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Corwin MT, Schieda N, Remer EM, Caoili EM. Management of incidental adrenal nodules: a survey of abdominal radiologists conducted by the Society of Abdominal Radiology Disease-Focused Panel on Adrenal Neoplasms. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2022; 47:1360-1368. [PMID: 35150313 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-022-03439-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adrenal incidentalomas are common findings discovered at abdominal CT and MRI, yet the most appropriate management remains controversial and guidelines vary. The Society of Abdominal Radiology (SAR) Disease-Focused Panel on Adrenal Neoplasms sought to determine the practice patterns of abdominal radiologists regarding the interpretation and management of adrenal incidentalomas. An electronic survey consisting of eleven multiple choice questions about adrenal incidentalomas was developed and distributed to the email list of current and past SAR members. The response rate was 11.8% (423/3581) and most respondents were academic radiologists (80.6%). The 2017 American College of Radiology White Paper was the most used guideline, yet the management of indeterminate adrenal incidentalomas was highly variable with no single management option reaching a majority. Hormonal evaluation and endocrinology consultation was most often rarely or never recommended. The results of the survey indicate wide variability in the interpretation of imaging findings and management recommendations for incidental adrenal nodules among surveyed radiologists. Further standardization of adrenal incidentaloma guidelines and education of radiologists is needed.
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Yalniz C, Morani AC, Waguespack SG, Elsayes KM. Imaging of Adrenal-Related Endocrine Disorders. Radiol Clin North Am 2020; 58:1099-1113. [PMID: 33040851 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disorders associated with adrenal pathologies can be caused by insufficient adrenal gland function or excess hormone secretion. Excess hormone secretion may result from adrenal hyperplasia or hormone-secreting (ie, functioning) adrenal masses. Based on the hormone type, functioning adrenal masses can be classified as cortisol-producing tumors, aldosterone producing tumors, and androgen-producing tumors, which originate in the adrenal cortex, as well as catecholamine-producing pheochromocytomas, which originate in the medulla. Nonfunctioning lesions can cause adrenal gland enlargement without causing hormonal imbalance. Evaluation of adrenal-related endocrine disorders requires clinical and biochemical workup associated with imaging evaluation to reach a diagnosis and guide management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Yalniz
- Department of Abdominal Imaging, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ajaykumar C Morani
- Department of Abdominal Imaging, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Steven G Waguespack
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Khaled M Elsayes
- Department of Abdominal Imaging, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Schieda N, Davenport MS, Pedrosa I, Shinagare A, Chandarana H, Curci N, Doshi A, Israel G, Remer E, Wang J, Silverman SG. Renal and adrenal masses containing fat at MRI: Proposed nomenclature by the society of abdominal radiology disease-focused panel on renal cell carcinoma. J Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 49:917-926. [PMID: 30693607 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This article proposes a consensus nomenclature for fat-containing renal and adrenal masses at MRI to reduce variability, improve understanding, and enhance communication when describing imaging findings. The MRI appearance of "macroscopic fat" occurs due to a sufficient number of aggregated adipocytes and results in one or more of: 1) intratumoral signal intensity (SI) loss using fat-suppression techniques, or 2) chemical shift artifact of the second kind causing linear or curvilinear India-ink (etching) artifact within or at the periphery of a mass at macroscopic fat-water interfaces. "Macroscopic fat" is most commonly observed in adrenal myelolipoma and renal angiomyolipoma (AML) and only rarely encountered in other adrenal cortical tumors and renal cell carcinomas (RCC). Nonlinear noncurvilinear signal intensity loss on opposed-phase (OP) compared with in-phase (IP) chemical shift MRI (CSI) may be referred to as "microscopic fat" and is due to: a) an insufficient amount of adipocytes, or b) the presence of fat within tumor cells. Determining whether the signal intensity loss observed on CSI is due to insufficient adipocytes or fat within tumor cells cannot be accomplished using CSI alone; however, it can be inferred when other imaging features strongly suggest a particular diagnosis. Fat-poor AML are homogeneously hypointense on T2 -weighted (T2 W) imaging and avidly enhancing; signal intensity loss at OP CSI is uncommon, but when present is usually focal and is caused by an insufficient number of adipocytes within adjacent voxels. Conversely, clear-cell RCC are heterogeneously hyperintense on T2 W imaging and avidly enhancing, with the signal intensity loss observed on OP CSI being typically diffuse and due to fat within tumor cells. Adrenal adenomas, adrenal cortical carcinoma, and adrenal metastases from fat-containing primary malignancies also show signal intensity loss on OP CSI due to fat within tumor cells and not from intratumoral adipocytes. Level of Evidence: 5 Technical Efficacy Stage: 3 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:917-926.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Schieda
- Department of Medical Imaging, From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ivan Pedrosa
- Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Atul Shinagare
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hersch Chandarana
- Department of Radiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nicole Curci
- Department of Radiology, Michigan University, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ankur Doshi
- Department of Radiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gary Israel
- Department of Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Erick Remer
- Department Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jane Wang
- Department of Radiology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stuart G Silverman
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Lam AKY. Lipomatous tumours in adrenal gland: WHO updates and clinical implications. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:R65-R79. [PMID: 28143811 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adrenal lipomatous tumour is a group of adrenal tumours with a significant component of adipose tissue. According to the current World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumours of endocrine organs, adrenal myelolipoma is the only entity amongst the group of tumours being described. In the literature, other more recently documented adrenal lipomatous tumours included 24 lipomas, 32 teratomas and 16 angiomyolipomas. Rare fatty tumours of the adrenal gland comprised liposarcoma, hibernoma, adrenocortical tumours with fat component and rare adrenal tumours with fat component. Myelolipoma comprises approximately 3% of primary adrenal tumour. It is noted more commonly in females and in the right adrenal gland. Approximately 40 bilateral myelolipomas were reported. The tumour is most frequently recorded in patients between fifth and seventh decades of life. Adrenal lipomas are often seen in males and in the right adrenal gland. They were commonly noted in patients in the sixth decade of life. The diagnosis could only be possible on examination of the surgically removed specimen. Adrenal teratomas were more common in females and with a bimodal age distribution. Slightly over 60% of the patients with adrenal teratoma are symptomatic. Adrenal angiomyolipomas were often symptomatic, more common in females and in the fifth decades of life. To conclude, adrenal lipomatous tumour is uncommon. They are often benign and non-functional. It is important to recognize the features of this group of lipomatous tumours in the adrenal gland as they are being detected on increasing incidence as a result of the wide-spread use of modern imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred King-Yin Lam
- Cancer Molecular PathologyMenzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this article is to review the current role of CT and MRI for the characterization of adrenal nodules. CONCLUSION Unenhanced CT and chemical-shift MRI have high specificity for lipid-rich adenomas. Dual-energy CT provides comparable to slightly lower sensitivity for the diagnosis of lipid-rich adenomas but may improve characterization of lipid-poor adenomas. Nonadenomas containing intracellular lipid pose an imaging challenge; however, nonadenomas that contain lipid may be potentially diagnosed using other imaging features. Multiphase adrenal washout CT can be used to differentiate lipid-poor adenomas from metastases but is limited for the diagnosis of hypervascular malignancies and pheochromocytoma.
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Stigliano A, Chiodini I, Giordano R, Faggiano A, Canu L, Della Casa S, Loli P, Luconi M, Mantero F, Terzolo M. Management of adrenocortical carcinoma: a consensus statement of the Italian Society of Endocrinology (SIE). J Endocrinol Invest 2016; 39:103-21. [PMID: 26165270 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-015-0349-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Stigliano
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - I Chiodini
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease Unit, IRCCS Foundation Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - R Giordano
- Department of Clinical and Biological Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - A Faggiano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - L Canu
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - S Della Casa
- Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - P Loli
- Endocrine Unit, Niguarda Cà Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - M Luconi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - F Mantero
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - M Terzolo
- Internal Medicine I, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Launay N, Silvera S, Tenenbaum F, Groussin L, Tissier F, Audureau E, Vignaux O, Dousset B, Bertagna X, Legmann P. Value of 18-F-FDG PET/CT and CT in the Diagnosis of Indeterminate Adrenal Masses. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:213875. [PMID: 25722719 PMCID: PMC4333271 DOI: 10.1155/2015/213875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to study the value of 18-FDG PET/CT and reassess the value of CT for the characterization of indeterminate adrenal masses. 66 patients with 67 indeterminate adrenal masses were included in our study. CT/MRI images and 18F-FDG PET/CT data were evaluated blindly for tumor morphology, enhancement features, apparent diffusion coefficient values, maximum standardized uptake values, and adrenal-to-liver maxSUV ratio. The study population comprised pathologically confirmed 16 adenomas, 19 metastases, and 32 adrenocortical carcinomas. Macroscopic fat was observed in 62.5% of the atypical adenomas at CT but not in malignant masses. On 18F-FDG PET/CT, SUVmax and adrenal-to-liver maxSUV ratio were significantly lower in adenomas than in malignant tumors. An SUVmax value of less than 3.7 or an adrenal-to-liver maxSUV ratio of less than 1.29 is highly predictive of benignity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Launay
- Department of Radiology, Cochin University Hospital, 27 rue du Faubourg St. Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 12 rue de l'École de Medicine, 75006 Paris, France
- *Nathalie Launay:
| | - Stéphane Silvera
- Department of Radiology, Cochin University Hospital, 27 rue du Faubourg St. Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Florence Tenenbaum
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cochin University Hospital, 27 rue du Faubourg St. Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Lionel Groussin
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 12 rue de l'École de Medicine, 75006 Paris, France
- Department of Endocrinology, Cochin University Hospital, 27 rue du Faubourg St. Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Tissier
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 12 rue de l'École de Medicine, 75006 Paris, France
- Department of Anatomopathology, Cochin University Hospital, 27 rue du Faubourg St. Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Etienne Audureau
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 12 rue de l'École de Medicine, 75006 Paris, France
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Hôtel Dieu University Hospital, 1 Parvis Notre Dame-place Jean Paul II, 75004 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Vignaux
- Department of Radiology, Cochin University Hospital, 27 rue du Faubourg St. Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 12 rue de l'École de Medicine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Dousset
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 12 rue de l'École de Medicine, 75006 Paris, France
- Department of Digestive and Endocrine Surgery, Cochin University Hospital, 27 rue du Faubourg St. Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Xavier Bertagna
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 12 rue de l'École de Medicine, 75006 Paris, France
- Department of Endocrinology, Cochin University Hospital, 27 rue du Faubourg St. Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Paul Legmann
- Department of Radiology, Cochin University Hospital, 27 rue du Faubourg St. Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 12 rue de l'École de Medicine, 75006 Paris, France
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Pokharel SS, Macura KJ, Kamel IR, Zaheer A. Current MR imaging lipid detection techniques for diagnosis of lesions in the abdomen and pelvis. Radiographics 2014; 33:681-702. [PMID: 23674769 DOI: 10.1148/rg.333125068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One application of the unique capability of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for characterizing soft tissues is in the specific detection of lipid. Adipose tissue may be abundant in the body, but its presence in a lesion can greatly limit differential diagnostic considerations. This article reviews MR imaging fat detection techniques and discusses lesions in the abdomen and pelvis that can be readily diagnosed by using these techniques. Traditional fat detection methods include inversion-recovery and chemically selective fat-suppression pulse sequences, with the former being less sensitive to field heterogeneity and less tissue specific than the latter. Chemical shift-based sequences, which exploit the inherent resonance frequency difference between lipid and water to depict intracytoplasmic fat, have great utility for evaluating hepatic steatosis and lesions such as adrenal and hepatic adenomas, hepatocellular carcinoma, focal lipomatosis of the pancreas, and adrenal cortical carcinoma. The signal from large amounts of fat can be suppressed by using a narrow radiofrequency pulse for selective excitation of fat protons (ie, fat saturation imaging), a technique that increases image contrast resolution and highlights lesions such as contrast-enhancing tissue, edema, and blood products. This technique is especially useful for evaluating renal angiomyolipomas, adrenal myelolipomas, ovarian teratomas, and liposarcomas. MR spectroscopy is a promising method for quantifying absolute liver fat concentration and changes in hepatic triglyceride content during treatment. New and evolving techniques include magnetization transfer and modified Dixon sequences. A solid understanding of these techniques will help improve the interpretation of abdominal and pelvic imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajal S Pokharel
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Current Update on Cytogenetics, Taxonomy, Diagnosis, and Management of Adrenocortical Carcinoma: What Radiologists Should Know. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2012; 199:1283-93. [DOI: 10.2214/ajr.11.8282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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CT features and quantification of the characteristics of adrenocortical carcinomas on unenhanced and contrast-enhanced studies. Clin Radiol 2011; 67:38-46. [PMID: 21783181 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2011.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM To describe the morphological and contrast-agent washout characteristics of adrenocortical carcinomas (ACCs) on computed tomography (CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-one patients with histopathologically proven ACCs were retrospectively evaluated. The morphological characteristics of the ACCs were documented and compared with surgical and histopathological findings. The percentage of contrast agent enhancement washout (PEW) and relative PEW (RPEW) were calculated for 17 patients who had the combination of unenhanced, portal venous, and 15 min delayed phase images. RESULTS Characteristic imaging findings of ACCs included large size (38 of 41 tumours were >6 cm), well-defined margin with a thin enhancing rim (25 patients), and central stellate area of low attenuation on contrast-enhanced CT images (21 patients). Tumour extension into the inferior vena cava (IVC) with associated thrombus was identified on CT in six (14.6%) patients. Of 17 tumours evaluated, 12 (71%) had a PEW value of ≤60%, and 14 (82%) had an RPEW value of ≤40%. CONCLUSION Large size, a well-defined margin with a thin enhancing rim, central low attenuation, and a predilection for extension into the IVC are typical morphological characteristics of ACC on CT. The contrast-washout characteristics of ACCs, in concordance with their malignant nature, share those of non-adenomas rather than adenomas.
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Egbert N, Elsayes KM, Azar S, Caoili EM. Computed tomography of adrenocortical carcinoma containing macroscopic fat. Cancer Imaging 2010; 10:198-200. [PMID: 21067996 PMCID: PMC2999409 DOI: 10.1102/1470-7330.2010.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of macroscopic fat in an adrenal mass has classically been associated with myelolipoma. Adrenocortical carcinoma is typically an aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis. The presence of macroscopic fat is not a characteristic finding in adreocortical carcinoma or other adrenal malignancies. We report a case of a newly discovered large adrenal mass containing multiple areas of macroscopic fat, which was pathologically proven to represent an adrenocortical carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Egbert
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5030, USA
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Dual-energy CT for characterization of adrenal nodules: initial experience. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010; 194:1479-83. [PMID: 20489086 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.09.3476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether use of dual-energy technique can improve the diagnostic performance of CT in the differential diagnosis of adrenal adenomas and metastatic lesions. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Thirty-one adrenal nodules were prospectively identified in 17 patients who underwent dual-energy CT at 140 and 80 kVp. Attenuation measurements were performed for each nodule at both tube voltages. The mean attenuation change (increase or decrease) between 140 kVp and 80 kVp was determined for each adrenal nodule. RESULTS Twenty-six adrenal nodules were benign adenomas (attenuation less than +10 HU or stability for at least 1 year). Five adrenal nodules were classified as metastatic (rapid growth in 1 year and history of extraadrenal malignancy). The mean attenuation change between 140 kVp and 80 kVp was 0.4 +/- 7.1 HU for adenomas and 9.2 +/- 4.3 HU for metastatic lesions (p < 0.003). Fifty percent of adenomas had an attenuation decrease at 80 kVp. All metastatic lesions had an attenuation increase at 80 kVp. With a decrease in attenuation at 80 kVp as an indicator of intracellular lipid within an adenoma, dual-energy CT has 50% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive value, and 28% negative predictive value in the diagnosis of adenoma. CONCLUSION A decrease in attenuation of an adrenal lesion between 140 kVp and 80 kVp is a highly specific sign of adrenal adenoma. However, because an increase in attenuation at 80 kVp is seen with metastatic lesions and some adenomas, the sensitivity of this test is low. These data suggest that dual-energy CT can be used to help differentiate some lipid-poor adrenal adenomas from metastatic lesions.
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Johnson PT, Horton KM, Fishman EK. Adrenal mass imaging with multidetector CT: pathologic conditions, pearls, and pitfalls. Radiographics 2009; 29:1333-51. [PMID: 19755599 DOI: 10.1148/rg.295095027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The adrenal gland is involved by a range of neoplasms, including primary and metastatic malignant tumors; however, the most common tumor detected is the incidental benign adenoma. Although computed tomographic (CT) findings will not always yield a definitive diagnosis, attention to these findings provides a road map to guide image interpretation. Adenomas typically demonstrate rapid washout, which is defined as an absolute percentage washout (APW) of more than 60% and a relative percentage washout (RPW) of more than 40% on delayed images. Adrenocortical carcinoma typically has an RPW of less than 40%; however, large size and heterogeneity are more reliable indicators of the diagnosis than are washout values. Washout characteristics of pheochromocytoma are variable; in conjunction with high levels of dynamic enhancement, pheochromocytomas may mimic adenoma (ie, APW > 60%, RPW > 40%). Myelolipomas appear as well-defined masses with variable quantities of fat and soft tissue. After contrast material administration, metastases usually demonstrate slower washout on delayed images (APW < 60%, RPW < 40%) than do adenomas, although hypervascular metastases may enhance similarly to pheochromocytoma. Finally, a number of nonadrenal pathologic conditions have been reported to mimic adrenal masses at CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela T Johnson
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiologic Science, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 601 N Caroline St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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Park SB, Lee JH, Jeong YK, Shin SH, Yang MJ, Moon KH, Ji YH. Macroscopic fat-containing adrenocortical carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrex.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ferreira U, Nardi Pedro R, Matheus WE, Prudente A, Mendonça Borges G, Rodrigues Netto N. Open surgical treatment of right-sided adrenal carcinomas >15 cm. Urol Int 2007; 78:46-9. [PMID: 17192732 DOI: 10.1159/000096934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2005] [Accepted: 05/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adrenal carcinomas are rare and are associated with a very poor prognosis. The incidence is estimated to be 1 in 1.7 million which represents 0.02% of all cancers and 0.2% of all cancer mortality. The 5-year survival rate is 38%. The purpose of this paper is to present a single-institution experience in excising right-sided giant adrenal carcinomas, discussing the difficulties and the usage of special surgical devices to facilitate the procedure. PATIENTS AND METHODS During June 2001 to June 2003, 18 patients with right-sided adrenal tumors were treated at the State University of Campinas Hospital--UNICAMP. 4 out of the 18 patients presented lesions >15 cm, representing the study group. The mean age was 37 (range 26-65) years, 3 patients were younger than 35 years, and 2 patients were men. A right-sided extended subcostal incision was the surgical access in 1 patient (case 1) and a right-sided thoracoabdominal incision in the other 3 patients. RESULTS Adrenal cortical carcinoma was the histological diagnosis according to the Weiss criteria; no positive surgical margin was detected, even in those patients with invasion of the hepatic capsule. The median follow-up period was 15 (range 6-30) months. CONCLUSIONS A subcostal extended incision can accomplish broad exposure, if articulated costal retractors are available (used in liver transplantation), otherwise a thoracoabdominal incision is the best option. The most important feature of surgery is to accomplish an efficient hemostasis of the liver parenchyma. Suture and stitches are not suitable for minor vascular structures, and electrocauterization sometimes promotes hepatic lesions and does not provide bleeding control. Thus, the need for special hemostatic means is real, and they should be available in these situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ubirajara Ferreira
- Division of Uro-Oncology, Department of Urology, Hospital de Clínicas de Campinas, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
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Abstract
Diagnosis of incidental adrenal masses is a real challenge to radiologists. The most common incidental tumors of the adrenal gland are adenomas and metastases. This article presents our experience with uncommon adrenal incidentalomas. Most of the magnetic resonance imaging characteristic features are demonstrated. When possible, they are correlated with the findings at gross and microscopic analysis, to help in understanding the mechanisms by which magnetic resonance imaging may aid in the characterization of the incidental adrenal mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hoeffel
- Université Paris - Descartes Faculté Cochin-Port-Royal, Paris, France.
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