Metagenomic Analysis of the Effect of Enteromorpha prolifera Bloom on Microbial Community and Function in Aquaculture Environment

Outbreaks of Ulva prolifera green tides reduce the network complexity and stability of cooccurring planktonic microbial communities

Ulva prolifera green tides are becoming a worldwide environmental problem, especially in the Yellow Sea, China. However, the effects of the occurrence of U. prolifera green tides on the community organization and stability of surrounding microbiomes have still not been determined. Here, the prokaryotic microbial community network stability and assembly characteristics were systematically analyzed and compared between the green tide and non-green tide periods. U. prolifera blooms weaken the community complexity and robustness of surrounding microbiomes, increasing fragmentation and decreasing diversity. Bacteria and archaea exhibited distinct community distributions and assembly patterns under the influence of green tides, and bacterial communities were more sensitive to outbreaks of green tides. The bacterial communities exhibited a greater niche breadth and a lower phylogenetic distance during the occurrence of U. prolifera green tides compared to those during the non-green tide period while archaeal communities remained unchanged, suggesting that the bacterial communities underwent stronger homogeneous selection and more sensitive to green tide blooms than the archaeal communities. Piecewise structural equation model analysis revealed that the different responses of major prokaryotic microbial groups, such as Cyanobacteria, to environmental variables during green tides, were influenced by the variations in pH and nitrate during green tides and correlated with the salinity gradient during the non-green tide period. This study elucidates the response of the adaptability, associations, and stability of surrounding microbiomes to outbreaks of U. prolifera green tides.

Metatranscriptomic insights into the microbial metabolic activities during an Ulva prolifera green tide in coastal Qingdao areas

Green tide, a typical marine environmental disaster that profoundly influenced the coastal areas, has been occurred consecutively in the South Yellow Sea of China since 2007. Herein, the active microbial community structure and metabolic pathways in Qingdao offshore during an Ulva prolifera green tide were investigated by using metatranscriptomic approach. The dominant active microbial taxa at the outbreak phase were primarily a functional group that can utilize organic matters derived from U. prolifera, such as Lentibacter, Polaribacter and Planktomarina. While the taxa involved in biogeochemical cycles, including Phaeobacter, Pseudomonas and Marinobacterium, dominated the active microbial communities at the decline phase. The expression level of enzymes involved in U. prolifera polysaccharides degradation was significantly higher at the outbreak phase compared to the decline phase. At the same time, the main players Glaciecola and Polarbacter showed similar trends, suggesting that the low competitiveness for nutrients of related microorganisms at this phase made them degrade more U. prolifera polysaccharides to meet their own nutrient needs, thereby accelerating the degradation of U. prolifera. According to KEGG annotation, the biogeochemical pathways including nitrogen cycle, sulfur cycle and methane oxidation altered during the green tide, with thiosulfate oxidation and methane oxidation probably being the crucial pathways at the outbreak and the decline phase respectively. The coupling of sulfide oxidation and denitrification was also observed in this study. Furthermore, the green tide in Qingdao offshore might impact the greenhouse effects induced by CH4 and N2O through influencing the related microbial processes.

Insights into the spatial distributions of bacteria, archaea, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea communities in sediments of Daya Bay, northern South China Sea

Microbe plays an important role in the biogeochemical cycles of the coastal waters. However, comprehensive information about the microbe in the gulf waters is lacking. This study employed high-throughput sequencing and quantitative PCR (qPCR) to investigate the distribution patterns of bacterial, archaeal, ammonia-oxidizing bacterial (AOB), and archaeal (AOA) communities in Daya Bay. Community compositions and principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) exhibited significant spatial characteristics in the diversity and distributions of bacteria, archaea, AOB, and AOA. Notably, various microbial taxa (bacterial, archaeal, AOB, and AOA) exhibited significant differences in different regions, playing crucial roles in nitrogen, sulfur metabolism, and organic carbon mineralization. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) or redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that environmental parameters such as temperature, salinity, nitrate, total nitrogen, silicate, and phosphate strongly influenced the distributions of bacterial, archaeal, AOB, and AOA. This study deepens the understanding of the composition and ecological function of prokaryotes in the bay.

Ulva prolifera Stress in the Yellow Sea of China: Suppressed Antioxidant Capacity and Induced Inflammatory Response of the Japanese Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

As the largest green macroalgal bloom in the Yellow Sea of China, the overgrowth and degradation of Ulva prolifera (U. prolifera) have a harmful effect on marine organisms and the aquaculture industry. However, the regulation mechanism of U. prolifera stress on the antioxidant capacity and inflammatory response of marine fish is still not completely understood. A 15-day exposure experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of U. prolifera stress on the antioxidant capacity and inflammatory response of the Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) (283.11 ± 6.45 g). The results showed that U. prolifera stress significantly decreased their survival rate. Serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and non-specific immune-related enzyme activities were significantly impacted under U. prolifera conditions. Moreover, U. prolifera stress significantly decreased T-AOC, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and catalase (CAT) activities in the liver, while malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were significantly increased. Similarly, antioxidant-related gene (cat, nrf2, and keap1) expressions were synchronously downregulated in the liver under U. prolifera stress. Furthermore, U. prolifera stress significantly upregulated pro-inflammatory gene (tnf-α, il-1β, ifn-γ, and p65) expressions and the phosphorylation levels of the p38 and JNK MAPK pathways in the head kidney. In addition, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related gene and protein expressions were also upregulated in the head kidney. Overall, these results revealed that U. prolifera stress suppressed the antioxidant capacity and induced an inflammatory response in the Japanese flounder. This study could advance the understanding of the adverse effects of U. prolifera stress on marine benthic fish and promote the sustainable development of aquaculture.

Virome reveals effect of Ulva prolifera green tide on the structural and functional profiles of virus communities in coastal environments

Viruses are widely distributed in marine environments, where they influence the transformation of matter and energy by modulating host metabolism. Driven by eutrophication, green tides are a rising concern in Chinese coastal areas, and are a serious ecological disaster that negatively affects coastal ecosystems and disrupts biogeochemical cycles. Although the composition of bacterial communities in green algae has been investigated, the diversity and roles of viruses in green algal blooms are largely unexplored. Therefore, the diversity, abundance, lifestyle, and metabolic potential of viruses in a natural bloom in Qingdao coastal area were investigated at three different stages (pre-bloom, during-bloom, and post-bloom) by metagenomics analysis. The dsDNA viruses, Siphoviridae, Myoviridae, Podoviridae, and Phycodnaviridae, were found to dominate the viral community. The viral dynamics exhibited distinct temporal patterns across different stages. The composition of the viral community varied during the bloom, especially in populations with low abundance. The lytic cycle was most predominant, and the abundance of lytic viruses increased slightly in the post-bloom stage. The diversity and richness of the viral communities varied distinctly during the green tide, and the post-bloom stage favored viral diversity and richness. The total organic carbon, dissolved oxygen, NO^3-, NO^2-, PO₄^3-, chlorophyll-a contents, and temperature variably co-influenced the viral communities. The primary hosts included bacteria, algae, and other microplankton. Network analysis revealed the closer links between the viral communities as the bloom progressed. Functional prediction revealed that the viruses possibly influenced the biodegradation of microbial hydrocarbons and carbon by metabolic augmentation via auxiliary metabolic genes. The composition, structure, metabolic potential, and interaction taxonomy of the viromes differed significantly across the different stages of the green tide. The study demonstrated that the ecological event shaped the viral communities during algal bloom, and the viral communities played a significant role in phycospheric microecology.

Variations in Marine Bacterial and Archaeal Communities during an Ulva prolifera Green Tide in Coastal Qingdao Areas

Green tides caused by Ulva prolifera occur annually in the Yellow Sea, potentially influencing the marine microorganisms. Here, we focused on the variations in marine bacterial and archaeal communities during an U. prolifera green tide in coastal Qingdao areas with Illumina high-throughput sequencing analysis. Our results revealed that the diversity and structure of bacterial and archaeal communities, as well as the organization and structure of microbial co-occurrence networks, varied during the green tide. The decline phase may be favorable to the bacterial and archaeal diversity and richness. The bacterial community, as well as the archaeal community, showed clear variations between the outbreak and decline phases. A simpler and less connected microbial co-occurrence network was observed during the outbreak phase compared with the decline phase. Flavobacteriales and Rhodobacterales separately dominated the bacterial community during the outbreak and decline phase, and Marine Group II (MGII) dominated the archaeal community during the green tide. Combined with microbial co-occurrence network analysis, Flavobacteriales, Rhodobacterales and MGII may be important organisms during the green tide. Temperature, chlorophyll a content and salinity may have an important impact on the variations in bacterial and archaeal communities during the green tide.

Acute damage from the degradation of Ulva prolifera on the environmental microbiota, intestinal microbiota and transcriptome of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

Green tide outbreaks caused by overgrowth of Ulva prolifera in the Yellow Sea of China can cause serious ecological stress with concomitant economic hardships, especially to marine fisheries. In this study, short-term effects (14 days) were evaluated using fresh algae U. prolifera (FU), and a 7-day assessment of the effects of decomposing U. prolifera (DU) algal effluent was conducted to determine the effects on the environmental and intestinal microbiota, intestinal transcriptome and mortality of the commercial marine benthic fish, Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). The results revealed that algal degradation altered the microbial community structure of fish farm water and fish intestines and increased the relative abundance of the pathogens Flavobacteriaceae in water and Vibrio in fish intestines. Fish intestinal tissue structure appeared to be damaged, as indicated in pathological sections, and transcriptome analysis showed intestinal inflammation after exposure, which may have caused an increase in fish mortality. The degradation of U. prolifera led to a bloom of potential pathogenic bacteria and the inflammation of fish intestines, which resulted in disease in the flounder population that reduced fish harvests and might pose a potential health threat.

Effects of ofloxacin on the structure and function of freshwater microbial communities

Ofloxacin (OFL) is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic frequently used in clinic for treating bacterial infections. The discharged OFL would inevitably enter into aquatic ecosystems, affecting the growth of non-target microorganisms, which may result in micro-ecosystem imbalance. To the best of our knowledge, researches in this area are rather sparse. The present study evaluated the response of photosynthetic microorganisms (cyanobacteria, eukaryotic algae) and aquatic microbial community to OFL in a microcosm. Results showed that ofloxacin presented an inhibitory effect on the growth Microcystis aeruginosa. Although 0.1 mg/L OFL has no significant impact on alpha diversity of the microbial communities, it obviously altered the structure and decreased the species interaction of prokaryotic community by reducing the capacities of nitrogen fixation, photosynthetic and metabolic capacity of the microbial community. This study pointed out that the residual OFL in water would disturb the balance of the aquatic micro-ecology, suggesting that more attentions should be given to the negative effects of antibiotics and other bioactive pollutants on aquatic environments.