Navigated three-dimensional T1-weighted gradient-echo sequence for gadoxetic acid liver magnetic resonance imaging in patients with limited breath-holding capacity

A two-stage cardiac PET and late gadolinium enhancement MRI co-registration method for improved assessment of non-ischemic cardiomyopathies using integrated PET/MR

PURPOSE

Respiratory motion causes mismatches between PET images of the myocardium and the corresponding cardiac MR images in cardiac integrated PET/MR. The mismatch may affect the attenuation correction and the diagnosis of non-ischemic cardiomyopathies. In this study, we present a two-stage cardiac PET and MR late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) co-registration method, which seeks to improve diagnostic accuracy of non-ischemic cardiomyopathies via better image co-registration using an integrated whole-body PET/MR system.

METHODS

The proposed PET and LGE two-stage co-registration method was evaluated through comparison with one-stage direct co-registration and no-registration. One hundred and ninety-one slices of LGE and forty lesions were studied. Two trained nuclear medicine physicians independently assessed the displacement between LGE and PET to qualitatively evaluate the co-registration quality. The changes of the mean SUV in the normal myocardium and the LGE-enhanced lesions before and after image co-registration were measured to quantitatively evaluate the accuracy and value of image co-registration.

RESULTS

The two-stage method had an improved image registration score (4.93 ± 0.89) compared with the no-registration method (3.49 ± 0.84, p value < 0.001) and the single-stage method (4.23 ± 0.81, p value < 0.001). Furthermore, the two-stage method led to increased SUV value in the myocardium (3.87 ± 2.56) compared with the no-registration method (3.14 ± 1.92, p value < 0.001) and the single-stage method (3.32 ± 2.16, p value < 0.001). The mean SUV in the LGE lesion significantly increased from 2.51 ± 2.09 to 2.85 ± 2.35 (p value < 0.001) after the two-stage co-registration.

CONCLUSION

The proposed two-stage registration method significantly improved the co-registration between PET and LGE in integrated PET/MR imaging. The technique may improve diagnostic accuracy of non-ischemic cardiomyopathies via better image co-registration.

REGISTERED NO

DF-2020-085,2020.04.30.

An Intra-individual Comparison between Free-breathing Dynamic MR Imaging of the Liver Using Stack-of-stars Acquisition and the Breath-holding Method Using Cartesian Sampling or View-sharing

PURPOSE

To compare the quality of dynamic imaging between stack-of-stars acquisition without breath-holding (DISCO-Star) and the breath-holding method (Cartesian LAVA and DISCO).

METHODS

This retrospective study was conducted between October 2019 and February 2020. Two radiologists performed visual assessments of respiratory motion or pulsation artifacts, streak artifacts, liver edge sharpness, and overall image quality using a 5-point scale for two datasets: Dataset 1 (n = 107), patients with Cartesian LAVA and DISCO-Star; Dataset 2 (n = 41), patients with DISCO and DISCO-Star at different time points. Diagnosable image quality was defined as ≥ 3 points in overall image quality. Whether the scan timing of the arterial phase (AP) was appropriate was evaluated, and results between the pulse sequences were compared. In cases of inappropriate scan timing in the DISCO-Star group, retrospective reconstruction with a high frame rate (80 phases, 3 s/phase) was added.

RESULTS

The overall image quality of Cartesian LAVA was better than that of DISCO-Star in AP. However, noninferiority was shown in the ratio of diagnosable images between Cartesian LAVA and DISCO-Star in AP. There was no significant difference in the ratio of appropriate scan timing between DISCO-Star and Cartesian LAVA; however, the ratio of appropriate scan timing in DISCO-Star with high frame rate reconstruction was significantly higher than that in Cartesian LAVA in both readers. Overall image quality scores between DISCO and DISCO-Star were not significantly different in AP. There was no significant difference in the ratio of appropriate scan timing between DISCO-Star with high frame rate reconstruction and DISCO in both readers.

CONCLUSION

The use of DISCO-Star with high frame rate reconstruction is a good solution to obtain appropriate AP scan timing compared with Cartesian LAVA. DISCO-Star showed equivalent image quality in all phases and in the ratio of appropriate AP scan timing compared with DISCO.

Importance of Imaging Plane of Gadoxetic Acid--Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Cholangiography for Bile Duct Anatomy in Healthy Liver Donors

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to compare the image quality and accuracy of axial vs coronal contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance cholangiography (CE-MRC) for assessing bile duct anatomy.

METHODS

Data from 313 healthy donors who underwent axial and coronal CE-MRC before liver donation were retrospectively analyzed. Motion artifacts and bile duct visibility were assessed using 4-point scales, with scores ≥3 considered interpretable. The sensitivity and specificity of axial and coronal CE-MRC for diagnosing anatomic variations were compared, as were the proportions of correctly categorized biliary anatomic types.

RESULTS

Axial CE-MRC provided better image quality than coronal CE-MRC in terms of both motion artifacts (3.83 vs 3.17; P < .001) and duct visibility (3.50 vs 3.17, P < .001), resulting in more interpretable images with axial than coronal CE-MRC (92.7% vs 82.1%; P < .001). Among 249 donors with interpretable images, coronal CE-MRC performed significantly better for identifying duct anatomic variation than axial CE-MRC (sensitivity, 96.9% vs 80.4%, P < .001; specificity, 100% vs 96.7%, P = .025). Coronal CE-MRC was significantly better than axial CE-MRC at correctly categorizing anatomic types of right posterior hepatic duct into left hepatic duct and accessory duct with incomplete right hepatic duct.

CONCLUSIONS

With interpretable image quality, coronal CE-MRC performed better than axial CE-MRC for evaluating bile duct anatomy.

Rapid Imaging: Recent Advances in Abdominal MRI for Reducing Acquisition Time and Its Clinical Applications

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays an important role in abdominal imaging. The high contrast resolution offered by MRI provides better lesion detection and its capacity to provide multiparametric images facilitates lesion characterization more effectively than computed tomography. However, the relatively long acquisition time of MRI often detrimentally affects the image quality and limits its accessibility. Recent developments have addressed these drawbacks. Specifically, multiphasic acquisition of contrast-enhanced MRI, free-breathing dynamic MRI using compressed sensing technique, simultaneous multi-slice acquisition for diffusion-weighted imaging, and breath-hold three-dimensional magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography are recent notable advances in this field. This review explores the aforementioned state-of-the-art techniques by focusing on their clinical applications and potential benefits, as well as their likely future direction.

Pseudo-random Trajectory Scanning Suppresses Motion Artifacts on Gadoxetic Acid-enhanced Hepatobiliary-phase Magnetic Resonance Images

Purpose:

Hepatobiliary-phase (HBP) MRI with gadoxetic acid facilitates the differentiation between lesions with and without functional hepatocytes. Thus, high-quality HBP images are required for the detection and evaluation of hepatic lesions. However, the long scan time may increase artifacts due to intestinal peristalsis, resulting in the loss of diagnostic information. Pseudo-random acquisition order disperses artifacts into the background. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical applicability of pseudo-random trajectory scanning for the suppression of motion artifacts on T₁-weighted images including HBP.

Methods:

Our investigation included computer simulation, phantom experiments, and a clinical study. For computer simulation and phantom experiments a region of interest (ROI) was placed on the area with motion artifact and the standard deviation inside the ROI was measured as image noise. For clinical study we subjected 62 patients to gadoxetic acid-enhanced hepatobiliary-phase imaging with a circular- and a pseudo-random trajectory (c-HBP and p-HBP); two radiologists graded the motion artifacts, sharpness of the liver edge, visibility of intrahepatic vessels, and overall image quality using a five-point scale where 1 = unacceptable and 5 = excellent. Differences in the qualitative scores were determined using the two-sided Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

Results:

The image noise was higher on the circular image compared with pseudo-random image (101.0 vs 60.9 on computer simulation image, 91.2 vs 67.7 on axial, 95.5 vs 86.9 on reformatted sagittal image for phantom experiments). For clinical study the score for motion artifacts was significantly higher with p-HBP than c-HBP imaging (left lobe: mean 3.4 vs 3.2, P < 0.01; right lobe: mean 3.6 vs 3.4, P < 0.01) as was the qualitative score for the overall image quality (mean 3.6 vs 3.3, P < 0.01).

Conclusion:

At gadoxetic acid-enhanced hepatobiliary-phase imaging, p-HBP scanning suppressed motion artifacts and yielded better image quality than c-HBP scanning.

Utility of Stack-of-stars Acquisition for Hepatobiliary Phase Imaging without Breath-holding

Purpose:

Post-contrast liver magnetic resonance imaging is typically performed with breath-hold 3D gradient echo sequences. However, breath-holding for >10 s is difficult for some patients. In this study, we compared the quality of hepatobiliary phase (HBP) imaging without breath-holding using the prototype pulse sequences stack-of-stars liver acquisition with volume acceleration (LAVA) (LAVA Star) with or without navigator echoes (LAVA Star_navi+ and LAVA Star_navi−) and Cartesian LAVA with navigator echoes (Cartesian LAVA_navi+).

Methods:

Seventy-two patients were included in this single-center, retrospective, cross-sectional study. HBP imaging using the three LAVA sequences (Cartesian LAVA_navi+, LAVA Star_navi−, and LAVA Star_navi+) without breath-holding was performed for all patients using a 3T magnetic resonance system. Two independent radiologists qualitatively analyzed (overall image quality, liver edge sharpness, hepatic vein clarity, streak artifacts, and respiratory motion/pulsation artifacts) HBP images taken by the three sequences using a five-point scale. Quantitative evaluations were also performed by calculating the liver-to-spleen, -lesion, and -portal vein (PV) signal intensity ratios. The results were compared between the three sequences using the Friedman test.

Results:

LAVA Star_navi+ showed the best image quality and hepatic vein clarity (P < 0.0001). LAVA Star_navi− showed the lowest image quality (P < 0.0001–0.0106). LAVA Star_navi+ images showed fewer streak artifacts than LAVA Star_navi− images (P < 0.0001), while Cartesian LAVA_navi+ images showed no streak artifacts. Cartesian LAVA_navi+ images showed stronger respiratory motion/pulsation artifacts than the others (P < 0.0001). LAVA Star_navi− images showed the highest liver-to-spleen ratios (P < 0.0001–0.0005). Cartesian LAVA_navi+ images showed the lowest liver-to-lesion and -PV ratios (P < 0.0001–0.0108).

Conclusion:

In terms of image quality, the combination of stack-of-stars acquisition and navigator echoes is the best for HBP imaging without breath-holding.

Two-Dimensional Spoiled Gradient-Recalled Echo Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Liver Using Respiratory Navigator-Gating Techniques

OBJECTIVE

We assessed the feasibility of T1-weighted 2-dimensional spoiled gradient-recalled (2D SPGR) acquisition in steady-state imaging of the liver with various respiratory navigator gating techniques.

METHODS

A total of 12 healthy volunteers underwent in-phase and out-of-phase 2D SPGR imaging of the liver during breath-holding and free-breathing. Four techniques for respiratory navigation, 2 conventional navigator techniques and 2 self-navigator techniques, were used for free-breathing imaging.

RESULTS

Good navigator waveforms were obtained in conventional navigation, whereas fluctuations were evident in self navigation. All of the 4 navigator-based methods provided better images in terms of background signals and visual image quality compared with images obtained with no respiratory control. However, differences remained in comparison with breath-holding. Superiority of self-navigation to conventional navigation was not shown.

CONCLUSIONS

Navigator-gating techniques improved 2D SPGR images of the liver acquired during free-breathing, suggesting feasibility and beneficial effects, although navigator-based images were still inferior to breath-hold images.

Single-breath-hold thin-slice gadoxetic acid-enhanced hepatobiliary MR imaging using a newly developed three-dimensional fast spoiled gradient-echo sequence

PURPOSE

To prospectively evaluate the efficacy of a new three-dimensional gradient-echo sequence (Turbo LAVA) that uses undersampled k-space acquisition combined with a two-dimensional parallel imaging technique for hepatobiliary MRI.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sixty patients underwent T1-weighted gadoxetic acid-enhanced hepatobiliary axial MRI during a single breath-hold using both Turbo LAVA (thickness/interval=1.6/0.8mm) and conventional three-dimensional gradient-echo (4/2mm; LAVA) sequences at 3T. Axial 4-mm-thick reformation was performed from Turbo LAVA images. Portal vein-to-liver contrast (PLC), bile duct-to-liver contrast (BLC), and lesion-to-liver contrast (LLC) were compared. Two radiologists independently assessed image quality using a five-point scale. Sagittal 4-mm-thick multiplanar reconstructions (MPR) were performed from both sequences and assessed together with directly obtained 4-mm-thick sagittal LAVA images in terms of sharpness. The paired t-test was used to compare PLC, BLC, and LLC. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare five-point scales.

RESULTS

The mean PLC (P<0.001), BLC (P<0.001), and LLC (P<0.005) were significantly higher for Turbo LAVA than for LAVA; the scores for image noise and sharpness were inferior (P=0.000 and 0.005) and superior (0.005 and 0.157) for Turbo LAVA. There were no significant differences in the scores for bile duct visualization, artifacts, fat suppression quality, overall quality, and focal lesion conspicuity. For sagittal images, MPR Turbo LAVA showed significantly better sharpness than MPR LAVA but showed significantly worse sharpness compared with directly obtained LAVA.

CONCLUSION

High-spatial-resolution single-breath-hold hepatobiliary MRI using Turbo LAVA was feasible. Diagnostic-quality MPR images can be obtained using this sequence.