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Miller MA, Surek CC. Commentary on: "I Want It to Look Natural": Development and Validation of the FACE-Q Aesthetics Natural Module. Aesthet Surg J 2024; 44:744-745. [PMID: 38537258 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjae064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
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Lin G, Yihao X, Zhang X, You J, Wang H, Zheng R, Tian L, Guo J, Song Z, Fan F. Tunneled Paranasal Augmentation Using Diced Autologous Costal Cartilage in Asian Rhinoplasty: A Comparative Study. Facial Plast Surg 2024. [PMID: 38547925 DOI: 10.1055/a-2296-3105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to the prevalence of anterior maxilla dysplasia in Asian population, paranasal concavity is a common accompaniment to low nose, but its impact on facial harmonization is often underestimated. A retrospective comparative study was conducted on patients diagnosed as low nose with paranasal concavity between June 2017 and June 2021, with a total of 56 patients followed up successfully. The control and observation groups were established according to whether the paranasal augmentation was performed. Demographic data were collected. Cosmetic enhancement was quantitatively evaluated by sagittal planimetry, establishing related anatomical landmarks and measuring columella base prominence (CBP) and alar base prominence (ABP). Subjective evaluation concluded the patient-reported satisfaction (FACE-Q-Rhinoplasty Module and Facial Appearance Module) and the third-party physician assessment (Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale, GAIS).Significant improvements in CBP and ABP were reported both in the control and the observation group (p < 0.01). In postoperative intergroup comparisons, the observation group was superior to the control group regarding ABP values (2.5 ± 0.75 degrees, p < 0.01), FACE-Q-Facial scores (7.49 ± 3.70, p < 0.05), and GAIS scores (p < 0.05). However, no statistical difference was found in CBP values and FACE-Q-Rhinoplasty scores. Paranasal augmentation-related complications included asymmetry of alar bases (6.9%) and facial or intraoral foreign body sensation (34.5%). This study affirmed that paranasal augmentation using diced costal cartilage in rhinoplasty is a safe procedure effective in remedying paranasal concavity and improving facial satisfaction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:: IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxian Lin
- Nasal Reconstruction Centre, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Plastic Surgery Hospital and Institute, Shijingshan District, China
| | - Xu Yihao
- Nasal Reconstruction Centre, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Plastic Surgery Hospital and Institute, Shijingshan District, China
| | - Xulong Zhang
- Nasal Reconstruction Centre, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Plastic Surgery Hospital and Institute, Shijingshan District, China
| | - Jianjun You
- Nasal Reconstruction Centre, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Plastic Surgery Hospital and Institute, Shijingshan District, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Nasal Reconstruction Centre, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Plastic Surgery Hospital and Institute, Shijingshan District, China
| | - Ruobing Zheng
- Nasal Reconstruction Centre, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Plastic Surgery Hospital and Institute, Shijingshan District, China
| | - Le Tian
- Nasal Reconstruction Centre, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Plastic Surgery Hospital and Institute, Shijingshan District, China
| | - Junsheng Guo
- Nasal Reconstruction Centre, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Plastic Surgery Hospital and Institute, Shijingshan District, China
| | - Zhen Song
- Nasal Reconstruction Centre, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Plastic Surgery Hospital and Institute, Shijingshan District, China
| | - Fei Fan
- Nasal Reconstruction Centre, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Plastic Surgery Hospital and Institute, Shijingshan District, China
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Dong G, Chen F, Zhang S, Yan T, Jia Y, Chang Y. Surgical Procedures of the Correction of Severe Static Glabellar Lines by Utilizing Resection with Free Dermal Fat Grafting (FDFG). Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024:10.1007/s00266-024-03984-5. [PMID: 38587672 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-024-03984-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Botulinum toxin alone is unable to sufficiently reduce the muscle in cases of severe static glabellar lines due to the folded skin and dermal breakdown that frequently accompany these conditions. Augmentation of the soft tissue and removal of folded skin at the same time is the final solution. To simultaneously resolve interbrow skin laxity and replenish tissue volume, we present for the first time the method of glabellar lines excision combined with FDFG. METHODS This retrospective study involved 23 patients with moderate-to-severe static glabellar lines underwent resection and/or free dermal fat grafting (FDFG) from June 2022 to June 2023. Fifteen of them underwent glabellar lines excision combined with FDFG, and seven were filled only. These patients were followed up at least 6 months to evaluate the effect. We utilized FACE-Q and WSRS for assessment in order to investigate the clinical results. RESULTS There is no complication such as discoloration, hematoma, infection and palpability in all cases. After 6-15 months of follow-up, all the patients' dynamic and static lines were improved to a certain degree, and the patients were satisfied with the results with the WSRS score decreased from 3.5 ± 0.47 to 1.8 ± 0.62, and FACE-Q assessments in "Line between the eyebrows" decreased from 87 ± 7.39 to 43 ± 10.3. CONCLUSIONS Resection in conjunction with FDFG is a brief, innovative and effective technique to correct static and dynamic severe glabellar wrinkles and maintain an acceptable outcome over an extended period of time which worthy clinical promotion. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxuan Dong
- Department of Medical Cosmetic Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yongan Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Fengchao Chen
- Department of Medical Cosmetic Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yongan Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Siya Zhang
- Department of Medical Cosmetic Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yongan Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Tongtong Yan
- Department of Medical Cosmetic Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yongan Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yulei Jia
- Department of Medical Cosmetic Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yongan Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yeye Chang
- Department of Burn, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hulunbeier, 021000, China
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Klassen AF, Pusic AL, Kaur M, Rae C, Poulsen L, Mansouri J, Tsangaris E, Dayan S, Klok J, Armstrong K, Santosa K, Cano S. Extending the Range of Measurement for Minimally Invasive Treatments by Adding New Concepts to FACE-Q Aesthetics Scales. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2024; 12:e5736. [PMID: 38600967 PMCID: PMC11005895 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000005736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Background The Satisfaction with Face Overall and Psychological Function scales are the most frequently used FACE-Q Aesthetics module scales. This study aimed to extend their range of measurement by adding and testing new concepts. We aimed to create FACE-Q Aesthetics item libraries. Methods In-depth concept elicitation interviews were conducted. Concepts were formed into items and refined through multiple rounds of patient and expert input. The items were tested with people living in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom who had minimally invasive facial aesthetic treatments. Participants were recruited through an online platform (ie, Prolific). Psychometric properties were examined using Rasch measurement theory analysis, test-retest reliability, and construct validity. Results We conducted 26 interviews. New concepts were developed into items and refined with input from 12 experts, 11 clinic patients, and 184 Prolific participants. A sample of 1369 Prolific participants completed 52 appearance and 22 psychological items. After removing 10 and 2 items respectively, the psychometric tests provided evidence of reliability with the person separation index, Cronbach alpha, and test-retest reliability values without extremes of 0.88 or more. For validity, lower scores were associated with looking older than one's age, being more bothered by facial skin laxity, treatment wearing off, and having deeper lines on Merz Assessment scales. Short-form scales formed from the 42 appearance items provide examples of item library application. Conclusions This study provides an innovative means to customize scales to measure appearance and psychological function that maximizes content validity and minimizes respondent burden in the context of minimally invasive treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea L Pusic
- Patient Reported Outcome, Value, and Experience (PROVE) Center, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Manraj Kaur
- Patient Reported Outcome, Value, and Experience (PROVE) Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Charlene Rae
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lotte Poulsen
- Research Unit for Plastic Surgery, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jasmine Mansouri
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elena Tsangaris
- Patient Reported Outcome, Value, and Experience (PROVE) Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | | | - Jennifer Klok
- Dr. Jennifer Klok clinic, West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Stefan Cano
- Modus Outcomes (a company of Thread), Cheltenham, United Kingdom
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Du H, Liang H, Qi Z, Jin X. A Prospective Investigation of Patient Satisfaction and Psychosocial Status Following Facial Bone Contouring Surgery using the Face-Q. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024:10.1007/s00266-024-03990-7. [PMID: 38561574 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-024-03990-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess satisfaction and psychosocial status before and after facial bone contouring surgery using the Face-Q. METHODS The Face-Q, a multimodular patient-reported outcome (PRO) instrument, comprises independently functioning scales and checklists designed to assess outcomes in facial aesthetic patients. A prospective cohort study was conducted from November 2020 to May 2022. Participants undergoing facial bone contouring surgery (reduction mandibuloplasty and/or malarplasty) were asked to complete the Face-Q preoperatively and 12 months postoperatively. Comparative analyses were conducted using normative Face-Q data from 534 matched normal individuals. Face-Q scores were evaluated for each domain on a scale of 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating greater satisfaction with appearance or a superior quality of life. RESULTS A total of 284 patients (274 female and 10 male) completed the Face-Q preoperatively and 12 months postoperatively. Of these, 146 underwent reduction mandibuloplasty, 18 underwent malarplasty, and 120 underwent both procedures. Post-surgery, patients experienced significant improvements in overall appearance, features altered by surgery, and quality of life, excluding the patient-perceived age. Preoperatively, patients demonstrated significantly lower scores compared to normative data, with scores significantly increasing postoperatively to levels representative of the general population. Satisfaction with outcome was significantly correlated with postoperative Face-Q measurements but not preoperatively. CONCLUSION Facial bone contouring surgery significantly improves the satisfaction and quality of life in patients with square faces, reaching a level at least equivalent to the normative population. The use of Face-Q should be highlighted in the clinic practice. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Du
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Haojun Liang
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Zuoliang Qi
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144, China.
| | - Xiaolei Jin
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144, China.
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Rauch S, De Simone P, Bertucci V. Applicability of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures to Aesthetic Medicine Patient Archetypes. Dermatol Surg 2024; 50:86-92. [PMID: 38112412 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000003985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are valuable in understanding patient motivations, setting expectations, and ensuring satisfaction. As the aesthetic industry expands globally, factors that motivate the treatment goals of the aesthetic patient reflect evolving social, cultural, and commercial influences. OBJECTIVE This article will assess the applicability of current PROMs used in aesthetic medicine to an increasingly diverse patient population and consider their ability to measure the underlying motives that drive different types of patients to pursue their specific goals. METHODS PubMed database was searched for studies using PROMs to evaluate the motivations and expectations of aesthetic patients. RESULTS Seven validated aesthetic PROM tools were reviewed against a backdrop of different patient segments as represented by the 4 patient archetypes: Positive Aging, Beautification, Correction, and Transformation. None of the tools could universally represent the individual motivations and expectations of all 4 patient archetypes. CONCLUSION There is a need for updated PROMs in aesthetics that are applicable to patients with different motivations or expected outcomes than the traditional rejuvenation patient. PROMs that help decode patient motivations and that are developed with more diverse patient involvement will help aesthetic clinicians better understand the goals and expectations of new patient segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonne Rauch
- Faculty of Life Science, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario Canada; Division of Dermatology, University of Toronto, Woodbridge, Ontario Canada
| | | | - Vince Bertucci
- Private Practice, Woodbridge, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Dermatology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
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Alper DP, Almeida MN, Hu KG, De Baun HM, Hosseini H, Williams MC, Salib A, Shah J, Persing JA, Alperovich M. Quantifying Facial Feminization Surgery's Impact: Focus on Patient Facial Satisfaction. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2023; 11:e5366. [PMID: 37928639 PMCID: PMC10624460 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000005366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Facial feminization surgery (FFS) has been associated with improving gender dysphoria in transgender patients. This study aimed to quantify the impact of surgery on patient facial satisfaction, using the FACE-Q and a quality-of-life (QoL) survey. Methods Transgender female patients were recruited to complete the FACE-Q and the World Health Organization's QoL Scale-Short Form (WHOQOL-BREF) if they were planning to or had undergone FFS at our institution. FACE-Q modules completed included "Satisfaction with Facial Appearance Overall," individual facial attributes (forehead/eyebrows, nose, cheeks, cheekbone, chin, jawline, and neck), and the WHOQOL-BREF, which assesses patient QoL through four domains (physical, psychological, social relations, and environment). Both matched and unmatched analyses of preoperative versus postoperative cohorts were performed. Results Overall, 48 patients participated in our study and completed 31 FACE-Q surveys preoperatively and 37 postoperatively. On average, patients were 37.2 ± 12.5 years old. FACE-Q scores increased significantly for all facial attributes and for Satisfaction with Facial Appearance Overall between cohorts (P < 0.05). The facial attribute with the greatest increase in satisfaction was the jawline, followed by the nose. The WHOQOL-BREF's psychological and physical domains both improved significantly (P < 0.05). Wait time for surgery of less than 6 months (b = 22.42, P = 0.02) was associated with higher overall facial satisfaction, whereas age at surgery (b = -1.04, P < 0.01) was associated with lower overall facial satisfaction. Conclusions Transgender female patients experienced significant improvements in facial satisfaction and QoL after FFS. Undergoing surgery at a younger age and shorter wait times for surgery were associated with increased overall facial satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P. Alper
- From Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Mariana N. Almeida
- From Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Kevin G. Hu
- From Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Heloise M. De Baun
- Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, N.Y
| | - Helia Hosseini
- From Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Mica C.G. Williams
- From Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Andrew Salib
- From Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Jinesh Shah
- From Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - John A. Persing
- From Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Michael Alperovich
- From Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
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Singh P, Chan K, Dhar S, Ashby I, Krumhuber E, Mosahebi A, Ponniah A. Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in a Facial Reconstruction Case Series Following the Implementation of an Integrated Craniofacial Multidisciplinary Team Clinic, Three-Dimensional Photography, and Computer Modeling. Aesthet Surg J Open Forum 2023; 5:ojad082. [PMID: 37780530 PMCID: PMC10540727 DOI: 10.1093/asjof/ojad082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Facial reconstruction surgery is often a complex and staged process, leading to lengthy reconstructive journeys for patients. The integration of a clinical pathway can give patients a clearer understanding of what to expect at each stage of their reconstructive journey. Objectives The authors demonstrate how the incorporation of multidisciplinary team clinics, three-dimensional (3D) photography, and 3D modeling into an integrated pathway can streamline the process for patients undergoing facial reconstructive surgeries and aid their understanding of their surgeries. Methods A novel clinical pathway was developed for patients undergoing facial reconstructive surgery at a tertiary reconstructive unit in London. A case series was collated of 35 patients who had been through the integrated pathway. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) were assessed using FACE-Q scales, Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale, Self-Perception of Age score, and Ordinal Rank change in facial aesthetic appearance, determined subjectively and objectively. Statistical analysis was performed to calculate mean averages for each scale and PROM. Results High patient satisfaction with overall facial appearance, aging appearance, and the decision-making process was demonstrated. The average perceived improvement in age-related facial appearance was -7.7 years postreconstruction compared with prereconstruction. The Ordinal Rank improvement on facial aesthetic appearance showed considerable improvement, both subjectively and objectively. Conclusions The authors advocate the implementation of an integrated clinical pathway for facial reconstruction, with positive impacts observed in terms of patient satisfaction and objective assessments of facial appearance. Similar principles can be extrapolated to other aspects of reconstructive surgery. Level of Evidence 3
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateush Singh
- Corresponding Author: Mr Prateush Singh, Royal Free Hospital Plastic Surgery Department, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, UK. E-mail:
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Britto JA. Commentary on: Evaluation of the Portable Next-Generation VECTRA H2 3D Imaging System for Measuring Upper Eyelid Area and Volume. Aesthet Surg J 2023; 43:1124-1125. [PMID: 37350515 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjad200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
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Gallo L, Kim P, Yuan M, Gallo M, Thoma A, Voineskos SH, Cano SJ, Pusic AL, Klassen AF. Best Practices for FACE-Q Aesthetics Research: A Systematic Review of Study Methodology. Aesthet Surg J 2023; 43:NP674-NP686. [PMID: 37162009 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjad141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The FACE-Q Aesthetics module is a validated patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) that evaluates perspectives on facial aesthetic treatments. Improper administration and poor study methodology can compromise the validity and interpretation of this PROM. OBJECTIVES This systematic review sought to evaluate the administration and scoring of the FACE-Q Aesthetics scales within the literature. METHODS A search of Ovid Medline, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science was performed on December 20, 2022, with the assistance of a health-research librarian (CRD42022383676). Studies that examined facial aesthetic interventions using the FACE-Q Aesthetics module as a primary or secondary outcome measure were included for analysis. RESULTS There were 114 studies included. The Face Overall (n = 52, 45.6%), Psychological (n = 45, 39.4%), and Social (n = 43, 37.7%) scales were most frequently reported. Errors in FACE-Q administration were identified in 30 (26.3%) studies. The most common error was the presentation of raw ordinal scores rather than the converted Q score (n = 23). Most studies reported a time horizon for their primary analysis (n = 76, 66.7%); however, only 4 studies provided a rationale for this selection. Sample size calculations for the primary outcome were rarely performed (n = 9, 7.9%). CONCLUSIONS There continues to be limitations in PROM administration and the quality of articles that report FACE-Q Aesthetic scale data. The authors suggest that future investigators using the FACE-Q refer to the User's Guide regarding administration and scoring of this scale, report a rationale for the study time horizon, and provide an a priori sample size calculation for the primary outcome of interest.
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Hofmann B. Surgery beyond bodies: Soul surgery and social surgery. Front Surg 2022; 9:950172. [PMID: 36157420 PMCID: PMC9489933 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.950172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Hofmann
- Centre of Medical Ethics, The University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of the Health Sciences, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Gjøvik, Norway
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