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Zhang L, Xiong L, He S, Liu J, Zhou X, Tang X, Fu S, Wang G. Classification and morphological parameters of the coracoid process in Chinese population. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2022; 30:23094990211069694. [PMID: 35041540 DOI: 10.1177/23094990211069694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The coracoid process is an important anatomical structure of the scapula, which can be used as a landmark in the diagnosis and treatment of scapula related diseases, such as acromioclavicular joint dislocation, anterior shoulder instability, and coracoid fractures. The aim of this study was to classify the coracoid process according to morphology and to measure the morphological parameters of the coracoid process. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 377 dry and intact scapulae were collected and classified in terms of the connection between the shape of coracoid process and common things in life. The anatomical morphology and the position related to acromion and glenoid socket of the coracoid process were measured in each type by three independent researchers with a digital caliper. The measurements were averaged and recorded. RESULTS Based on obvious morphological features, five specific types of the coracoid process were described: Type I, Vertical 8-shape; Type II, Long stick shape; Type III, Short stick shape; Type IV, Water drop shape, and Type V, Wedge shape. Type I (30%) and Type III (29%) were more prevalent in China. The tip width of the coracoid process of Type IV was the shortest and significantly different compared to the other types (p <.05), contrary to the longest in Type V. The tip thickness of the coracoid process of Type I was the shortest and significantly different from the other types (p <.05). CONCLUSIONS The coracoid process was classified into five types based on obvious morphological features. Knowing of morphological classification and anatomical parameters of different types of the coracoid process, to some extent, may be helpful to diagnose and treat the shoulder joint disease, such as acromioclavicular joint dislocation, anterior shoulder instability, and coracoid fractures, and to theoretically reduce postoperative complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Center for Orthopedic Diseases Research, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Expert Workstation in Luzhou, Sichuan Luzhou, China.,Clinical Base of Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Guangdong Province Medical 3D Printing Application Transformation Engineering Technology Research Center, Luzhou, China
| | - Lujing Xiong
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Siyuan He
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaju Liu
- Market Supervision Administration of Luzhou City of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Center for Orthopedic Diseases Research, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Expert Workstation in Luzhou, Sichuan Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaogao Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Center for Orthopedic Diseases Research, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Expert Workstation in Luzhou, Sichuan Luzhou, China
| | - Shijie Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Center for Orthopedic Diseases Research, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Expert Workstation in Luzhou, Sichuan Luzhou, China
| | - Guoyou Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Center for Orthopedic Diseases Research, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Expert Workstation in Luzhou, Sichuan Luzhou, China
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van Bergen CJA, van Bemmel AF, Alta TDW, van Noort A. New insights in the treatment of acromioclavicular separation. World J Orthop 2017; 8:861-873. [PMID: 29312844 PMCID: PMC5745428 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v8.i12.861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A direct force on the superior aspect of the shoulder may cause acromioclavicular (AC) dislocation or separation. Severe dislocations can lead to chronic impairment, especially in the athlete and high-demand manual laborer. The dislocation is classified according to Rockwood. Types I and II are treated nonoperatively, while types IV, V and VI are generally treated operatively. Controversy exists regarding the optimal treatment of type III dislocations in the high-demand patient. Recent evidence suggests that these should be treated nonoperatively initially. Classic surgical techniques were associated with high complication rates, including recurrent dislocations and hardware breakage. In recent years, many new techniques have been introduced in order to improve the outcomes. Arthroscopic reconstruction or repair techniques have promising short-term results. This article aims to provide a current concepts review on the treatment of AC dislocations with emphasis on recent developments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annelies F van Bemmel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Spaarne Gasthuis, Hoofddorp 2134 TM, The Netherlands
| | - Tjarco D W Alta
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Spaarne Gasthuis, Hoofddorp 2134 TM, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur van Noort
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Spaarne Gasthuis, Hoofddorp 2134 TM, The Netherlands
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