Surgical approaches to chronic pancreatitis: indications and imaging findings

Epidemiology and burden of adult chronic pancreatitis in South Australia: a 20-year data linkage study

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the epidemiology and burden of adult-onset chronic pancreatitis (CP) in South Australia.

DESIGN

Retrospective case-control study; data linkage.

SETTING

All public adult hospitals in SA.

PARTICIPANTS

Administrative data linkage from South Australia-Northern Territory DataLink was used to ascertain an index cohort of all adults with an initial diagnosis of CP aged >19 years between June 2000 and June 2019. Age- and sex-matched controls were drawn from the general population of SA, adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus and adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (defined by International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision coding).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Hospital visits, days in hospital, emergency department visits, intensive care unit admissions, incidence, prevalence.

RESULTS

A total of 2503 incident index cases with CP were identified. The crude prevalence and incidence were estimated as 195.1 per 100 000 and 10.4 per 100 000 per annum, respectively. Cases of CP averaged more hospital visits for any reason (median 11, IQR 5 to 21.75) than the general population (median 1, IQR 0 to 4) and had a higher healthcare burden than controls with type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes (all p<0.001). Indigenous individuals were over-represented in the cohort (n=358; 14.8% vs 1.5% of the general population) and had higher healthcare utilisation than other patients with CP (p<0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

CP is a significant burden on the SA healthcare system and was more prevalent and more burdensome in Indigenous adults. CP consumes a disproportionate level of public health services. Our findings support further research and preventive efforts, particularly in the Indigenous population.

Surgical approach and short-term outcomes in adults and children undergoing total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation: A report from the Prospective Observational Study of TPIAT

BACKGROUND

Total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation (TPIAT) is a viable option for treating debilitating recurrent acute pancreatitis (RAP) and chronic pancreatitis (CP) in adults and children. No data is currently available regarding variation in approach to operation.

METHODS

We evaluated surgical techniques, islet isolation and infusion approaches, and outcomes and complications, comparing children (n = 84) with adults (n = 195) enrolled between January 2017 and April 2020 by 11 centers in the United States in the Prospective Observational Study of TPIAT (POST), which was launched in 2017 to collect standard history and outcomes data from patients undergoing TPIAT for RAP or CP.

RESULTS

Children more commonly underwent splenectomy (100% versus 91%, p = 0.002), pylorus preservation (93% versus 67%; p < 0.0001), Roux-en-Y duodenojejunostomy reconstruction (92% versus 35%; p < 0.0001), and enteral feeding tube placement (93% versus 63%; p < 0.0001). Median islet equivalents/kg transplanted was higher in children (4577; IQR 2816-6517) than adults (2909; IQR 1555-4479; p < 0.0001), with COBE purification less common in children (4% versus 15%; p = 0.0068). Median length of hospital stay was higher in children (15 days; IQR 14-22 versus 11 days; IQR 8-14; p < 0.0001), but 30-day readmissions were lower in children (13% versus 26%, p = 0.018). Rate of portal vein thrombosis was significantly lower in children than in adults (2% versus 10%, p = 0.028). There were no mortalities in the first 90 days post-TPIAT.

CONCLUSIONS

Pancreatectomy techniques differ between children and adults, with islet yields higher in children. The rates of portal vein thrombosis and early readmission are lower in children.

Pain relief in chronic pancreatitis: endoscopic or surgical treatment? a systematic review with meta-analysis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Pain is one of the consequences of chronic pancreatitis (CP) that has the greatest impact on the quality of life of patients. Endoscopic and surgical interventions, by producing a decrease in intraductal pancreatic pressure, can provide pain relief. This is the first systematic review that includes only randomized clinical trials (RTCs) comparing outcomes in the short-term (less than 2 years) and long-term (more than 2 years) between these two types of interventions.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A comprehensive search of multiple electronic databases to identify RTCs comparing short and long-term pain relief, procedural complications, and days of hospitalization between endoscopic and surgical interventions was performed following the PRISMA guidelines.

RESULTS

Three RCTs evaluating a total of 199 patients (99 in the endoscopy group and 100 in the surgery group) were included in this study. Surgical interventions provided complete pain relief, with statistical difference, in the long-term (16,4% vs 35.7%; RD 0.19; 95% CI 0.03-0.35; p = 0.02; I2 = 0%), without significant difference in short-term (17.5% vs 31.2%; RD 0.14; 95% CI -0.01-0.28; p = 0.07; I2 = 0%) when compared to endoscopy. There was no statistical difference in short-term (17.5% vs 28.1%; RD 0.11; 95% CI -0.04-0.25; p = 0.15; I2 = 0%) and long-term (34% vs 41.1%; RD 0.07; 95% CI -0.10-0.24; p = 0.42; I2 0%) in partial relief of pain between both interventions. In the short-term, both complications (34.9% vs 29.7%; RD 0.05; 95% CI -0.10-0.21; p = 0.50; I2 = 48%) and days of hospitalization (MD -1.02; 95% CI -2.61-0.58; p = 0.21; I2 = 0%) showed no significant differences.

CONCLUSION

Surgical interventions showed superior results when compared to endoscopy in terms of complete long-term pain relief. The number of complications and length of hospitalization in both groups were similar.

Atypical Hepatic Steatosis Patterns on MRI After Total Pancreatectomy With Islet Autotransplant

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this retrospective study was to investigate the prevalence and patterns of hepatic steatosis after total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplant (TPIAT) and to determine if the unique patterns of steatosis seen in this study correlated with islet graft function. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Fifty-two subjects who had undergone MRI after TPIAT were reviewed for the presence of hepatic steatosis. Patterns of steatosis were categorized into three groups: normal (no steatosis), homogeneous, and atypical. Demographics and outcomes were compared between the groups. Islet graft function 1 year after surgery was classified as full graft function, partial graft function, and graft failure. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and Fisher exact tests. RESULTS. Sixty-three percent of patients had steatosis present on MRI after TPIAT (33 subjects of 52 total), and 48% (25/52) exhibited an atypical pattern. Twenty-four percent of the 37 patients who had MRI examinations before TPIAT showed steatosis preoperatively, yet none of these showed an atypical steatosis pattern. Islet graft function was not statistically different between the groups. The only statistically significant variable difference between the groups was body mass index (p = .02). CONCLUSION. Steatosis is a common finding after TPIAT, and atypical steatosis patterns frequently develop after the procedure, implying that the procedure itself is the causal factor. There was no correlation between islet graft function and the presence or pattern of steatosis. An atypical pattern of hepatic steatosis can therefore be considered an incidental finding after TPIAT and does not require additional workup or treatment.

Endoscopic and surgical treatment options for chronic pancreatitis: an imaging perspective

Chronic pancreatitis is a chronic fibro-inflammatory syndrome characterized by chronic pancreatic inflammation leading to fibrosis and scarring. Patients with this multifactorial debilitating illness often require endoscopic or surgical intervention for treatment. Radiologists play a crucial role in pre-therapeutic workup as well as post-treatment imaging of chronic pancreatitis. This review summarizes the most common surgical and endoscopic treatment options that are currently available for chronic pancreatitis, including the implications on imaging.

Value of multidisciplinary collaboration in acute and chronic pancreatitis

Multidisciplinary collaboration (MDC) has been widely adopted in healthcare to optimize patient care. MDC brings several specialized healthcare providers to the table using several methods, including multidisciplinary meetings (MDMs), multidisciplinary clinics, teleconferences, and online multidisciplinary expert panels, to reach the goal of achieving the best diagnosis and treatment plan for complex diseases. Diagnosis and management of acute/chronic pancreatitis is complex which necessitates the development and utilization of MDC. The key members of pancreatitis MDM include gastroenterologists, radiologists, pathologists, hepatobiliary surgeons, chairperson, and a coordinator. After selection of admitted or referred patients, the availability of required information is reviewed, and then each case is discussed. The final diagnosis and treatment plan is confirmed by consensus, especially for complex cases that require endoscopic intervention or pancreatectomy and patients with the possibility of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. It has been shown that MDMs have improved the clinical outcome of patients with acute/chronic pancreatitis. In addition to MDM, the feasibility of multidisciplinary clinics, teleconferences, and online multidisciplinary expert panels for the management of pancreatic disorders has been investigated. Understanding structure, potential advantages, and limitations of MDC will help clinicians and healthcare systems in developing an optimized MDC to improve the management of acute/chronic pancreatitis. This narrative review summarized prior recommendations and explored the impact of MDC on clinical outcomes of patients with pancreatitis. Our recommendations offer a generalizable method that can be utilized by healthcare systems.

Interobserver agreement of computed tomography reporting standards for chronic pancreatitis

AIM

To assess the interobserver agreement of computed tomography (CT) reporting standards for chronic pancreatitis (CP).

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Retrospective analysis of CT of 47 patients (33 males and 11 females, age range 36 to 56 years) with CP who presented with abdominal pain (n = 41), steatorrhea (n = 37), and glucose intolerance (n = 31). The patients underwent CT study using a 16-multidetector CT scanner with a pancreatic protocol including a nonenhanced scan followed by pancreatic phase at 35 s and portal venous phase at 65 s after intravenous injection of nonionic contrast medium. Image analysis was performed by two radiologists according to reporting standards for CP.

RESULTS

There was excellent interobserver agreement (84.8 %) between the two reviewers in CT reporting standards for CP (K = 0.80, 95 % CI 0.75-0.85, P = 0.001). There was good interobserver agreement for pancreatic duct (PD) caliber (K = 0.71, 95 % CI 0.56-0.87, P = 0.001), PD contour (K = 0.76, 95 % CI 0.61-0.91, P = 0.001), PD stricture (K = 0.070, 95 % CI 0.53-0.88, P = 0.001), and distribution of findings (K = 0.69, 95 % CI 0.51-0.86, P = 0.001). There was excellent interobserver agreement for intraductal calculi (K = 0.84, 95 % CI 0.68-0.98, P = 0.001), pancreatic calcifications (K = 0.86, 95 % CI 0.84-0.98, P = 0.001), and pancreatic diameter (K = 0.87, 95 % CI 0.75-0.99, P = 0.001).

CONCLUSION

CT reporting standards for CP is a reliable method for diagnosis of patients with CP.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging as a Valid Noninvasive Tool for the Assessment of Pancreatic Fibrosis

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the noninvasive assessment of pancreatic fibrosis (PF).

METHODS

Fifty-two patients who underwent surgical resection of the pancreas, histological examination of resection margins, preoperative abdominal MRI, and fecal elastase-1 test were enrolled in the study. Pancreatic tissue was identified on the MRI T1-, T2-, and diffusion-weighted imaging sequences. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was measured at the expected resection margin of the pancreas.

RESULTS

There was a significant negative correlation between the ADC mean and histologically determined PF (r = -0.752, P = 0.001). For equal to or greater than 25% of PF, the ADC cutoff value was 1.331 or less, with a sensitivity of 77% and specificity of 88%. The unenhanced T1-weighted signal intensity ratio (T1SI) cutoff value was 172.1 or less. For equal to or greater than 50% of PF, the ADC cutoff value was 1.316 or less with a sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 88%. The highest sensitivity was obtained by combining ADC and T1SI values.

CONCLUSIONS

Combining both the ADC and T1SI measurement allows the detection of early PF with good sensitivity and specificity. Magnetic resonance imaging has the advantage of being noninvasive and widely used in the clinical setting, thus making our results easily transferable to routine clinical practice.