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Bedard S, Roxborough E, O'Neill E, Mangal V. The biomolecules of Euglena gracilis: Harnessing biology for natural solutions to future problems. Protist 2024; 175:126044. [PMID: 38823247 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2024.126044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the autotrophic and heterotrophic protist Euglena gracilis (E. gracilis) has gained popularity across the studies of environmental science, biosynthesis experiments, and nutritional substitutes. The unique physiology and versatile metabolism of E. gracilis have been a recent topic of interest to many researchers who continue to understand the complexity and possibilities of using E. gracilis biomolecule production. In this review, we present a comprehensive representation of recent literature outlining the various uses of biomolecules derived from E. gracilis across the fields of natural product biosynthesis, as a nutritional substitute, and as bioremediation tools. In addition, we highlight effective strategies for altering metabolite production using abiotic stressors and growth conditions. To better understand metabolite biosynthesis and its role in E. gracilis, integrated studies involving genomics, metabolomics, and proteomics should be considered. Together, we show how the ongoing advancements in E. gracilis related research continue to broaden applications in the biosynthetic sector and highlight future works that would strengthen our understanding of overall Euglena metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bedard
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University. 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catherines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - E Roxborough
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - E O'Neill
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - V Mangal
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University. 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catherines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada.
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Bakku RK, Yamamoto Y, Inaba Y, Hiranuma T, Gianino E, Amarianto L, Mahrous W, Suzuki H, Suzuki K. New insights into raceway cultivation of Euglena gracilis under long-term semi-continuous nitrogen starvation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7123. [PMID: 37130945 PMCID: PMC10154353 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34164-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the physiological responses of Euglena gracilis (E. gracilis) when subjected to semicontinuous N-starvation (N-) for an extended period in open ponds. The results indicated that the growth rates of E. gracilis under the N- condition (11 ± 3.3 g m-2 d-1) were higher by 23% compared to the N-sufficient (N+, 8.9 ± 2.8 g m-2 d-1) condition. Furthermore, the paramylon content of E.gracilis was above 40% (w/w) of dry biomass in N- condition compared to N+ (7%) condition. Interestingly, E. gracilis exhibited similar cell numbers regardless of nitrogen concentrations after a certain time point. Additionally, it demonstrated relatively smaller cell size over time, and unaffected photosynthetic apparatus under N- condition. These findings suggest that there is a tradeoff between cell growth and photosynthesis in E. gracilis, as it adapts to semi-continuous N- conditions without a decrease in its growth rate and paramylon productivity. Notably, to the author's knowledge, this is the only study reporting high biomass and product accumulation by a wild-type E. gracilis strain under N- conditions. This newly identified long-term adaptation ability of E. gracilis may offer a promising direction for the algal industry to achieve high productivity without relying on genetically modified organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjith Kumar Bakku
- Algae Energy Technology Research Institute, 649-17 Nishiyama, Taki-cho, Taki-gun, Mie, 519-2171, Japan.
- Euglena Co., Ltd., G-BASE Tamachi 2nd and 3rd Floor, 5-29-11, Shiba, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0014, Japan.
| | - Yoshimasa Yamamoto
- Algae Energy Technology Research Institute, 649-17 Nishiyama, Taki-cho, Taki-gun, Mie, 519-2171, Japan
- Euglena Co., Ltd., G-BASE Tamachi 2nd and 3rd Floor, 5-29-11, Shiba, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0014, Japan
| | - Yu Inaba
- Algae Energy Technology Research Institute, 649-17 Nishiyama, Taki-cho, Taki-gun, Mie, 519-2171, Japan
- Euglena Co., Ltd., G-BASE Tamachi 2nd and 3rd Floor, 5-29-11, Shiba, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0014, Japan
| | - Taro Hiranuma
- Algae Energy Technology Research Institute, 649-17 Nishiyama, Taki-cho, Taki-gun, Mie, 519-2171, Japan
- Euglena Co., Ltd., G-BASE Tamachi 2nd and 3rd Floor, 5-29-11, Shiba, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0014, Japan
| | - Enrico Gianino
- Algae Energy Technology Research Institute, 649-17 Nishiyama, Taki-cho, Taki-gun, Mie, 519-2171, Japan
- Euglena Co., Ltd., G-BASE Tamachi 2nd and 3rd Floor, 5-29-11, Shiba, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0014, Japan
| | - Lawi Amarianto
- Algae Energy Technology Research Institute, 649-17 Nishiyama, Taki-cho, Taki-gun, Mie, 519-2171, Japan
- Euglena Co., Ltd., G-BASE Tamachi 2nd and 3rd Floor, 5-29-11, Shiba, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0014, Japan
| | - Waleed Mahrous
- Algae Energy Technology Research Institute, 649-17 Nishiyama, Taki-cho, Taki-gun, Mie, 519-2171, Japan
- Euglena Co., Ltd., G-BASE Tamachi 2nd and 3rd Floor, 5-29-11, Shiba, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0014, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Suzuki
- Algae Energy Technology Research Institute, 649-17 Nishiyama, Taki-cho, Taki-gun, Mie, 519-2171, Japan.
- Euglena Co., Ltd., G-BASE Tamachi 2nd and 3rd Floor, 5-29-11, Shiba, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0014, Japan.
| | - Kengo Suzuki
- Euglena Co., Ltd., G-BASE Tamachi 2nd and 3rd Floor, 5-29-11, Shiba, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0014, Japan
- Microalgae Production Control Technology Laboratory, RIKEN 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
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Ivušić F, Rezić T, Šantek B. Heterotrophic Cultivation of Euglena gracilis in Stirred Tank Bioreactor: A Promising Bioprocess for Sustainable Paramylon Production. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185866. [PMID: 36144601 PMCID: PMC9502384 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Paramylon is a valuable intracellular product of the microalgae Euglena gracilis, and it can accumulate in Euglena cells according to the cultivation conditions. For the sustainable production of paramylon and appropriate cell growth, different bioreactor processes and industrial byproducts can be considered as substrates. In this study, a complex medium with corn steep solid (CSS) was used, and various bioreactor processes (batch, fed batch, semicontinuous and continuous) were performed in order to maximize paramylon production in the microalgae Euglena gracilis. Compared to the batch, fed batch and repeated batch bioprocesses, during the continuous bioprocess in a stirred tank bioreactor (STR) with a complex medium containing 20 g/L of glucose and 25 g/L of CSS, E. gracilis accumulated a competitive paramylon content (67.0%), and the highest paramylon productivity of 0.189 g/Lh was observed. This demonstrated that the application of a continuous bioprocess, with corn steep solid as an industrial byproduct, can be a successful strategy for efficient and economical paramylon production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franjo Ivušić
- Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Vlaha Bukovca 14, 20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia
| | - Tonči Rezić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence:
| | - Božidar Šantek
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Mixotrophic Cultivation Optimization of Microalga Euglena pisciformis AEW501 for Paramylon Production. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20080518. [PMID: 36005522 PMCID: PMC9410504 DOI: 10.3390/md20080518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Euglena, a flagellated unicellular protist, has recently received widespread attention for various high-value metabolites, especially paramylon, which was only found in Euglenophyta. The limited species and low biomass of Euglena has impeded paramylon exploitation and utilization. This study established an optimal cultivation method of Euglena pisciformis AEW501 for paramylon production under mixotrophic cultivation. The results showed that the optimum mixotrophic conditions were 20 °C, pH 7.0, and 63 μmol photons m-2∙s-1, and the concentrations of sodium acetate and diammonium hydrogen phosphate were 0.98 g L-1 and 0.79 g L-1, respectively. The maximal biomass and paramylon content were 0.72 g L-1 and 71.39% of dry weight. The algal powder contained more than 16 amino acids, 6 vitamins, and 10 unsaturated fatty acids under the optimal cultivation. E. pisciformis paramylon was pure β-1,3-glucan-type polysaccharide (the purity was up to 99.13 ± 0.61%) composed of linear glucose chains linked together by β-1,3-glycosidic bonds. These findings present a valuable basis for the industrial exploitation of paramylon with E. pisciformis AEW501.
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Park YH, Han SI, Oh B, Kim HS, Jeon MS, Kim S, Choi YE. Microalgal secondary metabolite productions as a component of biorefinery: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126206. [PMID: 34715342 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The interest in developing microalgae for industrial use has been increasing because of concerns about the depletion of petroleum resources and securing sustainable energy sources. Microalgae have high biomass productivity and short culture periods. However, despite these advantages, various barriers need to be overcome for industrial applications. Microalgal cultivation has a high unit price, thus rendering industrial application difficult. It is indispensably necessary to co-produce their primary and secondary metabolites to compensate for these shortcomings. In this regard, this article reviews the following aspects, (1) co-production of primary and secondary metabolites in microalgae, (2) induction methods for the promotion of the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and (3) perspectives on the co-production and co-extraction of primary and secondary metabolites. This paper presents various approaches for producing useful metabolites from microalgae and suggests strategies that can be utilized for the co-production of primary and secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hwan Park
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Il Han
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Institute of Green Manufacturing Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeolnim Oh
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Seo Jeon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sok Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; OJEong Resilience Institute, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-E Choi
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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