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Akkaya SN, Almansour A, Altintas R, Sisecioglu M, Adiguzel A. Purification, characterization, optimization, and docking simulation of alkaline protease produced by Brevibacillus agri SAR25 using fish wastes as a substrate. Food Chem 2025; 471:142816. [PMID: 39798358 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.142816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2024] [Revised: 12/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2025] [Indexed: 01/15/2025]
Abstract
Recycling of protein-rich environmental wastes and obtaining more valuable products from these recycled products is a topic of interest for researchers. This study aims to produce, purify, and characterize the physicochemical and structural properties of the protease enzyme produced from Brevibacillus agri SAR25 using salmon fish waste as substrate and also to evaluate the effect of protease on the chicken feather, enzyme-ligand interactions, and active site surface area. The production of protease was optimum on 50 g/L fish waste, pH 8, 40 °C, 96 h, and 150 rpm. The alkaline protease was isolated using three-phase partitioning (TPP), a straightforward and efficient one-step method for purifying enzymes in industrial applications. TPP achieved a purification efficiency of 115 % with a 3.1-fold increase in concentration. As a result, the molecular weight of the purified protease was determined to be 50 kDa under optimal conditions of pH 9 and 45 °C. The 3D structure of the alkaline protease enzyme with the determined ligands was predicted by homology modeling using UCSF Chimera 1.17.3 software. Tween-20 ligand showed the best binding affinity by hydrogen bonding with amino acids 106 A, Asn 133 A, Gly 198, Asn 226, Glu 232 and hydrophobic interaction with His 135, Leu 283 in the active site of the alkaline protease enzyme, thus leading to the discovery of new semisynthetic enzymes of salmon fish waste. The activity and stability of Brevibacillus agri SAR25 alkaline protease over a wide range of temperatures and pH, and its relatively high stability in the presence of various metal ions, organic solvents, and surfactants indicate that it can be used as a biocatalyst for different industrial applications. This could lead to the creation of new enzymes made from recycled biological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sefa Nur Akkaya
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ammar Almansour
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Rahime Altintas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Melda Sisecioglu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Adiguzel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey.
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Elhamdi M, Belhadjletaief C, Hmidet N, Ghorbel S. Proteases and keratinases from Bacillus zhangzhouensis MH1: Practical use in detergent, leather, and waste management processes. Int J Biol Macromol 2025; 284:138036. [PMID: 39592041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.138036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2024] [Revised: 11/15/2024] [Accepted: 11/22/2024] [Indexed: 11/28/2024]
Abstract
Microbial proteases and keratinases find extensive application in both the detergent and leather industries, as well as in poultry waste management. In this study, a multifunctional strain MH1 exhibiting proteolytic and keratinolytic activities was newly isolated and identified as Bacillus zhangzhouensis. To improve its stability, the proteolytic extract was spray-dried and the stability was assessed during two years of storage. The enzyme preparation was fully stable up to 20 months of conservation at 4 °C even in the absence of any protective agent, while the enzymatic half-life at room temperature was twenty months using maltodextrin as a protector additive. MH1 was a feather-decomposing strain producing keratinases (95 U/ml) on feather medium. Therefore, the study evaluated the use of these enzymes in the detergent, tannery, and feed processes. Results showed that the sprayed proteases showed high compatibility with commercial liquid and solid detergents and efficiently removed bloodstains at low wash temperatures. They also revealed significant dehairing activity of cow skin without surface damage. While keratinases effectively transformed chicken feathers into keratin hydrolysate with strong antioxidant activity. Therefore, these enzymes could be a green alternative to hazardous chemicals utilized for detergent, leather, and biodegradation of keratinous waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Elhamdi
- Enzyme Engineering and Microbiology Laboratory, National Engineering School of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Chayma Belhadjletaief
- Enzyme Engineering and Microbiology Laboratory, National Engineering School of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Noomen Hmidet
- Enzyme Engineering and Microbiology Laboratory, National Engineering School of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sofiane Ghorbel
- University of Jeddah, Applied College, Biology Department, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Xia W, Jin M, Li X, Dong C, Han Y. Construction of artificial microbial consortia for efficient degradation of chicken feathers and optimization of degradation conditions. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:312. [PMID: 39198372 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Microbes within a consortium exhibit a synergistic interaction, enhancing their collective capacity to perform functions more effectively than a single species, especially in the degradation of keratin-rich substrates. To achieve a more stable and efficient breakdown of chicken feathers, a comprehensive screening of over 9,000 microbial strains was undertaken. This meticulous selection process identified strains with the capability to degrade keratin effectively. Subsequently, antagonistic tests were conducted to isolate strains of fungi and bacteria that were non-antagonistic, which were then used to form the artificial microbial consortia. The optimal fermentation conditions for the keratinophilic microbial consortia were determined through the optimization of response surface methodology. The results revealed that 11 microbial strains-comprising of 4 fungi and 7 bacteria-were particularly proficient in degrading chicken feathers. The artificially constructed microbial consortia (AMC) comprised two bacterial strains and one fungal strain. The optimal conditions for feathers degradation were identified as a 10 g/L concentration of chicken feathers, a 2.6% microbial inoculation volume and a fermentation fluid pH of 9. Under these conditions, the degradation rate for chicken feathers reached a significant 74.02%, representing an 11.45% increase over the pre-optimization rate. The AMC developed in this study demonstrates the potential for efficient and economical process of livestock and poultry feathers. It provides innovative insights and a theoretical foundation for tackling the challenging degradation of keratin-rich materials. Furthermore, this research lays the groundwork for the separation and purification of keratins, as well as the development of novel proteases, which could have profound implications for a range of applications.
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Grants
- [Qian Ke He [2020] 6005] ?Hundred? Talent Projects of Guizhou Province
- [Qian Ke He [2020] 6005] ?Hundred? Talent Projects of Guizhou Province
- [Qian Ke He [2020] 6005] ?Hundred? Talent Projects of Guizhou Province
- [Qian Ke He [2020] 6005] ?Hundred? Talent Projects of Guizhou Province
- [Qian Ke He [2020] 6005] ?Hundred? Talent Projects of Guizhou Province
- [No.32060011, 32160007, 32260003] The National Natural Science Foundation of China
- [No.32060011, 32160007, 32260003] The National Natural Science Foundation of China
- [No.32060011, 32160007, 32260003] The National Natural Science Foundation of China
- [No.32060011, 32160007, 32260003] The National Natural Science Foundation of China
- [No.32060011, 32160007, 32260003] The National Natural Science Foundation of China
- [GNYL [2017]009] Construction Program of Biology First-class Discipline in Guizhou
- [GNYL [2017]009] Construction Program of Biology First-class Discipline in Guizhou
- [GNYL [2017]009] Construction Program of Biology First-class Discipline in Guizhou
- [GNYL [2017]009] Construction Program of Biology First-class Discipline in Guizhou
- [GNYL [2017]009] Construction Program of Biology First-class Discipline in Guizhou
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencai Xia
- Institute of Fungus Resources, Department of Ecology/Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Mei Jin
- Institute of Fungus Resources, Department of Ecology/Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Xin Li
- Institute of Fungus Resources, Department of Ecology/Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Chunbo Dong
- Institute of Fungus Resources, Department of Ecology/Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Yanfeng Han
- Institute of Fungus Resources, Department of Ecology/Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China.
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Gahatraj I, Roy R, Sharma A, Phukan BC, Kumar S, Kumar D, Pandey P, Bhattacharya P, Borah A. Identification of molecular interactions of pesticides with keratinase for their potential to inhibit keratin biodegradation. In Silico Pharmacol 2024; 12:54. [PMID: 38860143 PMCID: PMC11162408 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-024-00229-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The recalcitrant, fibrous protein keratin is found in the outermost layer of vertebrate skin, feathers, hair, horn, and hooves. Approximately, 10 million tons of keratin wastes are produced annually worldwide, of which around 8.5 million tons are from feather wastes. The biodegradation of keratin has been a challenge due to the lack of understanding of biological parameters that modulate the process. Few soil-borne microbes are capable of producing keratinase enzyme which has the potential to degrade the hard keratin. However, various pesticides are abundantly used for the management of poultry farms and reports suggest the presence of the pesticide residues in feather. Hence, it was hypothesized that pesticides would interact with the substrate-binding or allosteric sites of the keratinase enzyme and interferes with the keratin-degradation process. In the present study, molecular interactions of 20 selected pesticides with the keratinase enzyme were analyzed by performing molecular docking. In blind docking, 14 out of 20 pesticides showed higher inhibitory potential than the known inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonyl flouride, all of which exhibited higher inhibitory potential in site-specific docking. The stability and strength of the protein complexes formed by the top best potential pesticides namely fluralaner, teflubenzuron, cyhalothrin, and cyfluthrin has been further validated by molecular dynamic simulation studies. The present study is the first report for the preliminary investigation of the keratinase-inhibitory potential of pesticides and highlights the plausible role of these pesticides in hindering the biological process of keratin degradation and thereby their contribution in environmental pollution. Graphical abstract Illustration depicting the hypothesis, experimental procedure, and the resultant keratinase-inhibitory potential of selected pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Gahatraj
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011 India
| | - Rubina Roy
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011 India
| | - Anupama Sharma
- Department of Computational Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401 India
| | | | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011 India
| | - Diwakar Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011 India
| | - Piyush Pandey
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011 India
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, 382355 Gandhinagar, Gujarat India
| | - Anupom Borah
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011 India
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Elaine Mankge M, Penistacia Maela M, Mark Abrahams A, Hope Serepa-Dlamini M. Screening of Bacillus spp. bacterial endophytes for protease production, and application in feather degradation and bio-detergent additive. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30736. [PMID: 38765083 PMCID: PMC11098850 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Research on proteases and secondary metabolites from endophytes is an area that requires attention from researchers. In this study, proteases from Bacillus sp. strain MHSD16 and Bacillus sp. strain MHSD17 endophytes were characterised, and their potential biotechnological applications were investigated. Optimum protease production was achieved when isolates were grown in media containing (g/L): glucose 10g, casein 5g, yeast extract 5g, KH2PO4 2g, Na2CO3 10g at pH 9. The crude protease extracts were active in alkaline environments, thus referred to as alkaline proteases with optimal pH of 10. Additionally, Bacillus sp. strain MHSD 16 and Bacillus sp. strain MHSD17 proteases were active at high temperatures, with optimum enzyme activity at 50 °C. Thermostability profiles of these proteases showed that the enzymes were highly stable between (40-60 °C), maintaining over 85 % stability after 120 min incubation at 60 °C. Furthermore, the enzymes were stable and compatible with various household and laundry detergents. In the presence of commercial laundry detergent, OMO® 68 % and 72 % activity was retained for Bacillus sp. strain MHSD16 and Bacillus sp. strain MHSD17, respectively, while 67 % and 68 % activity were retained in the presence of Sunlight®. The potential application for use in detergents was investigated through the removal of blood stains with the crude alkaline extracts displaying efficient stain removal abilities. Feather degradation was also investigated and Bacillus sp. MHSD17 exhibited feather keratin degrading properties more effectively than Bacillus sp. MHSD16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malese Elaine Mankge
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa
| | - Mehabo Penistacia Maela
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa
| | - Adrian Mark Abrahams
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa
| | - Mahloro Hope Serepa-Dlamini
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa
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Song C, Liu R, Yin D, Xie C, Liang Y, Yang D, Jiang M, Zhang H, Shen N. A Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Unveils the Mechanisms of Response in Feather Degradation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Gxun-7. Microorganisms 2024; 12:841. [PMID: 38674785 PMCID: PMC11052024 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial degradation of feathers offers potential for bioremediation, yet the microbial response mechanisms warrant additional investigation. In prior work, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Gxun-7, which demonstrated robust degradation of feathers at elevated concentrations, was isolated. However, the molecular mechanism of this degradation remains only partially understood. To investigate this, we used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to examine the genes that were expressed differentially in P. aeruginosa Gxun-7 when exposed to 25 g/L of feather substrate. The RNA-seq analysis identified 5571 differentially expressed genes; of these, 795 were upregulated and 603 were downregulated. Upregulated genes primarily participated in proteolysis, amino acid, and pyruvate metabolism. Genes encoding proteases, as well as those involved in sulfur metabolism, phenazine synthesis, and type VI secretion systems, were notably elevated, highlighting their crucial function in feather decomposition. Integration of Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) taxonomies, combined with a review of the literature, led us to propose that metabolic feather degradation involves environmental activation, reducing agent secretion, protease release, peptide/amino acid uptake, and metabolic processes. Sulfite has emerged as a critical activator of keratinase catalysis, while cysteine serves as a regulatory mediator. qRT-PCR assay results for 11 selected gene subset corroborated the RNA-seq findings. This study enhances our understanding of the transcriptomic responses of P. aeruginosa Gxun-7 to feather degradation and offers insights into potential degradation mechanisms, thereby aiding in the formulation of effective feather waste management strategies in poultry farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaodong Song
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530000, China; (C.S.); (R.L.); (D.Y.); (C.X.); (Y.L.); (M.J.)
| | - Rui Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530000, China; (C.S.); (R.L.); (D.Y.); (C.X.); (Y.L.); (M.J.)
| | - Doudou Yin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530000, China; (C.S.); (R.L.); (D.Y.); (C.X.); (Y.L.); (M.J.)
| | - Chenjie Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530000, China; (C.S.); (R.L.); (D.Y.); (C.X.); (Y.L.); (M.J.)
| | - Ying Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530000, China; (C.S.); (R.L.); (D.Y.); (C.X.); (Y.L.); (M.J.)
| | - Dengfeng Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Beibu Gulf Marine Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, No. 98, Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China;
| | - Mingguo Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530000, China; (C.S.); (R.L.); (D.Y.); (C.X.); (Y.L.); (M.J.)
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530000, China; (C.S.); (R.L.); (D.Y.); (C.X.); (Y.L.); (M.J.)
| | - Naikun Shen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530000, China; (C.S.); (R.L.); (D.Y.); (C.X.); (Y.L.); (M.J.)
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Gahatraj I, Roy R, Phukan BC, Kumar D, Pandey P, Kumar S, Borah A. Isolation, identification, and molecular characterization of potential keratinolytic fungus sp. from Southern Assam: relevance to poultry wastes and its biological management. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:99. [PMID: 38351393 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03842-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Feather waste is a highly prevalent form of keratinous waste that is generated by the poultry industry. The global daily production of feather waste has been shown to approach 5 million tons, typically being disposed of through methods such as dumping, landfilling, or incineration which contribute significantly to environmental pollutions. The proper management of these keratinous wastes is crucial to avoid environmental contamination. The study was carried out to isolate the keratinolytic fungi from the poultry disposal sites of different region of North-East India to evaluate its potential in bioremediation of the feathers wastes. Out of 12 fungal strains isolated from the sites, the fungus showing the highest zone of hydrolysis on both the skim milk and keratin agar medium was selected for the study and the molecular identification of the isolate was performed through DNA sequence analysis by amplifying the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. The sequence results showed higher similarity (above 95%) with Aspergillus spp. and was named Aspergillus sp. Iro-1. The strain was further analyzed for its feather degrading potential which was performed in submerged conditions under optimized conditions. The study showed that the strain could effectively degrade the feathers validated through weight loss method, and the structural deformations in the feathers were visualized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Aspergillus sp. Iro-1 was obtained from the southern region of Assam. It would be of great importance as the implementation of this sp. can help in the bioremediation of feathers wastes in this region. This is the first study of identification of feather degrading fungus from southern part of Assam (Barak).
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Gahatraj
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India.
| | - Rubina Roy
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India
| | | | - Diwakar Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India
| | - Piyush Pandey
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India
| | - Anupom Borah
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India.
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8
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Revankar AG, Bagewadi ZK, Bochageri NP, Yunus Khan T, Mohamed Shamsudeen S. Response surface methodology based optimization of keratinase from Bacillus velezensis strain ZBE1 and nanoparticle synthesis, biological and molecular characterization. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103787. [PMID: 37705700 PMCID: PMC10495650 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing demands of keratinases for biodegradation of recalcitrant keratinaceous waste like chicken feathers has lead to research on newer potential bacterial keratinases to produce high-value products with biological activities. The present study reports a novel keratinolytic bacterium Bacillus velezensis strain ZBE1 isolated from deep forest soil of Western Ghats of Karnataka, which possessed efficient feather keratin degradation capability and induced keratinase production. Production kinetics depicts maximum keratinase production (11.65 U/mL) on 4th day with protein concentration of 0.61 mg/mL. Effect of various physico-chemical factors such as, inoculum size, metal ions, carbon and nitrogen sources, pH and temperature influencing keratinase production were optimized and 3.74 folds enhancement was evidenced through response surface methodology. Silver (AgNP) and zinc oxide (ZnONP) nanoparticles with keratin hydrolysate produced from chicken feathers by the action of keratinase were synthesized and verified with UV-Visible spectroscopy that revealed biological activities like, antibacterial action against Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli. AgNP and ZnONP also showed potential antioxidant activities through radical scavenging activities by ABTS and DPPH. AgNP and ZnONP revealed cytotoxic effect against MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines with IC50 of 5.47 µg/ml and 62.26 µg/ml respectively. Characterizations of nanoparticles were carried out by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and atomic force microscopy analysis to elucidate the thermostability, structure and surface attributes. The study suggests the prospective applications of keratinase to trigger the production of bioactive value-added products and significant application in nanotechnology in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana G. Revankar
- Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, Karnataka 580031, India
| | - Zabin K. Bagewadi
- Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, Karnataka 580031, India
| | - Neha P. Bochageri
- Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, Karnataka 580031, India
| | - T.M. Yunus Khan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaik Mohamed Shamsudeen
- Department of Diagnostic dental science and Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
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Rahimnahal S, Meimandipour A, Fayazi J, Asghar Karkhane A, Shamsara M, Beigi Nassiri M, Mirzaei H, Hamblin MR, Tarrahimofrad H, Bakherad H, Zamani J, Mohammadi Y. Biochemical and molecular characterization of novel keratinolytic protease from Bacillus licheniformis (KRLr1). Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1132760. [PMID: 37234543 PMCID: PMC10206251 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1132760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The keratin-degrading bacterium Bacillus licheniformis secretes a keratinase with potential industrial interest. Here, the Keratinase gene was intracellularly expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) using pET-21b (+) vector. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that KRLr1 is closely related to Bacillus licheniformis keratinase that belongs to the serine peptidase/subtilisin-like S8 family. Recombinant keratinase appeared on the SDS-PAGE gel with a band of about 38 kDa and was confirmed by western blotting. Expressed KRLr1 was purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography with a yield of 85.96% and then refolded. It was found that this enzyme has optimum activity at pH 6 and 37°C. PMSF inhibited the KRLr1 activity and Ca2+ and Mg2+ increased the KRLr1 activity. Using keratin 1% as the substrate, the thermodynamic values were determined as Km 14.54 mM, kcat 912.7 × 10-3 (S-1), and kcat/Km 62.77 (M-1 S-1). Feather digestion by recombinant enzyme using HPLC method, showed that the amino acids cysteine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and lysine had the highest amount compared to other amino acids obtained from digestion. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of HADDOCK docking results exhibited that KRLr1 enzyme was able to interact strongly with chicken feather keratine 4 (FK4) compared to chicken feather keratine 12 (FK12). These properties make keratinase KRLr1 a potential candidate for various biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayyeh Rahimnahal
- Department of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agriculture Science and Natural Resources University Khouzestan, Ahwaz, Iran
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Meimandipour
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamal Fayazi
- Department of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agriculture Science and Natural Resources University Khouzestan, Ahwaz, Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Karkhane
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shamsara
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadtaghi Beigi Nassiri
- Department of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agriculture Science and Natural Resources University Khouzestan, Ahwaz, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Faculty of Health Science, Laser Research Centre, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Hossein Tarrahimofrad
- Department of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agriculture Science and Natural Resources University Khouzestan, Ahwaz, Iran
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Bakherad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Javad Zamani
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
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Liya SM, Umesh M, Nag A, Chinnathambi A, Alharbi SA, Jhanani GK, Shanmugam S, Brindhadevi K. Optimized production of keratinolytic proteases from Bacillus tropicus LS27 and its application as a sustainable alternative for dehairing, destaining and metal recovery. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 221:115283. [PMID: 36639016 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes the isolation and characterization of Bacillus tropicus LS27 capable of keratinolytic protease production from Russell Market, Shivajinagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, with its diverse application. The ability of this strain to hydrolyze chicken feathers and skim milk was used to assess its keratinolytic and proteolytic properties. The strain identification was done using biochemical and molecular characterization using the 16S rRNA sequencing method. Further a sequential and systematic optimization of the factors affecting the keratinase production was done by initially sorting out the most influential factors (NaCl concentration, pH, inoculum level and incubation period in this study) through one factor at a time approach followed by central composite design based response surface methodology to enhance the keratinase production. Under optimized levels of NaCl (0.55 g/L), pH (7.35), inoculum level (5%) and incubation period (84 h), the keratinase production was enhanced from 41.62 U/mL to 401.67 ± 9.23 U/mL (9.65 fold increase) that corresponds to a feather degradation of 32.67 ± 1.36% was achieved. With regard to the cost effectiveness of application studies, the crude enzyme extracted from the optimized medium was tested for its potential dehairing, destaining and metal recovery properties. Complete dehairing was achieved within 48 h of treatment with crude enzyme without any visible damage to the collagen layer of goat skin. In destaining studies, combination of crude enzyme and detergent solution [1 mL detergent solution (5 mg/mL) and 1 mL crude enzyme] was found to be most effective in removing blood stains from cotton cloth. Silver recovery from used X-ray films was achieved within 6 min of treatment with crude enzyme maintained at 40 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanly Merin Liya
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mridul Umesh
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
| | - Anish Nag
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Arunachalam Chinnathambi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box -2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman Ali Alharbi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box -2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - G K Jhanani
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research (CFTR), Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Sabarathinam Shanmugam
- Chair of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 56, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kathirvel Brindhadevi
- University Centre for Research & Development, Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India.
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Pei XD, Li F, Yue SY, Huang XN, Gao TT, Jiao DQ, Wang CH. Production and characterization of novel thermo- and organic solvent-stable keratinase and aminopeptidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4-3 for effective poultry feather degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:2480-2493. [PMID: 35930154 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22367-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Feather biodegradation is an important premise for efficient resource development and utilization, in which keratinase plays an important role. However, there are few keratinases that combine the high activity, thermal stability, and organic solvent tolerance required for industrialization. This paper reported an efficient feather-degrading Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4-3 isolated from slaughterhouses. After 48 h of fermentation by P. aeruginosa 4-3 in a feather medium at 40 °C, pH 8.0, keratinase was efficiently produced (295.28 ± 5.42 U/mL) with complete feather degradation (95.3 ± 1.5%). Moreover, the keratinase from P. aeruginosa 4-3 showed high optimal temperature (55 °C), good thermal stability, wide pH tolerance, and excellent organic solvent resistance. In addition, P. aeruginosa 4-3-derived aminopeptidases also exhibit excellent thermal stability and organic solvent tolerance. Encouragingly, the reaction of crude keratinase and aminopeptidase with feathers for 8 h resulted in a 78% degradation rate of feathers. These properties make P. aeruginosa 4-3 keratinase and aminopeptidase ideal proteases for potential applications in keratin degradation, as well as provide ideas for the synergistic degradation of keratin by multiple enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Pei
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Yang Yue
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ni Huang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Tian Gao
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Dao-Quan Jiao
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Hua Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China.
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Timorshina S, Popova E, Kreyer V, Baranova N, Osmolovskiy A. Keratinolytic Properties of Aspergillus clavatus Promising for Biodegradation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13939. [PMID: 36360819 PMCID: PMC9655890 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192113939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The high demand for keratinolytic enzymes and the modest presentation of fungal keratinase diversity studies in scientific sources cause a significant interest in identifying new fungal strains of keratinase producers, isolating new enzymes and studying their properties. Four out of the 32 cultures showed a promising target activity on protein-containing agar plates-Aspergillus amstelodami A6, A. clavatus VKPM F-1593, A. ochraceus 247, and Cladosporium sphaerospermum 1779. The highest values of keratinolytic activity were demonstrated by extracellular proteins synthesized by Aspergillus clavatus VKPM F-1593 cultivated under submerged conditions on a medium containing milled chicken feathers. The enzyme complex preparation was obtained by protein precipitation from the culture liquid with ammonium sulfate, subsequent dialysis, and lyophilization. The fraction of a pure enzyme with keratinolytic activity (pI 9.3) was isolated by separating the extracellular proteins of A. clavatus VKPM F-1593 via isoelectric focusing. The studied keratinase was an alkaline subtilisin-like non-glycosylated protease active over a wide pH range with optimum keratinolysis at pH 8 and 50 °C.
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