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He J, Du M, Chen Y, Liu Y, Zhang J(K, Fu W, Lei A, Wang J. Fatty Acid Accumulations and Transcriptome Analyses Under Different Treatments in a Model Microalga Euglena gracilis. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.884451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the continuous growth of the world’s population and the increasing development of industrialization, the demand for energy by human beings has been expanding, resulting in an increasingly severe energy crisis. Microalgae are considered the most potential alternatives to traditional fossil fuels due to their many advantages, like fast growth rate, strong carbon sequestration capacity, and low growth environment requirements. Euglena can use carbon sources such as glucose, ethanol, and others for heterotrophic growth. Moreover, Euglena is highly adaptable to the environment and has a high tolerance to various environmental stresses, such as salinity, heavy metals, antibiotics, etc. Different treatments of Euglena cells could affect their growth and the accumulation of bioactive substances, especially fatty acids. To expand the industrial application of Euglena as a potential biodiesel candidate, we determine the physiological responses of Euglena against environmental stresses (antibiotics, heavy metals, salinity) or carbon resources (glucose and ethanol), and evaluate the potential for higher quality and yield of fatty acid with a high growth rate. Adding glucose into the culture media increases cell biomass and fatty acid production with high-quality biodiesel characters. The transcriptome analysis helped explore the possible regulation and biosynthesis of fatty acids under different treatments and exploited in the improvement of biodiesel production. This study provides insights for further improvement and various culture treatments for Euglena-based biodiesel and jet fuels.
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Novák Vanclová AMG, Zoltner M, Kelly S, Soukal P, Záhonová K, Füssy Z, Ebenezer TE, Lacová Dobáková E, Eliáš M, Lukeš J, Field MC, Hampl V. Metabolic quirks and the colourful history of the Euglena gracilis secondary plastid. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1578-1592. [PMID: 31580486 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Euglena spp. are phototrophic flagellates with considerable ecological presence and impact. Euglena gracilis harbours secondary green plastids, but an incompletely characterised proteome precludes accurate understanding of both plastid function and evolutionary history. Using subcellular fractionation, an improved sequence database and MS we determined the composition, evolutionary relationships and hence predicted functions of the E. gracilis plastid proteome. We confidently identified 1345 distinct plastid protein groups and found that at least 100 proteins represent horizontal acquisitions from organisms other than green algae or prokaryotes. Metabolic reconstruction confirmed previously studied/predicted enzymes/pathways and provided evidence for multiple unusual features, including uncoupling of carotenoid and phytol metabolism, a limited role in amino acid metabolism, and dual sets of the SUF pathway for FeS cluster assembly, one of which was acquired by lateral gene transfer from Chlamydiae. Plastid paralogues of trafficking-associated proteins potentially mediating fusion of transport vesicles with the outermost plastid membrane were identified, together with derlin-related proteins, potential translocases across the middle membrane, and an extremely simplified TIC complex. The Euglena plastid, as the product of many genomes, combines novel and conserved features of metabolism and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Zoltner
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, 252 50, Czechia
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Steven Kelly
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Petr Soukal
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, 252 50, Czechia
| | - Kristína Záhonová
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, 252 50, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, 710 00, Czechia
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czechia
| | - Zoltán Füssy
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czechia
| | - ThankGod E Ebenezer
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Eva Lacová Dobáková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czechia
| | - Marek Eliáš
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, 710 00, Czechia
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czechia
| | - Mark C Field
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czechia
| | - Vladimír Hampl
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, 252 50, Czechia
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Inwongwan S, Kruger NJ, Ratcliffe RG, O'Neill EC. Euglena Central Metabolic Pathways and Their Subcellular Locations. Metabolites 2019; 9:E115. [PMID: 31207935 PMCID: PMC6630311 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9060115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Euglenids are a group of algae of great interest for biotechnology, with a large and complex metabolic capability. To study the metabolic network, it is necessary to know where the component enzymes are in the cell, but despite a long history of research into Euglena, the subcellular locations of many major pathways are only poorly defined. Euglena is phylogenetically distant from other commonly studied algae, they have secondary plastids bounded by three membranes, and they can survive after destruction of their plastids. These unusual features make it difficult to assume that the subcellular organization of the metabolic network will be equivalent to that of other photosynthetic organisms. We analysed bioinformatic, biochemical, and proteomic information from a variety of sources to assess the subcellular location of the enzymes of the central metabolic pathways, and we use these assignments to propose a model of the metabolic network of Euglena. Other than photosynthesis, all major pathways present in the chloroplast are also present elsewhere in the cell. Our model demonstrates how Euglena can synthesise all the metabolites required for growth from simple carbon inputs, and can survive in the absence of chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahutchai Inwongwan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK.
| | - Nicholas J Kruger
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK.
| | - R George Ratcliffe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK.
| | - Ellis C O'Neill
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK.
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Vesteg M, Hadariová L, Horváth A, Estraño CE, Schwartzbach SD, Krajčovič J. Comparative molecular cell biology of phototrophic euglenids and parasitic trypanosomatids sheds light on the ancestor of Euglenozoa. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1701-1721. [PMID: 31095885 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic trypanosomatids and phototrophic euglenids are among the most extensively studied euglenozoans. The phototrophic euglenid lineage arose relatively recently through secondary endosymbiosis between a phagotrophic euglenid and a prasinophyte green alga that evolved into the euglenid secondary chloroplast. The parasitic trypanosomatids (i.e. Trypanosoma spp. and Leishmania spp.) and the freshwater phototrophic euglenids (i.e. Euglena gracilis) are the most evolutionary distant lineages in the Euglenozoa phylogenetic tree. The molecular and cell biological traits they share can thus be considered as ancestral traits originating in the common euglenozoan ancestor. These euglenozoan ancestral traits include common mitochondrial presequence motifs, respiratory chain complexes containing various unique subunits, a unique ATP synthase structure, the absence of mitochondria-encoded transfer RNAs (tRNAs), a nucleus with a centrally positioned nucleolus, closed mitosis without dissolution of the nuclear membrane and nucleoli, a nuclear genome containing the unusual 'J' base (β-D-glucosyl-hydroxymethyluracil), processing of nucleus-encoded precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs) via spliced-leader RNA (SL-RNA) trans-splicing, post-transcriptional gene silencing by the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway and the absence of transcriptional regulation of nuclear gene expression. Mitochondrial uridine insertion/deletion RNA editing directed by guide RNAs (gRNAs) evolved in the ancestor of the kinetoplastid lineage. The evolutionary origin of other molecular features known to be present only in either kinetoplastids (i.e. polycistronic transcripts, compaction of nuclear genomes) or euglenids (i.e. monocistronic transcripts, huge genomes, many nuclear cis-spliced introns, polyproteins) is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Vesteg
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, 974 01, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Hadariová
- Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec (BIOCEV), 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anton Horváth
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Carlos E Estraño
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152-3560, USA
| | - Steven D Schwartzbach
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152-3560, USA
| | - Juraj Krajčovič
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of ss. Cyril and Methodius, 917 01, Trnava, Slovakia
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Photo and Nutritional Regulation of Euglena Organelle Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28429322 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54910-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Euglena can use light and CO2, photosynthesis, as well as a large variety of organic molecules as the sole source of carbon and energy for growth. Light induces the enzymes, in this case an entire organelle, the chloroplast, that is required to use CO2 as the sole source of carbon and energy for growth. Ethanol, but not malate, inhibits the photoinduction of chloroplast enzymes and induces the synthesis of the glyoxylate cycle enzymes that comprise the unique metabolic pathway leading to two carbon, ethanol and acetate, assimilation. In resting, carbon starved cells, light mobilizes the degradation of the storage carbohydrate paramylum and transiently induces the mitochondrial proteins required for the aerobic metabolism of paramylum to provide the carbon and energy required for chloroplast development. Other mitochondrial proteins are degraded upon light exposure providing the amino acids required for the synthesis of light induced proteins. Changes in protein levels are due to increased and decreased rates of synthesis rather than changes in degradation rates. Changes in protein synthesis rates occur in the absence of a concomitant increase in the levels of mRNAs encoding these proteins indicative of photo and metabolic control at the translational rather than the transcriptional level. The fraction of mRNA encoding a light induced protein such as the light harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein of photosystem II, (LHCPII) associated with polysomes in the dark is similar to the fraction associated with polysomes in the light indicative of photoregulation at the level of translational elongation. Ethanol, a carbon source whose assimilation requires carbon source specific enzymes, the glyoxylate cycle enzymes, represses the synthesis of chloroplast enzymes uniquely required to use light and CO2 as the sole source of carbon and energy for growth. The catabolite sensitivity of chloroplast development provides a mechanism to prioritize carbon source utilization. Euglena uses all of its resources to develop the metabolic capacity to utilize carbon sources such as ethanol which are rarely in the environment and delays until the rare carbon source is no longer available forming the chloroplast which is required to utilize the ubiquitous carbon source, light and CO2.
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Hadariová L, Vesteg M, Birčák E, Schwartzbach SD, Krajčovič J. An intact plastid genome is essential for the survival of colorless Euglena longa but not Euglena gracilis. Curr Genet 2016; 63:331-341. [PMID: 27553633 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-016-0641-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Euglena gracilis growth with antibacterial agents leads to bleaching, permanent plastid gene loss. Colorless Euglena (Astasia) longa resembles a bleached E. gracilis. To evaluate the role of bleaching in E. longa evolution, the effect of streptomycin, a plastid protein synthesis inhibitor, and ofloxacin, a plastid DNA gyrase inhibitor, on E. gracilis and E. longa growth and plastid DNA content were compared. E. gracilis growth was unaffected by streptomycin and ofloxacin. Quantitative PCR analyses revealed a time dependent loss of plastid genes in E. gracilis demonstrating that bleaching agents produce plastid gene deletions without affecting cell growth. Streptomycin and ofloxacin inhibited E. longa growth indicating that it requires plastid genes to survive. This suggests that evolutionary divergence of E. longa from E. gracilis was triggered by the loss of a cytoplasmic metabolic activity also occurring in the plastid. Plastid metabolism has become obligatory for E. longa cell growth. A process termed "intermittent bleaching", short term exposure to subsaturating concentrations of reversible bleaching agents followed by growth in the absence of a bleaching agent, is proposed as the molecular mechanism for E. longa plastid genome reduction. Various non-photosynthetic lineages could have independently arisen from their photosynthetic ancestors via a similar process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Hadariová
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina G-1, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Matej Vesteg
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, 974 01, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Erik Birčák
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina G-1, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | | | - Juraj Krajčovič
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina G-1, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic. .,Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of ss. Cyril and Methodius, 917 01, Trnava, Slovakia.
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Siniauskaya MG, Danilenko NG, Lukhanina NV, Shymkevich AM, Davydenko OG. Expression of the chloroplast genome: Modern concepts and experimental approaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079059716050117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Krajčovič J, Schwartzbach SD. Euglenoid flagellates: a multifaceted biotechnology platform. J Biotechnol 2014; 202:135-45. [PMID: 25527385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Euglenoid flagellates are mainly fresh water protists growing in highly diverse environments making them well-suited for a multiplicity of biotechnology applications. Phototrophic euglenids possesses complex chloroplasts of green algal origin bounded by three membranes. Euglena nuclear and plastid genome organization, gene structure and gene expression are distinctly different from other organisms. Our observations on the model organism Euglena gracilis indicate that transcription of both the plastid and nuclear genome is insensitive to environmental changes and that gene expression is regulated mainly at the post-transcriptional level. Euglena plastids have been proposed as a site for the production of proteins and value added metabolites of biotechnological interest. Euglena has been shown to be a suitable protist species to be used for production of several compounds that are used in the production of cosmeceuticals and nutraceuticals, such as α-tocopherol, wax esters, polyunsaturated fatty acids, biotin and tyrosine. The storage polysaccharide, paramylon, has immunostimulatory properties and has shown a promise for biomaterials production. Euglena biomass can be used as a nutritional supplement in aquaculture and in animal feed. Diverse applications of Euglena in environmental biotechnology include ecotoxicological risk assessment, heavy metal bioremediation, bioremediation of industrial wastewater and contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Krajčovič
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Steven D Schwartzbach
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152-3560, USA
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A small portion of plastid transcripts is polyadenylated in the flagellate Euglena gracilis. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:783-8. [PMID: 24492004 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Euglena gracilis possesses secondary plastids of green algal origin. In this study, E. gracilis expressed sequence tags (ESTs) derived from polyA-selected mRNA were searched and several ESTs corresponding to plastid genes were found. PCR experiments failed to detect SL sequence at the 5'-end of any of these transcripts, suggesting plastid origin of these polyadenylated molecules. Quantitative PCR experiments confirmed that polyadenylation of transcripts occurs in the Euglena plastids. Such transcripts have been previously observed in primary plastids of plants and algae as low-abundance intermediates of transcript degradation. Our results suggest that a similar mechanism exists in secondary plastids.
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Hrdá Š, Fousek J, Szabová J, Hampl V, Hampl V, Vlček Č. The plastid genome of Eutreptiella provides a window into the process of secondary endosymbiosis of plastid in euglenids. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33746. [PMID: 22448269 PMCID: PMC3308993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Euglenids are a group of protists that comprises species with diverse feeding modes. One distinct and diversified clade of euglenids is photoautotrophic, and its members bear green secondary plastids. In this paper we present the plastid genome of the euglenid Eutreptiella, which we assembled from 454 sequencing of Eutreptiella gDNA. Comparison of this genome and the only other available plastid genomes of photosynthetic euglenid, Euglena gracilis, revealed that they contain a virtually identical set of 57 protein coding genes, 24 genes fewer than the genome of Pyramimonas parkeae, the closest extant algal relative of the euglenid plastid. Searching within the transcriptomes of Euglena and Eutreptiella showed that 6 of the missing genes were transferred to the nucleus of the euglenid host while 18 have been probably lost completely. Euglena and Eutreptiella represent the deepest bifurcation in the photosynthetic clade, and therefore all these gene transfers and losses must have happened before the last common ancestor of all known photosynthetic euglenids. After the split of Euglena and Eutreptiella only one additional gene loss took place. The conservation of gene content in the two lineages of euglenids is in contrast to the variability of gene order and intron counts, which diversified dramatically. Our results show that the early secondary plastid of euglenids was much more susceptible to gene losses and endosymbiotic gene transfers than the established plastid, which is surprisingly resistant to changes in gene content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Štěpánka Hrdá
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Parasitology, Prague, Czech Republic
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Cardi T, Giegé P, Kahlau S, Scotti N. Expression Profiling of Organellar Genes. ADVANCES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2920-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Żmieńko A, Guzowska-Nowowiejska M, Urbaniak R, Pląder W, Formanowicz P, Figlerowicz M. A tiling microarray for global analysis of chloroplast genome expression in cucumber and other plants. PLANT METHODS 2011; 7:29. [PMID: 21952044 PMCID: PMC3195753 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-7-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plastids are small organelles equipped with their own genomes (plastomes). Although these organelles are involved in numerous plant metabolic pathways, current knowledge about the transcriptional activity of plastomes is limited. To solve this problem, we constructed a plastid tiling microarray (PlasTi-microarray) consisting of 1629 oligonucleotide probes. The oligonucleotides were designed based on the cucumber chloroplast genomic sequence and targeted both strands of the plastome in a non-contiguous arrangement. Up to 4 specific probes were designed for each gene/exon, and the intergenic regions were covered regularly, with 70-nt intervals. We also developed a protocol for direct chemical labeling and hybridization of as little as 2 micrograms of chloroplast RNA. We used this protocol for profiling the expression of the cucumber chloroplast plastome on the PlasTi-microarray. Owing to the high sequence similarity of plant plastomes, the newly constructed microarray can be used to study plants other than cucumber. Comparative hybridization of chloroplast transcriptomes from cucumber, Arabidopsis, tomato and spinach showed that the PlasTi-microarray is highly versatile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Żmieńko
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, Poznan, Poland
| | - Magdalena Guzowska-Nowowiejska
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 166, Warsaw, Poland
- Current Address: Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, P.O. Box 2543, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Radosław Urbaniak
- Institute of Computing Science, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 2, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Pląder
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 166, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Formanowicz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, Poznan, Poland
- Institute of Computing Science, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 2, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Figlerowicz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, Poznan, Poland
- Institute of Computing Science, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 2, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
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