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Park JS, Ma H, Roh YS. Ubiquitin pathways regulate the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 193:114764. [PMID: 34529948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic liver disease (CLD) is considered the leading cause of global mortality. In westernized countries, increased consumption of alcohol and overeating foods with high fat/ high glucose promote progression of CLD such as alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and non-alcoholic liver disease (NAFLD). Accumulating evidence and research suggest that ubiquitin, a 75 amino acid protein, plays crucial role in the pathogenesis of CLD through dynamic post-translational modifications (PTMs) exerting diverse cellular outcomes such as protein degradation through ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy, and regulation of signal transduction. In this review, we present the function of ubiquitination and latest findings on diverse mechanism of PTMs, UPS and autophagy which significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cirrhosis, and HCC. Despite its high prevalence, morbidity, and mortality, there are only few FDA approved drugs that could be administered to CLD patients. The goal of this review is to present a variety of pathways and therapeutic targets involving ubiquitination in the pathogenesis of CLD. Further, this review summarizes collective views of pharmaceutical inhibition or activation of recent drugs targeting UPS and autophagy system to highlight potential targets and new approaches to treat CLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Su Park
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, South Korea
| | - Hwan Ma
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Roh
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, South Korea.
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The Prevalence of Nodular Regenerative Hyperplasia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients Treated with Thioguanine Is Not Associated with Clinically Significant Liver Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016; 22:2112-20. [PMID: 27482972 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nodular regenerative hyperplasia (NRH) of the liver is associated with inflammatory-mediated diseases and certain drugs. There is conflicting data on the prevalence of NRH and its clinical implications in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients treated with thioguanine. METHODS A retrospective cohort study involving 7 Dutch centers comprised all IBD patients who were being treated with thioguanine and underwent a liver biopsy as part of the standard toxicity screening. Liver biopsy specimens were reviewed by 2 experienced liver pathologists. Clinical data as well as liver chemistry, blood counts, and abdominal imaging were collected. RESULTS One hundred eleven IBD patients who submitted to liver biopsy were treated with thioguanine in a daily dose of 0.3 mg/kg for a median duration of 20 (4-64) months. NRH was detected in 6% of patients (7; 95% confidence interval, 3-14 patients). Older age (P = 0.02), elevated gamma-glutamyl transferase (P = 0.01) and alkaline phosphatase (P = 0.01) levels, a higher mean corpuscular volume (P = 0.02), and a lower platelet or leukocyte count (P < 0.01 and P = 0.02, respectively) were associated with NRH. Three of the 7 patients with NRH did not have any associated clinical symptoms or signs. The other 4 had minor biochemical abnormalities only. Ultrasonography revealed splenomegaly in 3 of the 78 patients (4%; 95% confidence interval, 0%-9%), only one of whom had NRH. There was no clinically overt portal hypertension. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of NRH was 6% in liver biopsies obtained from IBD patients treated with thioguanine. Histopathological irregularities including NRH were not associated with clinically significant findings over the period of observation.
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Steatosis and steatohepatitis: complex disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:9924-44. [PMID: 24897026 PMCID: PMC4100130 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15069924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) which includes steatosis and steatohepatitis, in particular non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is a rising health problem world-wide and should be separated from alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH). NAFLD is regarded as hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome (MetSy), being tightly linked to obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Development of steatosis, liver fibrosis and cirrhosis often progresses towards hepatocellular carcinogenesis and frequently results in the indication for liver transplantation, underlining the clinical significance of this disease complex. Work on different murine models and several human patients studies led to the identification of different molecular key players as well as epigenetic factors like miRNAs and SNPs, which have a promoting or protecting function in AFLD/ASH or NAFLD/NASH. To which extent they might be translated into human biology and pathogenesis is still questionable and needs further investigation regarding diagnostic parameters, drug development and a better understanding of the genetic impact. In this review we give an overview about the currently available knowledge and recent findings regarding the development and progression of this disease.
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Lackner C. Hepatocellular ballooning in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: the pathologist's perspective. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 5:223-31. [PMID: 21476917 DOI: 10.1586/egh.11.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an important complication of the metabolic syndrome. The increasing prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is paralleled by an increasing prevalence of NAFLD, which has become one of the most common chronic liver diseases. NAFLD comprises a morphological spectrum ranging from nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), characterized by accumulation of fat in hepatocytes, to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The key histological features of NASH accepted by most pathologists include steatosis, hepatocellular ballooning and lobular inflammation, whereas, like in other chronic liver diseases, the presence of fibrosis is not considered a requirement for the diagnosis. The diagnosis of NASH and the distinction from NAFL carries important prognostic and therapeutic implications because NASH, in contrast to NAFL, is associated with an increased risk of progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatocellular ballooning is a key feature required for the diagnosis of NASH and a component of currently used histological grading and staging systems of NAFLD. However, it represents an ill-defined form of liver cell injury associated with cell swelling and rounding of the cytoplasm, the detection of which is prone to intra- as well as inter-observer variation. Some of the factors that may contribute to ballooning are the rearrangement of the intermediate filament cytoskeleton, accumulation of small-droplet fat in the cytoplasm and dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum. The rearrangement of the intermediate filament cytoskeleton can be demonstrated by the loss of keratin 8/18 immunostaining of the cytoplasm, and may thus be evaluated in the future as a marker for the more objective detection of hepatocellular ballooning in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Lackner
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 25, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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Jayakumar S, Guillot S, Argo C, Redick J, Caldwell S. Ultrastructural findings in human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 5:141-5. [PMID: 21476907 DOI: 10.1586/egh.11.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Caldwell S, Ikura Y, Dias D, Isomoto K, Yabu A, Moskaluk C, Pramoonjago P, Simmons W, Scruggs H, Rosenbaum N, Wilkinson T, Toms P, Argo CK, Al-Osaimi AMS, Redick JA. Hepatocellular ballooning in NASH. J Hepatol 2010; 53:719-23. [PMID: 20624660 PMCID: PMC2930100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatocellular ballooning is a key finding in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). It is conventionally defined by hemotoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining showing enlarged cells with rarefied cytoplasm and recently by changes in the cytoskeleton. Fat droplets are emerging as important organelles in cell metabolism. To address a possible relation between fat droplets and ballooning, we studied fat staining, H&E, and keratin 18 staining in human NASH. METHODS Sequential staining and high resolution imaging were used to study freshly prepared cryo-sections from 10 patients with histologically confirmed steatohepatitis using oil red O for fat droplet identification, H&E to identify ballooning, and anti-K18 to confirm cytoskeletal changes. High resolution images were captured at each stage using the Aperio Scanscope. To provide ultrastructural correlation, glutaraldehyde-fixed specimens were studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with serial sectioning for localization of ballooned cells by light microscopy and TEM in identical specimens. RESULTS Serial staining consistently demonstrated that hepatocellular ballooning is associated with fat droplet accumulation evident by oil red O positivity and depletion of cytoplasmic keratin 18 with K-18 positive Mallory-Denk bodies (MDB). TEM confirmed the association between osmium stained fat droplets, MDB formation, and cellular enlargement and suggested droplet-associated dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate a relationship between cellular ballooning, fat droplet accumulation, and cytoskeletal injury in NASH. We speculate that injury to multiple, organelles including fat droplets and endoplasmic reticulum, contribute to this characteristic finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Caldwell
- GI/Hepatology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Yoshihiro Ikura
- Department of Pathology, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daniela Dias
- GI/Hepatology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA,Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador-Bahia, Brazil
| | - Kosuke Isomoto
- Department of Pathology, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akito Yabu
- Department of Pathology, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | - Winsor Simmons
- GI/Hepatology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA,Surgical Therapeutic Advancement Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Harriet Scruggs
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | | | - Timothy Wilkinson
- Academic Computing Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Patsy Toms
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Curtis K Argo
- GI/Hepatology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | | | - Jan A Redick
- The Advanced Microscopy Facility, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
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Aigelsreiter A, Janig E, Stumptner C, Fuchsbichler A, Zatloukal K, Denk H. How a cell deals with abnormal proteins. Pathogenetic mechanisms in protein aggregation diseases. Pathobiology 2007; 74:145-58. [PMID: 17643060 DOI: 10.1159/000103374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Defective protein folding is responsible for many diseases. Although these diseases seem to be quite diverse at the first glance, there is evidence for common pathogenetic principles. The basis of the pathological changes is the cell's inability to prevent protein misfolding, to revert misfolded proteins to normal or to eliminate misfolded proteins by degradation. This could result in deposition of potentially cytotoxic protein aggregates (protein aggregation diseases). Chronic degenerative diseases of the central nervous system (e.g. Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease), the amyloidoses, but also chronic liver diseases, for example alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, belong to this category of disorders. This review highlights general pathogenic principles of protein aggregation diseases based on immunohistochemical and biochemical studies as well as observations in a mouse model for protein aggregation in the context of alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. The cellular defense mechanisms involved in protein quality control as well as the pathogenesis of protein aggregation diseases will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aigelsreiter
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Bryk SG, Censullo ML, Wagner LK, Rossman LL, Cohen AM. Endovascular and interventional procedures in obese patients: a review of procedural technique modifications and radiation management. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2006; 17:27-33. [PMID: 16415130 DOI: 10.1097/01.rvi.0000186953.44651.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
As the prevalence of obesity in the United States continues to increase, the volume of endovascular and fluoroscopically guided procedures is also increasing. With obese patients, it often seems the only consideration is whether the table weight tolerance can accommodate the patient. This is a naive approach to performing procedures in obese patients, as there are multiple considerations involved in providing state-of-the-art endovascular and interventional care to obese patients. A growing collection of literature is beginning to surface regarding the appropriate modifications in the interventional care of these patients. This article reviews the relevant literature on this important subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott G Bryk
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin, MSB2.100, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Altunkaynak Z. EFFECTS OF HIGH FAT DIET INDUCED OBESITY ON FEMALE RAT LIVERS (A HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY). ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF GENERAL MEDICINE 2005. [DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/82319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Fickert P, Trauner M, Fuchsbichler A, Stumptner C, Zatloukal K, Denk H. Mallory body formation in primary biliary cirrhosis is associated with increased amounts and abnormal phosphorylation and ubiquitination of cytokeratins. J Hepatol 2003; 38:387-94. [PMID: 12663227 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(02)00439-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Animal studies revealed a key role of toxic bile acids in the regulation of hepatocytic cytokeratin (CK) expression and Mallory body (MB) formation. In this study, we compared CK expression, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and control livers to determine whether bile acid-induced CK alterations are associated with cytoskeletal alterations and MB formation in a prototypic chronic cholestatic liver disease. METHODS CK 8 and CK 18 mRNA and protein levels were investigated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Intermediate filament (IF) cytoskeletal alterations were assessed by immunofluorescence microscopy using antibodies against CKs, CK phosphoepitopes, MBs, and ubiquitin. RESULTS Despite unchanged mRNA levels, CK 8 and CK 18 protein levels were significantly elevated in PBC suggesting stabilization of CKs, possibly due to decreased degradation. CK-IF alterations in PBC comprised increased density with abnormal phosphorylation of the IF network of hepatocytes in acinar zone 1 and in the periphery of cirrhotic nodules. In addition, in these areas hepatocytes with diminished IF network containing MBs consisting of abnormally phosphorylated and ubiquitinated CK were observed. CONCLUSIONS These findings support our concept that IF cytoskeletal alterations and MB formation in cholestatic liver diseases are related to bile acid-induced cell stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fickert
- Department of Medicine, Karl-Franzens University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 25, A-8036 Graz, Austria
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Fickert P, Trauner M, Fuchsbichler A, Stumptner C, Zatloukal K, Denk H. Bile acid-induced Mallory body formation in drug-primed mouse liver. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 161:2019-26. [PMID: 12466118 PMCID: PMC1850910 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64480-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2002] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cholestasis is associated with retention of bile acids and profound cytoskeletal alterations in hepatocytes including Mallory body (MB) formation. The mechanisms responsible for MB formation in cholestatic liver diseases are unclear. The aim of our study was to determine the relevance of cholestasis and bile acids for MB formation. For this purpose mice received a 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC)-supplemented diet for 2.5 months to induce MB formation. After recovery from DDC intoxication for 4 weeks followed by disappearance of MBs, these drug-primed mice were subjected to DDC refeeding, common bile duct ligation (CBDL), and feeding of a cholic acid (CA)-supplemented diet for 7 days, respectively. Cytokeratin (CK) 8 and CK 18 expression was studied by competitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. Cytoskeletal alterations of hepatocytes and MB formation were monitored by immunofluorescence microscopy and immunohistochemistry using CK-, ubiquitin-, and MB-specific antibodies. Like DDC refeeding, both CBDL and CA feeding of drug-primed mice significantly increased CK 8 and CK 18 mRNA and protein levels (with excess of CK 8) and resulted in ubiquitination and abnormal phosphorylation of CKs. Furthermore, CBDL and CA feeding resulted in rapid neoformation of MBs in drug-primed mice. It is concluded that MB formation in cholestatic liver diseases may be triggered by the action of potentially toxic bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fickert
- Department of Medicine, Karl-Franzens University, Auenbruggerplatz 25, A-8036 Graz, Austria
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