Elevation of High-sensitive Troponin T Predicts Mortality After Open Pancreaticoduodenectomy

The Value of Troponin Measurement in Carotid Revascularization: A Scoping Review

PURPOSE

Patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA) or carotid artery stenting (CAS) are at substantially increased risk of short-term and long-term cardiac complications. Still, the role of perioperative troponin in predicting cardiac events remains unclear. The objective was to systematically summarize the existing evidence on the topic and provide directions for further research.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Studies that examined perioperative troponin values and its association with myocardial injury, and/or myocardial infarction (MI), and/or major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and postoperative mortality in exclusively CEA/CAS patients, published in English until March 15, 2022, were retrieved through a systematic search of MEDLINE and Web of Science. The study selection process was independently performed by 2 authors, while the third researcher resolved disagreements.

RESULTS

Four studies with 885 participants met the inclusion criteria. Age, chronic kidney disease, presentation of carotid disease, type of closure (primary closure/venous patch/Dacron/polytetrafluoroethylene patch), coronary artery disease, chronic heart failure, and the long-term use of calcium channel blockers represent risk factors for troponin elevation, which occurred in 11% to 15.3%. Myocardial infarction and MACE occurred in 23.5% to 40%, that is, 26.5% of patients with troponin elevation, respectively, during the first 30 postoperative days. Elevated postoperative troponin levels were significantly associated with adverse cardiac events during the long-term surveillance period. The rates of cardiac-related and all-cause mortality were higher in patients with postoperative troponin elevation.

CONCLUSION

Troponin measurement could be helpful in the prediction of adverse cardiac events. The predictive role of preoperative troponin, the patient population in whom routine troponin sampling should be used, and a comparison of different treatment methods/anesthesia techniques in carotid patients should be further examined.Clinical ImpactThe present scoping review critically appraises the extent and nature of the existing literature data on the predictive value of troponin on the occurrence of cardiac complications in patients undergoing CEA and CAS. In particular, it provides clinicians with essential insights by systematically summarizing the core evidence and identifying knowledge gaps that may direct future research. This, in turn, may significantly alter the current clinical practice and perhaps even reduce the incidence of cardiac complications in patients undergoing CEA/CAS.

ESAIC focused guideline for the use of cardiac biomarkers in perioperative risk evaluation

BACKGROUND

In recent years, there has been increasing focus on the use of cardiac biomarkers in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery.

AIMS

The aim of this focused guideline was to provide updated guidance regarding the pre-, post- and combined pre-and postoperative use of cardiac troponin and B-type natriuretic peptides in adult patients undergoing noncardiac surgery.

METHODS

The guidelines were prepared using Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. This included the definition of critical outcomes, a systematic literature search, appraisal of certainty of evidence, evaluation of biomarker measurement in terms of the balance of desirable and undesirable effects including clinical outcomes, resource use, health inequality, stakeholder acceptance, and implementation. The panel differentiated between three different scopes of applications: cardiac biomarkers as prognostic factors, as tools for risk prediction, and for biomarker-enhanced management strategies.

RESULTS

In a modified Delphi process, the task force defined 12 critical outcomes. The systematic literature search resulted in over 25,000 hits, of which 115 full-text articles formed the body of evidence for recommendations. The evidence appraisal indicated heterogeneity in the certainty of evidence across critical outcomes. Further, there was relevant gradient in the certainty of evidence across the three scopes of application. Recommendations were issued and if this was not possible due to limited evidence, clinical practice statements were produced.

CONCLUSION

The ESAIC focused guidelines provide guidance on the perioperative use of cardiac troponin and B-type natriuretic peptides in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery, for three different scopes of application.

Long-term major adverse cardiovascular events following myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery: meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery is diagnosed following asymptomatic troponin elevation in the perioperative interval. Myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery is associated with high mortality rates and significant rates of major adverse cardiac events within the first 30 days following surgery. However, less is known regarding its impact on mortality and morbidity beyond this time. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to establish the rates of long-term morbidity and mortality associated with myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery.

METHODS

MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched, and abstracts screened by two reviewers. Observational studies and control arms of trials, reporting mortality and cardiovascular outcomes beyond 30 days in adult patients diagnosed with myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery, were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Quality in Prognostic Studies tool. A random-effects model was used for the meta-analysis of outcome subgroups.

RESULTS

Searches identified 40 studies. The meta-analysis of 37 cohort studies found a rate of major adverse cardiac events-associated myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery of 21 per cent and mortality following myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery was 25 per cent at 1-year follow-up. A non-linear increase in mortality rate was observed up to 1 year after surgery. Major adverse cardiac event rates were also lower in elective surgery compared with a subgroup including emergency cases. The analysis demonstrated a wide variety of accepted myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery and major adverse cardiac events diagnostic criteria within the included studies.

CONCLUSION

A diagnosis of myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery is associated with high rates of poor cardiovascular outcomes up to 1 year after surgery. Work is needed to standardize diagnostic criteria and reporting of myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery-related outcomes.

REGISTRATION

This review was prospectively registered with PROSPERO in October 2021 (CRD42021283995).

Evaluation of the cardiovascular risk in patients undergoing major non-cardiac surgery: role of cardiac-specific biomarkers

Major adverse cardiovascular events are frequently observed in patients undergoing major non-cardiac surgery during the peri-operative period. At this time, the possibility to predict cardiovascular events remains limited, despite the introduction of several algorithms to calculate the risk of adverse events, mainly death and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) based on the clinical history, risk factors (sex, age, lipid profile, serum creatinine) and non-invasive cardiac exams (electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, stress tests). The cardiac-specific biomarkers natriuretic peptides (NPs) and cardiac troponins (cTn) have been proposed as additional tools for risk prediction in the peri-operative period, particularly for the identification of myocardial injury in patients undergoing major non-cardiac surgery. The prognostic information from the measurement of BNP/NT-proBNP and hs-cTn is independent and complementary to other important indicators of risk, also including ECG and imaging techniques. Elevated levels of cardiac-specific biomarkers before surgery are associated with a markedly higher risk of MACE during the peri-operative period. BNP/NT-proBNP and hs-cTn should be measured in all patients during the clinical evaluation before surgery, particularly during intermediate- or high-risk surgery, in patients aged >65 years and/or with comorbidities. Several questions remain to be assessed in dedicated clinical studies, such as how to optimize the management of patients with raised cardiac specific biomarkers before surgery, and whether a strategy based on biomarker measurement improves patient outcomes and is cost-effective.

Framingham and American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Pooled Cohort Equations, High-Sensitivity Troponin T, and N-Terminal Pro-Brain-Type Natriuretic Peptide for Predicting Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Events Across the Spectrum of Kidney Dysfunction

Background

Contemporary guidelines recommend using atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease screening tools to guide primary prevention. The performance of these scores is not well known in patients with moderate to advanced chronic kidney disease, particularly in combination with clinically available cardiac biomarkers including N‐terminal pro–brain‐type natriuretic peptide and high‐sensitivity troponin T (hsTnT).

Methods and Results

We studied 1027 participants from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort without self‐reported atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease who were not taking aspirin or statins at enrollment. Framingham Risk Score, Pooled Cohort Equation, N‐terminal pro–brain‐type natriuretic peptide, and hsTnT were measured at baseline. Outcomes included fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiac death. We calculated 10‐fold cross‐validated Harrell’s C‐indices for each risk score and cardiac biomarker alone and in combination. The C‐index (95% CI) for discrimination of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease was 0.72 (0.67, 0.77) for the Framingham Risk Score, and 0.72 (0.67, 0.76) for the Pooled Cohort Equation. HsTnT had comparable discrimination to each risk score, and improved the discrimination of each (change in Framingham 0.029, 95% CI 0.003, 0.055; change in Pooled Cohort Equation 0.027, 95% CI 0.002, 0.052). N‐terminal pro–brain‐type natriuretic peptide had poorer discrimination than the risk scores and did not significantly improve their discrimination (change in Framingham 0.009, 95% CI −0.001, 0.018; change in Pooled Cohort Equation 0.011, 95% CI −0.001, 0.024).

Conclusions

The Framingham Risk Score and Pooled Cohort Equation demonstrated moderate discrimination for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. HsTnT, but not N‐terminal pro–brain‐type natriuretic peptide, improved their discrimination overall. Until chronic kidney disease–specific atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk scores can be developed, it may be worth considering how to incorporate hsTnT into existing clinical risk scores.

Natriuretic Peptides and Troponins to Predict Cardiovascular Events in Patients Undergoing Major Non-Cardiac Surgery

Patients undergoing major surgery have a substantial risk of cardiovascular events during the perioperative period. Despite the introduction of several risk scores based on medical history, classical risk factors and non-invasive cardiac tests, the possibility of predicting cardiovascular events in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery remains limited. The cardiac-specific biomarkers, natriuretic peptides (NPs) and cardiac troponins (cTn) have been proposed as additional tools for risk prediction in the perioperative period. This review paper aims to discuss the value of preoperative levels and perioperative changes in cardiac-specific biomarkers to predict adverse outcomes in patients undergoing major non-cardiac surgery. Based on several prospective observational studies and six meta-analyses, some guidelines recommended the measurement of NPs to refine perioperative cardiac risk estimation in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. More recently, several studies reported a higher mortality in surgical patients presenting an elevation in high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T and I, especially in elderly patients or those with comorbidities. This evidence should be considered in future international guidelines on the evaluation of perioperative risk in patients undergoing major non-cardiac surgery.