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Peng H, Yi L, Liu C. Spatial distribution, chemical fractionation and risk assessment of Cr in soil from a typical industry smelting site in Hunan Province, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:113. [PMID: 38478134 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-01883-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The closure or relocation of many industrial enterprises has resulted in a significant number of abandoned polluted sites enriched in heavy metals to various degrees, causing a slew of environmental problems. Therefore, it is essential to conduct research on heavy metal contamination in the soil of industrial abandoned sites. In this study, soils at different depths were collected in a smelting site located in Hunan Province, China, to understand the Cr distribution, speciation and possible risks. The results revealed that the high-content Cr and Cr(VI) contamination centers were mainly concentrated near S1 (Sample site 1) and S5. The longitudinal migration law of chromium was relatively complex, not showing a simply uniform trend of decreasing gradually with depth but presenting a certain volatility. The vertical distribution characteristics of chromium and Cr(VI) pollution suggest the need for attention to the pollution from chromium slag in groundwater and deep soil layers. The results of different speciation of Cr extracted by the modified European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) method showed that Cr existed primarily in the residual state (F4), with a relatively low content in the weak acid extraction state (F1). The correlation analysis indicated that Cr was affected by total Cr, pH, organic matter and total carbon during the longitudinal migration process. The RSP results revealed that the smelting site as a whole had a moderate level of pollution. Soil at depths of 2-5 m was more polluted than other soil layers. Consequently, it is necessary to treat the site soil as a whole, especially the subsoil layer (2-5 m). Health risk assessment demonstrated that the soil chromium pollution was hazardous to both adults and children, and the probability of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk was relatively high in the latter group. As a result, children should be a group of special concern regarding the assessment and remediation of soil contaminated with Cr. This study can provide some insight into the contamination characteristics, ecological and health risks of chromium in contaminated soils and offer a scientific basis for the prevention and control of chromium pollution at abandoned smelting sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanfang Peng
- School of Geographical Sciences, Hunan Normal University, No. 36 Lushan Road, Changsha, 410081, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwen Yi
- School of Geographical Sciences, Hunan Normal University, No. 36 Lushan Road, Changsha, 410081, People's Republic of China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Geospatial Big Data Mining and Application, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chengai Liu
- School of Geographical Sciences, Hunan Normal University, No. 36 Lushan Road, Changsha, 410081, People's Republic of China
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Kama R, Liu Y, Zhao S, Hamani AKM, Song J, Cui B, Aidara M, Liu C, Li Z. Combination of intercropping maize and soybean with root exudate additions reduces metal mobility in soil-plant system under wastewater irrigation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 266:115549. [PMID: 37813077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The effects of root exudates and irrigation with treated wastewater on heavy metal mobility and soil bacterial composition under intercropping remain poorly understood. We conducted a pot experiment with maize and soybean grown in monocultures or intercultures, irrigated with either groundwater or treated wastewater. In addition, the pre-collected root exudates from hydroponic culture with mono- or inter-cropped maize and soybean were applied to the soil at four levels (0 %, 16 %, 32 % and 64 %). The results showed that application of root exudates increased plant growth and soil nutrient content. The analysis of "Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution" for higher plant biomass and lower soil Cd and Pb concentrations indicated that the best performance of soybean under treated wastewater irrigation was recorded under intercropping applied with 64 % of exudates, with a performance score of 0.926 and 0.953 for Cd and Pb, respectively. The second-best performance of maize under treated wastewater irrigation was also observed under intercropping applied with 64 % of exudates. Root exudate application reduced heavy metals migration in the soil-plant system, with a greater impact in intercropping than in monocropping. In addition, certain soil microorganisms were also increased with root exudate application, regardless of irrigation water. This study suggests that appropriate application of root exudates could potentially improve plant growth and soil health, and reduce toxic heavy metal concentrations in soils and plants irrigated with treated wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhwe Kama
- Agricultural Water and Soil Environmental Field Science Observation Research Station, Institute of Farmland Irrigation of CAAS, Xinxiang 453002, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Agricultural Water and Soil Environmental Field Science Observation Research Station, Institute of Farmland Irrigation of CAAS, Xinxiang 453002, China.
| | - Shouqiang Zhao
- Agricultural Water and Soil Environmental Field Science Observation Research Station, Institute of Farmland Irrigation of CAAS, Xinxiang 453002, China
| | - Abdoul Kader Mounkaila Hamani
- Agricultural Water and Soil Environmental Field Science Observation Research Station, Institute of Farmland Irrigation of CAAS, Xinxiang 453002, China
| | - Jibin Song
- Agricultural Water and Soil Environmental Field Science Observation Research Station, Institute of Farmland Irrigation of CAAS, Xinxiang 453002, China
| | - Bingjian Cui
- Agricultural Water and Soil Environmental Field Science Observation Research Station, Institute of Farmland Irrigation of CAAS, Xinxiang 453002, China
| | - Maimouna Aidara
- Laboratory of botanical-biodiversity, faculty of sciences and technology, Cheikh Anta University of Dakar, 50005, Senegal
| | - Chuncheng Liu
- Agricultural Water and Soil Environmental Field Science Observation Research Station, Institute of Farmland Irrigation of CAAS, Xinxiang 453002, China
| | - Zhongyang Li
- Agricultural Water and Soil Environmental Field Science Observation Research Station, Institute of Farmland Irrigation of CAAS, Xinxiang 453002, China; National Research and Observation Station of Shangqiu Agro-ecology System, Shangqiu 476000, China.
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Tan H, Liu X, Yin S, Zhao C, Su L, Wang S, Khalid M, Setälä H, Hui N. Soil microbiota associated with immune-mediated disease was influenced by heavy metal stress in roadside soils of Shanghai. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 438:129338. [PMID: 35785742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals (HMs) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) in soils can be detrimental to both soil microorganisms and public health. However, the effects of HMs and TPHs on microbes as well as the consequent microbial-derived health risk remains unclear in soils by local roads where citizens are clearly accessible to traffic-derived pollutants. Herein, we sampled 84 roadside soils throughout Shanghai. We measured the levels of soil edaphic factors, 6 HMs, and alkane TPHs. We further focused on the responses of bacterial and fungal communities assessed via sequencing and network analysis. Results showed that all soil HMs exceeded background levels of Shanghai soil, while the levels of TPHs are comparable to unpolluted sites. Bacterial network nodes and links decreased sharply under HM stress whereas that of fungal networks remained unchanged. The differential pattern was attributed to the asynchronous response of key classes that fungal key classes were more resistant to HMs than bacteria. In addition, 66.8 % of fungal genera associated with immune-mediated disease increased with increased HM stress for its HM tolerance. Together our findings indicate that despite the relatively stable fungal community in response to environmental stresses, the elevation of harmful fungi likely pose threats to health of urban dwellers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxin Tan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., 200240 Shanghai, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd., 200240 Shanghai, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., 200240 Shanghai, China.
| | - Xinxin Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., 200240 Shanghai, China; Instrumental analysis center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., 200240 Shanghai, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd., 200240 Shanghai, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., 200240 Shanghai, China.
| | - Shan Yin
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., 200240 Shanghai, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd., 200240 Shanghai, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., 200240 Shanghai, China.
| | - Chang Zhao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., 200240 Shanghai, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd., 200240 Shanghai, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., 200240 Shanghai, China.
| | - Lantian Su
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., 200240 Shanghai, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd., 200240 Shanghai, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., 200240 Shanghai, China.
| | - Song Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., 200240 Shanghai, China.
| | - Muhammad Khalid
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., 200240 Shanghai, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd., 200240 Shanghai, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., 200240 Shanghai, China.
| | - Heikki Setälä
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FIN-15140 Lahti, Finland.
| | - Nan Hui
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., 200240 Shanghai, China; Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FIN-15140 Lahti, Finland.
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Kaur M, Bhatti SS, Katnoria JK, Nagpal AK. Investigation of metal concentrations in roadside soils and plants in urban areas of Amritsar, Punjab, India, under different traffic densities. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:222. [PMID: 33763761 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Vehicular emissions containing traces of different heavy metals are known to cause significant contamination of roadside soils and plants. The present study was conducted to investigate the heavy metal concentrations in roadside soil and plant samples (Alstonia scholaris, Nerium oleander, Tabernaemontana divaricata, and Thevetia peruviana) collected from urban areas of Amritsar city of Punjab, India, under different traffic densities. The soil and plant samples were collected in pre- and post-monsoon seasons from seven roadside sites under varying levels of traffic density and analyzed for four heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn). In addition to that, total protein and carotenoid contents in plant samples were also determined. pH and electrical conductivity analysis of roadside soil samples revealed slight to strongly alkaline and non-saline nature of soil. Significant reduction in contents of total proteins and carotenoids was observed in plants collected from sites with moderate to high traffic density. The trend of heavy metal contents in plants and their corresponding soil samples was observed to be Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd for both the seasons. Index of geo-accumulation indicated moderate contamination of soil with metals analyzed, while bio-accumulation factor (BAF) showed both absorption and accumulation of metals in plants under study. The study revealed significant contamination of roadside soil and plants of Amritsar city which was linked to vehicular emissions posing potential risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Kaur
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
- Henan Key Laboratory of Earth System Observation and Modelling, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- College of Environment and Planning, Jinming Campus, Henan University, Henan, China
| | - Sandip Singh Bhatti
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Jatinder Kaur Katnoria
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Avinash Kaur Nagpal
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India.
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Orani AM, Vassileva E, Renac C, Schmidt S, Angelidis MO, Rozmaric M, Louw D. First assessment on trace elements in sediment cores from Namibian coast and pollution sources evaluation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 669:668-682. [PMID: 30893622 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Trace elements (TEs), Rare Earth Elements (REEs) and Pb isotope ratios were determined in six small cores sampled along the Namibian coast and different indices, such as Enrichment Factor, Geo-accumulation Index and Pollution load index, were calculated to evaluate possible metal contamination in the area. Concentrations of Pb, Cu, As and Cd were strongly enhanced at the upper 7 cm of core C5, which is located at Walvis Bay, at the major harbor and urban/industrial center of Namibia, indicating the impact from the recent anthropogenic activities. Principal Component Analysis was applied to the data set indicating possible common sources of the contaminants. Pb stable isotope ratios, combined with the dating of core C5 at Walvis Bay, further confirmed the anthropogenic provenance of Pb sources in the recent sediment deposits, which occurred after 1945, when the anthropogenic activities in the area began to increase. REEs profiles were also determined, showing enrichment in REEs for some of the samples, typical for the minerals present in the area. Ce anomaly was detected in one of the cores but the REEs profile did not reveal anomalies ascribable to anthropogenic influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Orani
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Environment Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, MC 9800, Monaco; Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IRD, Géoazur UMR 7329, 250 rue Albert Einstein, Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Emilia Vassileva
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Environment Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, MC 9800, Monaco.
| | - Christophe Renac
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IRD, Géoazur UMR 7329, 250 rue Albert Einstein, Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | | | - Michael O Angelidis
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Environment Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, MC 9800, Monaco; University of the Aegean, Department of Environment, Lofos Panepistimiou, 81100 Mytilini, Greece
| | - Martina Rozmaric
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Environment Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, MC 9800, Monaco
| | - Deon Louw
- Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, National Marine Information Research Centre, Strand Street, Swakopmund, Namibia
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Orani AM, Vassileva E, Wysocka I, Angelidis M, Rozmaric M, Louw D. Baseline study on trace and rare earth elements in marine sediments collected along the Namibian coast. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 131:386-395. [PMID: 29886963 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Namibia is a fast-growing country with extensive mineral extraction activities used in diamond, fluorspar, uranium, and metals production. To assess the impact of land based human activities on the Namibian coastal marine environment, 25 elements were analyzed in 22 surface sediments samples collected along the coast. After applying a variety of pollution assessment indices (Enrichment Factor, Igeo and Pollution Load Indexes) was concluded that As, Cd and Sb were considerably enriched in the sediments from several sites, while Cu, Pb and Zn showed very high enrichment near the Walvis Bay harbor. Pearson's correlation and Principal Component Analysis were used to investigate common metal sources. Additionally, the determination of Pb isotope ratios confirmed the contribution of land based human activities at Walvis Bay and Lüderitz as sources of pollution. The analysis of REEs did not reveal any important enrichment due to anthropogenic activities, but provides a needed baseline for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Orani
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Environment Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, Monaco, Principality of Monaco; Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, IRD, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Géoazur UMR 7329, 250 rue Albert Einstein, Sophia Antipolis 06560, Valbonne, France
| | - Emilia Vassileva
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Environment Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, Monaco, Principality of Monaco.
| | - Irena Wysocka
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Environment Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, Monaco, Principality of Monaco; Polish Geological Institute, National Research Institute, Rakowiecka 4, 00-975 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michael Angelidis
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Environment Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, Monaco, Principality of Monaco; University of the Aegean, Department of Environment, Lofos Panepistimiou, 81100 Mytilini, Greece
| | - Martina Rozmaric
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Environment Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, Monaco, Principality of Monaco
| | - Deon Louw
- Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, National Marine Information Research Centre, Strand Street, Swakopmund, Namibia
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Dasgupta R, Crowley BE, Barry Maynard J. Organic and Inorganic Pollutant Concentrations Suggest Anthropogenic Contamination of Soils Along the Manali-Leh Highway, Northwestern Himalaya, India. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 72:505-518. [PMID: 28357447 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0396-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Most studies on roadside soil pollution have been performed in areas where petrol is the main fuel. Very little work has been conducted in regions where diesel predominates. We collected soil samples from four sites that span a precipitation gradient along the Manali-Leh Highway in northwestern Himalaya, India. This road traverses rough terrain and most of the vehicles that travel along it are diesel-driven. At each site, we collected samples at incremental distances from the highway (0, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 150 m), and at each distance we collected samples from three depths (3, 9, and 15 cm). We assessed the concentrations of 10 heavy metals (Al, Fe, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, Co, Zn, V, and Ba), total sulphur, and total organic carbon (TOC) at each distance, and we measured the concentration of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at 2 m from the highway. Overall, we found that metal concentrations are low and there is no relationship between concentrations and distance from the highway, or depth within the soil profile. Sulphur concentrations, on the other hand, are high in roadside soils and there is a negative relationship between concentration and distance from the highway. PAH concentrations are low, but the proportion of different ringed species suggests that their source is anthropogenic. Correlations between TOC and the various pollutants further suggest that diesel vehicles and potentially biomass combustion are starting to affect the roadside environment in remote northwestern India. We suggest that pollutant concentrations be regularly monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Dasgupta
- Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, 500 Geology-Physics Building, 345 Clifton Court, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0013, USA
- Department of Geography, East Calcutta Girls' College, Kolkata, 700070, India
| | - Brooke E Crowley
- Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, 500 Geology-Physics Building, 345 Clifton Court, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0013, USA.
- Department of Anthropology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - J Barry Maynard
- Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, 500 Geology-Physics Building, 345 Clifton Court, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0013, USA
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Wang XS. Black carbon in urban topsoils of Xuzhou (China): environmental implication and magnetic proxy. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2010; 163:41-47. [PMID: 19247790 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-009-0814-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Combustion-derived black carbon has received attention as a form of refractory organic carbon that may be preferentially preserved in soils and sediments. However, little is understood about the environmental roles of black carbon in urban soils. This investigation represented the preliminary study to characterize black carbon (BC) concentrations and enrichment ratios in Xuzhou urban roadside topsoil. Data from 21 roadside topsoil samples showed that the median of BC concentrations is 21.8 mg/g, which is significantly higher than local background value that averages 3.8 mg/g. Hierarchical clustering analysis indicated that BC in Xuzhou urban roadside soils are mainly from the traffic emissions. The marked positive correlations between BC and the concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, Mo, and Sc; Pearson correlation coefficient, 0.623, 0.809, 0.846, 0.742 and 0.831, respectively) suggested that these heavy metals are likely to be strongly retained by BC present in roadside topsoil. The significant positive correlation between BC and specific magnetic susceptibility was also observed. Thus, the simple environmental magnetic method is potentially an efficient alternative technique for assessing BC concentration in roadside topsoil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Song Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, China.
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