Anatomical modifications of the mid palatal suture during ageing: a radiographic study

The comparison of the morphology of the mid-palatal suture between edentulous individuals and dentate jaws shows morphological differences

BACKGROUND

A profound understanding of the evolution and anatomy of the viscero- and neurocranium is quintessentially important for orthodontists. This particularly alludes to structures, which are directly targeted by orthodontic therapy such as the maxilla and the mid-palatal suture. The anatomy of the mid-palatal suture of toothed individuals is well described, whereas little is known about sutures' morphological changes after tooth loss. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the edentulous mid-palatal suture by means of histologic and histomorphometric analysis.

METHODS

Ten mid-palatal sutures of edentulous donors as well as six age- and sex matched dentulous controls were examined. For the histological and histomorphometric analysis (sutural width, obliteration, vascularization and interdigitation) conventional staining protocols (HE, Movat-Pentachrome, Sirius Red) and immunofluorescence (vWF, TRAP) were performed. Histomorphometric analysis was carried out using NIS-elements imaging software.

RESULTS

When compared to dentulous controls, the edentulous investigation group showed a decreased vascularization and sutural width as well as an increased sutural obliteration. Notably, a high variability and inhomogeneity within regard the histomorphometric parameters was seen in edentulous samples.

CONCLUSIONS

The mid-palatal suture of edentulous individuals showed significant morphological differences compared to individuals with toothed jaws. The loss of teeth and thereby functional loading seems to have a considerable impact on sutures' morphology.

Tomographic analysis of midpalatal suture prior to rapid maxillary expansion

INTRODUCTION

In Orthodontics and Facial Orthopedics, the timing of treatment onset may be critical and individual analysis should be applied to promote a favorable treatment planning. In this study, individual analysis of midpalatal suture (MS) and palatal measurements were performed in teenagers and young adult patients treated with rapid maxillary expansion (RME).

DESCRIPTION

Twenty-six patients submitted to RME with a tooth-supported appliance (Hyrax) were evaluated. The inclusion criteria were: minimum age of 14 years, presenting all posterior teeth, diagnosed with transverse maxillary discrepancy, and with a clinical indication for maxillary expansion. The pretreatment CBCT scans of these patients were assessed to obtain the stages of MS maturation (MSM); density ratio (MSD); and palatal length, thickness (anterior, intermediate and posterior) and sagittal area.

RESULTS

The maturation stages present were C, D or E; the density ranged from 0.6 to 1, and lower density (MSD < 0.75) and higher density (MSD ≥ 0.75) groups were determined. Individuals with higher MSD presented smaller sagittal area, compared to the lower density group. Individuals in D and E MSM stages presented smaller sagittal area and intermediate thickness, compared to stage C.

CONCLUSIONS

Smaller palatal sagittal area was observed in the high MSD groups and in the stages D and E of MSM.

Association of the mid-palatal suture morphology to the age and to its density: A CBCT retrospective comparative observational study

OBJECTIVE

The twofold aim of the present investigation was to: 1. evaluate the degree of mid-palatal suture (MPS) maturation via CBCT in relation to patient age, and 2. to determine whether there was a correlation between quantitative (i.e., suture density) and qualitative (i.e., suture morphology) analysis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The stage of mid-palatal suture maturation and suture density ratio were assessed for 160 subjects on CBCTs using five qualitative stages proposed by Angelieri with the addition of three additional stages (i.e., B/C, C/D and D/E) and quantitative grey density scores of Grünheid MPS1,2,3,4 with the addition of parasutural bone and soft palate. The repeatability of both methods was evaluated using Cohen's K.The relationship between midpalatal suture maturation and age was assessed using ANOVA and Classification and Regression Trees (CART) analysis and tabulation and a χ² test for quantitative and qualitative analysis respectively. Statistical significance was assessed using a 5% threshold.

RESULTS

The final sample included 160 CBCTs (80 male,80 female; mean age 23.2±13.5). Both methods were found to be correlated and highly repeatable. In addiction they showed an age-related correlation in MPS morphology.

CONCLUSION

The mid-palatal suture density ratio and the stage of mid-palatal suture maturation has the potential to become useful in clinical practice. In fact, despite the correlation between MPS maturation stage and age, the latter parameter cannot be used as a clinical discriminator due to the great variability between subjects. It is therefore advisable to assess each patient individually on CBCT scans in order to determine treatment choices.

Evaluation of Midpalatal Suture Ossification Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography: A Digital Radiographic Study

BACKGROUND

Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging techniques are the recent rage in the field of oral diagnostic imaging modality. It is noninvasive, faster and lacks anatomic superimposition. Earlier maxillary occlusal radiographs were used to assess and evaluate the mid palatal suture, but being a two dimensional imaging modality it could not assess the ossification process which takes place in multiple planes mostly due to curved nature of the palate. In this study we assessed the mid palatal suture morphology and classify them according to the variants using CBCT images.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 200 CBCT scans (95 males and 105 females) were evaluated in the present study from the archives of an imaging center. As per Angelieri classification the midpalatal suture was classified into five categories (A-E) depending on the degree of ossification that had taken place. Statistical analysis was done by Chi Square test using SPSS version 23.0.

RESULTS

There is statistically significant difference present in the stages of maturity of mid palatal suture in various age groups with Stage B is most common in Group 1 (50%), Stage C most common in Group 2 (60%) and Group 3 (40%) and Stage E more common in Group 4 (50%).

CONCLUSION

The results of the present study showed a wide variation in the initiation time and the degree of ossification and morphology of the midpalatal suture in different age groups. Although there was an increase in the closure of the suture with aging, age is not a reliable criterion for determining the open or closed nature of the suture. This finding is important in providing an idea as to how diverse is the ossification of maxillary sutures.

Quantitative Evaluation of Midpalatal Suture Opening and Its Relation with Zygomaticomaxillary Suture Status in Patients Aged 7-25 Years Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography Images: In an Iranian Population

Objective

The purposes of this study were to determine the midpalatal suture (MPS) opening depth and to assess its relation with the zygomaticomaxillary suture (ZMS) by age with using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).

Materials and Methods

In this cross-sectional study, 167 CBCT scans of patients aged 7-25 years (mean age: 16.04 ± 5.17 years) were selected based on predefined criteria and categorized into four age groups. The mean percentages of the depth of MPS opening at anterior, middle, and posterior regions in the coronal and closure status of ZMS in axial views were determined by a maxillofacial radiologist.

Results

The mean percentages of MPS opening depth at anterior, middle, and posterior regions were 98.20%, 89.27%, and 71.44%, respectively. In these regions, 20-25-year age group showed a significant difference compared with first- and second-age groups. A significant difference was observed in the frequencies of complete MPS opening in different age groups in the middle (P = 0.017) and posterior (P = 0.001) regions. About 80.20% patients had open ZMS bilaterally. The percentages of opening depth in the three regions were 97.8%, 91.8%, and 75.6%, respectively, when ZMS was open on both sides.

Conclusion

Percentage of opening depth of this suture decreased by age. MPS closure starts from the posterior region. ZMS in younger people is usually open on both sides; however, it can be closed on one or both sides by age. An association was observed between bilateral closure or opening of ZMS and mean percentage of MPS opening in the middle and posterior regions.

Assessment of midpalatal suture ossification using cone-beam computed tomography

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

The degree of ossification of the midpalatal suture is an important factor in the selection of treatment procedure, especially in young individuals. Considering the discrepancies in the results of studies on the exact time of the closure of this suture, the present study was undertaken to evaluate ossification and morphology of the suture with the use of CBCT.

METHODS

In the present cross-sectional study, the CBCT images of the maxilla in 144 Iranian subjects (72 males, 72 females) with an age range of 10 to 70 years, referring to a private radiology center in Sari, Iran, were evaluated. The CBCT images were evaluated in the axial cross-sectional slice at 1 mm intervals to determine morphology and the maturation stage of the suture and its degree of ossification. The six developmental stages that were observed were as follows: stage A, a direct line without disturbances; stage B, a scalloped appearance in the suture; stage C, two parallel lines with a scalloped appearance that were connected at some points; stage CD, the anterior portion was similar to stage C, and the posterior region was similar to stage D; stage D, ossification only in the palatine bone; stage E, complete ossification of the suture. The degree of ossification of the suture was calculated with the use of the ratio of the length of the ossified segment to the entire length of the suture. Data were analyzed with Spearman's correlation test, Chi-squared test, t-test, ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal-Wallis test. Intra-observer agreement was calculated with the use of weighted kappa coefficient. Data were analyzed with SPSS 17.

RESULTS

There was a strong correlation between the age groups and the developmental stages of the midpalatal suture in both genders (r=0.681, p<0.001). The ossification process occurred in the posterior to anterior direction in 98% of the cases. There was a significant relationship between aging and the degree of ossification (p<0.001); however, the difference was not significant between the two genders (p=0.193).

CONCLUSION

Although the rate of suture closure increased with aging, age was not a reliable factor alone to determine the developmental stage of the suture. Use of CBCT is necessary in all the patients to determine the degree of ossification and morphology of the midpalatal suture.

Relationship between maturation indices and morphology of the midpalatal suture obtained using cone-beam computed tomography images

Objective

The purpose of this study was to determine whether predicting maturation of the midpalatal suture is possible by classifying its morphology on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images and to investigate relationships with other developmental age indices.

Methods

The morphology of the midpalatal suture was assessed by using CBCT images of 99 patients. Axial plane images of the midpalatal suture were classified into five stages according to the classification scheme. To make the assessment more accurate, the morphology and fusion of the midpalatal suture were additionally investigated on coronal cross-sectional planar images and volume-rendered images. Bone age was evaluated using the hand and wrist method (HWM) and cervical vertebrae method (CVM); dental age (Hellman's index), sex, and chronological age were also assessed. To evaluate relationships among variables, Spearman's rho rank test was performed along with crosstabs using contingency coefficients.

Results

The HWM and CVM showed strong correlations with the maturation stage of the midpalatal suture, while other indices showed relatively weak correlations (p < 0.01). Through crosstabs, the HWM and CVM showed high association values with CBCT stage; the HWM demonstrated slightly higher values (p < 0.0001). Based on the HWM, the midpalatal suture was not fused until stage 6 in both sexes.

Conclusions

Among developmental age indices, the HWM and CVM showed strong correlations and high associations, suggesting that they can be useful in assessing maturation of the midpalatal suture.

Radiographic and microscopic anatomy of the mid-palatal suture in the elderly

In a previous radiological study of the mid-palatal suture, it has been demonstrated that its obliteration was occurring during adult life and varied. In order to determine the histological status of mid-palatal suture in elderly men, 20 human palates aged more than 70 were examined by occlusal radiographs and histological study of the suture. In all palates the suture was ossified in the anterior thirds and made of conjunctive tissue in the posterior third. This particular evolution could be correlated to the mastication forces acting on the maxillary bones during the entire life.