. The effects of transcription factors UPC2, MOT3, and ROX1 of K. marxianus on ergosterol synthesis were explored, and a Upc2-overexpressing strain produced 1.78 times more ergosterol (167.33 mg/L) than the wild-type strain (60.04 mg/L). A total of 239.98 mg/L ergosterol was produced when glucose was replaced with fructose to limit ethanol production. Enhanced aeration increased ergosterol titer from 63.09 mg/L to 128.46 mg/L at 42 °C. The ergosterol titer reached 304.37 mg/L in a shake flask at 37 °C, or 1124.38 and 948.32 mg/L at 37 °C and 42 °C, respectively, in a 5 L bioreactor, using Jerusalem artichoke tubers as the sole carbon source. This study establishes a platform for ergosterol biosynthesis using inexpensive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Lili Ren
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Junyi Zhao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Yitong Xia
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Zhiyang Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Xuyang Guan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Sirui Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Jing Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Zijun Yu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Dayong Xu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Feng Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China.
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Kessi-Pérez EI, González A, Palacios JL, Martínez C. Yeast as a biological platform for vitamin D production: A promising alternative to help reduce vitamin D deficiency in humans. Yeast 2022; 39:482-492. [PMID: 35581681 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is an important human hormone, known primarily to be involved in the intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate, but it is also involved in various non-skeletal processes (molecular, cellular, immune, and neuronal). One of the main health problems nowadays is the vitamin D deficiency of the human population due to lack of sun exposure, with estimates of one billion people worldwide with vitamin D deficiency, and the consequent need for clinical intervention (i.e., prescription of pharmacological vitamin D supplements). An alternative to reduce vitamin D deficiency is to produce good dietary sources of it, a scenario in which the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae seems to be a promising alternative. This review focuses on the potential use of yeast as a biological platform to produce vitamin D, summarizing both the biology aspects of vitamin D (synthesis, ecology and evolution, metabolism, and bioequivalence) and the work done to produce it in yeast (both for vitamin D2 and for vitamin D3 ), highlighting existing challenges and potential solutions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo I Kessi-Pérez
- Centro de Estudios en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CECTA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Adens González
- Centro de Estudios en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CECTA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - José Luis Palacios
- Centro de Estudios en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CECTA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Martínez
- Centro de Estudios en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CECTA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
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5
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Jiang YQ, Lin JP. Recent progress in strategies for steroid production in yeasts. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:93. [PMID: 35441962 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
As essential structural molecules of fungal cell membrane, ergosterol is not only an important component of fungal growth and stress-resistance but also a key precursor for manufacturing steroid drugs of pharmaceutical or agricultural significance. So far, ergosterol biosynthesis in yeast has been elucidated elaborately, and efforts have been made to increase ergosterol production through regulation of ergosterol metabolism and storage. Furthermore, the same intermediates shared by yeasts and animals or plants make the construction of heterologous sterol pathways in yeast a promising approach to synthesize valuable steroids, such as phytosteroids and animal steroid hormones. During these challenging processes, several obstacles have arisen and been combated with great endeavors. This paper reviews recent research progress of yeast metabolic engineering for improving the production of ergosterol and heterologous steroids. The remaining tactics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jian-Ping Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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6
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Gu Y, Jiao X, Ye L, Yu H. Metabolic engineering strategies for de novo biosynthesis of sterols and steroids in yeast. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:110. [PMID: 38650187 PMCID: PMC10992410 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00460-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroidal compounds are of great interest in the pharmaceutical field, with steroidal drugs as the second largest category of medicine in the world. Advances in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering have enabled de novo biosynthesis of sterols and steroids in yeast, which is a green and safe production route for these valuable steroidal compounds. In this review, we summarize the metabolic engineering strategies developed and employed for improving the de novo biosynthesis of sterols and steroids in yeast based on the regulation mechanisms, and introduce the recent progresses in de novo synthesis of some typical sterols and steroids in yeast. The remaining challenges and future perspectives are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehao Gu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xue Jiao
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Lidan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Hongwei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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7
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Zhou C, Li M, Lu S, Cheng Y, Guo X, He X, Wang Z, He XP. Engineering of cis-Element in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Efficient Accumulation of Value-Added Compound Squalene via Downregulation of the Downstream Metabolic Flux. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:12474-12484. [PMID: 34662105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional downregulation is widely used for metabolic flux control. Here, marO, a cis-element of Escherichia coli mar operator, was explored to engineer promoters of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for downregulation. First, the ADH1 promoter (PADH1) and its enhanced variant PUADH1 were engineered by insertion of marO into different sites, which resulted in decrease in both gfp5 transcription and GFP fluorescence intensity to various degrees. Then, marO was applied to engineer the native ERG1 and ERG11 promoters due to their importance for accumulation of value-added intermediates squalene and lanosterol. Elevated squalene content (4.9-fold) or lanosterol content (4.8-fold) and 91 or 28% decrease in ergosterol content resulted from the marO-engineered promoter PERG1(M5) or PERG11(M3), respectively, indicating the validity of the marO-engineered promoters in metabolic flux control. Furthermore, squalene production of 3.53 g/L from cane molasses, a cheap and bulk substrate, suggested the cost-effective and promising potential for squalene production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyao Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingjie Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Surui Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanfei Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xuena Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoxian He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoyue Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiu-Ping He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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8
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Huang WW, Ge XY, Huang Y, Chai XT, Zhang L, Zhang YX, Deng LN, Liu CQ, Xu H, Gao J. High-yield strain of fusidic acid obtained by atmospheric and room temperature plasma mutagenesis and the transcriptional changes involved in improving its production in fungus Fusidium coccineum. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:405-415. [PMID: 32734700 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To obtain the high-yield strain of fusidic acid, which is produced from fungus Fusidium coccineum and is the only fusidane-type antibiotic that has been used clinically, and confirm the changes in the transcription levels involved in increasing its production. METHODS AND RESULTS By using the atmospheric and room temperature plasma mutagenesis technology, a high-yield mutant strain of fusidic acid-producing fungus F. coccineum was obtained. Using the genomic analysis of the original strain based on biosynthetic pathways of ergosterol and helvolic acid, we demonstrate that the pathway involved in the biosynthesis of 2,3-oxidosqualene from acetyl coenzyme A was shared by fusidic acid and ergosterol, and fusidic acid was finally synthesized by the catalysis of multiple cytochrome P450s and short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase from 2,3-oxidosqualene. Then, through the transcriptomic analysis of the original and mutagenized strain, it revealed that the proposed pathway from sucrose to fusidic acid was the most significantly up-regulated in the transcription levels of the mutant strain. CONCLUSIONS The changes in the transcription levels of fusidic acid during its biosynthesis might result in high-yield of fusidic acid in the mutant strain. This is the first report on the whole biosynthetic pathway of fusidic acid in F. coccineum. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study obtain the genetic basis for the biosynthesis of fusidic acid which could be beneficial for the molecular modifications of F. coccineum to further increase its yield by fermentation in future, and established the foundation to reveal the mechanism of the high-yield of the mutant strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- W W Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.,School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China
| | - X Y Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Y Huang
- Joyang Laboratories, Yancheng, China
| | - X T Chai
- Joyang Laboratories, Yancheng, China
| | - L Zhang
- School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China
| | - Y X Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - L N Deng
- School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China
| | - C Q Liu
- School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China
| | - H Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - J Gao
- School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China
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9
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Outline of the biosynthesis and regulation of ergosterol in yeast. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:98. [PMID: 31222401 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2673-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Sterols are crucial functional components for eukaryotic cell membrane. Due to versatile activities, sterols show wide applications in food and pharmaceutical industries. Ergosterol not only reflects cell growth but also serves as the precursor for manufacturing steroid drugs. To date, the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway in yeast has been reported, and the industrial production of ergosterol is achieved by yeast fermentation or extraction from fungal mycelia. Here, we summarize its biosynthesis, regulation, transportation, and subcellular location of enzymes in yeast. In particular, we review the regulation of ergosterol biosynthesis at transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels. Furthermore, we advocate metabolic engineering and fermentation strategies for high-level production of ergosterol. This study may provide evaluable insights into metabolic engineering of yeast for scaled-up fermentation production of ergosterol or beyond.
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10
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Itkonen ST, Pajula ET, Dowling KG, Hull GLJ, Cashman KD, Lamberg-Allardt CJE. Poor bioavailability of vitamin D2 from ultraviolet-irradiated D2-rich yeast in rats. Nutr Res 2018; 59:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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11
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Wang SQ, Wang T, Liu JF, Deng L, Wang F. Overexpression of Ecm22 improves ergosterol biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Lett Appl Microbiol 2018; 67:484-490. [PMID: 30098030 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Ergosterol biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is complex and the underlying mechanism of regulation remains unclear. To clarify the influence of transcriptional regulation on the ergosterol content, transcription factor Ecm22 was overexpressed in S. cerevisiae. Results showed that the overexpression of ECM22 led to an increased invasive growth. Fluconazole susceptibility testing indicated that strains overexpressing ECM22 could grow at 20 μg(fluconazole) ml-1 . By contrast, the control failed to grow at 16 μg(fluconazole) ml-1 . Among truncated ECM22 fragments, only the 1440-bp DNA fragment exerted almost the same impact on ergosterol content as that of the full-length gene. In a 5-l bioreactor, the highest ergosterol yield of the recombinant reached 32∙7 mg g(dry cell weight) -1 , which was increased by about 20% compared with that of the control. In this work, a novel approach for enhancing the ergosterol production by overexpressing a transcription factor in S. cerevisiae was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-Q Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - T Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - J-F Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - L Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - F Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
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12
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Villarreal P, Carrasco M, Barahona S, Alcaíno J, Cifuentes V, Baeza M. Antarctic yeasts: analysis of their freeze-thaw tolerance and production of antifreeze proteins, fatty acids and ergosterol. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:66. [PMID: 29976143 PMCID: PMC6034288 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1214-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microorganisms have evolved a number of mechanisms to thrive in cold environments, including the production of antifreeze proteins, high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and ergosterol. In this work, several yeast species isolated from Antarctica were analyzed with respect to their freeze-thaw tolerance and production of the three abovementioned compounds, which may also have economic importance. RESULTS The freeze-thaw tolerance of yeasts was widely variable among species, and a clear correlation with the production of any of the abovementioned compounds was not observed. Antifreeze proteins that were partially purified from Goffeauzyma gastrica maintained their antifreeze activities after several freeze-thaw cycles. A relatively high volumetric production of ergosterol was observed in the yeasts Vishniacozyma victoriae, G. gastrica and Leucosporidium creatinivorum, i.e., 19, 19 and 16 mg l- 1, respectively. In addition, a high percentage of linoleic acid with respect to total fatty acids was observed in V. victoriae (10%), Wickerhamomyces anomalus (12%) and G. gastrica (13%), and a high percentage of alpha linoleic acid was observed in L. creatinivorum (3.3%). CONCLUSIONS Given these results, the abovementioned yeasts are good candidates to be evaluated for use in the production of antifreeze proteins, fatty acids, and ergosterol at the industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Villarreal
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Carrasco
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Salvador Barahona
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jennifer Alcaíno
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Cifuentes
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Baeza
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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14
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Feng W, Yang J, Xi Z, Qiao Z, Lv Y, Wang Y, Ma Y, Wang Y, Cen W. Mutations and/or Overexpressions ofERG4andERG11Genes in Clinical Azoles-Resistant Isolates ofCandida albicans. Microb Drug Resist 2017; 23:563-570. [PMID: 27976986 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2016.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Feng
- Department of Dermatovenereology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Dermatovenereology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Zhiqin Xi
- Department of Dermatovenereology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Zusha Qiao
- Department of Dermatovenereology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yaping Lv
- Department of Dermatovenereology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yiru Wang
- Department of Dermatovenereology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Dermatovenereology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yanqing Wang
- Department of Dermatovenereology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Wen Cen
- Department of Dermatovenereology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China
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Náhlík J, Hrnčiřík P, Mareš J, Rychtera M, Kent CA. Towards the design of an optimal strategy for the production of ergosterol from
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
yeasts. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:838-848. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Náhlík
- Dept. of Computing and Control EngineeringUniversity of Chemistry and TechnologyPrague Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hrnčiřík
- Dept. of Computing and Control EngineeringUniversity of Chemistry and TechnologyPrague Czech Republic
| | - Jan Mareš
- Dept. of Computing and Control EngineeringUniversity of Chemistry and TechnologyPrague Czech Republic
| | - Mojmír Rychtera
- Dept. of BiotechnologyUniversity of Chemistry and TechnologyPrague Czech Republic
| | - Christopher A. Kent
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbaston Birmingham, U.K
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Ortiz ME, Raya RR, Mozzi F. Efficient mannitol production by wild-type Lactobacillus reuteri CRL 1101 is attained at constant pH using a simplified culture medium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:8717-29. [PMID: 26084891 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6730-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mannitol is a natural polyol with multiple industrial applications. In this work, mannitol production by Lactobacillus reuteri CRL 1101 was studied at free- and controlled-pH (6.0-4.8) fermentations using a simplified culture medium containing yeast and beef extracts and sugarcane molasses. The activity of mannitol 2-dehydrogenase (MDH), the enzyme responsible for mannitol synthesis, was determined. The effect of the initial biomass concentration was further studied. Mannitol production (41.5 ± 1.1 g/l), volumetric productivity (Q Mtl 1.73 ± 0.05 g/l h), and yield (Y Mtl 105 ± 11 %) were maximum at pH 5.0 after 24 h while the highest MDH activity (1.66 ± 0.09 U/mg protein) was obtained at pH 6.0. No correlation between mannitol production and MDH activity was observed when varying the culture pH. The increase (up to 2000-fold) in the initial biomass concentration did not improve mannitol formation after 24 h although a 2-fold higher amount was produced at 8 h using 1 or 2 g cell dry weight/l comparing to the control (0.001 g cell dry weight/l). Finally, mannitol isolation under optimum fermentation conditions was achieved. The mannitol production obtained in this study is the highest reported so far by a wild-type L. reuteri strain and, more interestingly, using a simplified culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Ortiz
- Departamento de Tecnología y Desarrollo, Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA)-CONICET, Chacabuco 145, 4000, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Raúl R Raya
- Departamento de Tecnología y Desarrollo, Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA)-CONICET, Chacabuco 145, 4000, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Mozzi
- Departamento de Tecnología y Desarrollo, Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA)-CONICET, Chacabuco 145, 4000, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.
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Abstract
Reduction of C = C bonds by reductases, found in a variety of microorganisms (e.g. yeasts, bacteria, and lower fungi), animals, and plants has applications in the production of metabolites that include pharmacologically active drugs and other chemicals. Therefore, the reductase enzymes that mediate this transformation have become important therapeutic targets and biotechnological tools. These reductases are broad-spectrum, in that, they can act on isolation/conjugation C = C-bond compounds, α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, carboxylic acids, acid derivatives, and nitro compounds. In addition, several mutations in the reductase gene have been identified, some associated with diseases. Several of these reductases have been cloned and/or purified, and studies to further characterize them and determine their structure in order to identify potential industrial biocatalysts are still in progress. In this study, crucial reductases for bioreduction of C = C bonds have been reviewed with emphasis on their principal substrates and effective inhibitors, their distribution, genetic polymorphisms, and implications in human disease and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang , China and
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Wriessnegger T, Pichler H. Yeast metabolic engineering – Targeting sterol metabolism and terpenoid formation. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:277-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Wang X, Jin B. Process optimization of biological hydrogen production from molasses by a newly isolated Clostridium butyricum W5. J Biosci Bioeng 2009; 107:138-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2008.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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21
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Huang L, Zhong T, Chen T, Ye Z, Chen G. Identification of beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol and ergosterin in A. roxburghii using supercritical fluid extraction followed by liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ion trap mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:3024-32. [PMID: 17705339 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
beta-Sitosterol and stigmasterol are the most common phytosterols in traditional Chinese medicine. They have been proved to have many important bioactivities. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol and ergosterol coexisting in A. roxburghii herbs can be simultaneously extracted by a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) procedure; then a simple high-performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ion trap mass spectrometry (HPLC/APCI/MS) method was developed for simultaneous identification and determination of these three compounds. The ion trap MS/MS detector was equipped with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source operating in the positive ion mode, APCI(+). The linear responses were obtained in the concentration range of 0.50-150 microg/mL (r = 0.9999) for ergosterol, 5-400 microg/mL (r = 0.9999) for stigmasterol, and 10-2000 microg/mL (r = 0.9998) for beta-sitosterol. An orthogonal L(9) (3(3)) test design was employed for optimization of the SFE process. Under the optimized conditions, i.e. pressure of 25 mPa, temperature of 45 degrees C and ethanol as modifier, the concentrations of sterols in the extract were found to be 2.89% (g/g) for beta-sitosterol, 3.56% (g/g) for stigmasterol and 2.96% (g/g) for ergosterin. The SFE method was also compared with a previously developed Soxhlet extraction. The SFE method produced higher yields of sterols than that of the Soxhlet extraction. The proposed method has been successfully used for identification and quantitation of beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol and ergosterin in a real A. roxburghii sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety (Fuzhou University), and Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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