Cardiovascular system changes in rheumatoid arthritis patients with continued low disease activity

Correlation between myocardial work and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction: a retrospective study based on non-invasive pressure-strain loop：

BACKGROUND

Early cardiac damage is very common in RA patients, but it is usually subclinical. Therefore, finding a non-invasive method for the early detection and treatment of cardiac damage in autoimmune diseases is particularly important.diac dam RA ，。，。 OBJECTIVE: To evaluate left ventricular function changes in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) using left ventricular pressure-strain loop (LV-PSL) technology and to explore the correlation between myocardial work (MW) and disease activity.- （LV-PSL） （LVEF） （RA） ， （MW） 。 METHODS: A total of 62 RA patients with preserved LVEF, treated at Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University from January 2021 to September 2023, were included. Patients were categorized into low (25), medium (18), and high (19) disease activity groups based on the 28 joint disease activity score (DAS28). A control group of 29 healthy individuals was also established. LV-PSL technology assessed left ventricular global longitudinal strain (GLS) and MW parameters: global constructive work (GCW), global wasted work (GWW), global work index (GWI), and global work efficiency (GWE). Correlations between MW parameters, GLS, LVEF, and DAS28 scores were analyzed. 2021 1 20239 62 LVEF RA 。 28 （DAS28） （25） 、 （18） （19） 。 29 。LV-PSL （GLS） MW ： （GCW）、 （GWW）、 （GWI） （GWE）。 MW 、 GLS 、 LVEF DAS28 。 RESULTS: There were no significant differences in general data between study and control groups (p > 0.05). However, laboratory indicators (RF, CRP, ESR) showed significant differences (p < 0.05). GWI, GCW, GWE, and GLS were significantly lower in the high disease activity group compared to controls (p < 0.05). GWI, GCW, and GWE were positively correlated with LVEF and absolute GLS, while GWW correlated negatively with LVEF (p < 0.05). （p > 0.05）。， （RF、CRP、ESR） （p < 0.05）。， GWI、GCW、GWE GLS （p < 0.05）。GWI、GCW GWE LVEF GLS ， GWW LVEF （p < 0.05）。 （p > 0.05）。， （RF、CRP、ESR） （p < 0.05）。， GWI、GCW、GWE GLS （p < 0.05）。GWI、GCW GWE LVEF GLS ， GWW LVEF （p < 0.05）。 CONCLUSION: RA disease activity is closely associated with impaired myocardial work. LV-PSL technology effectively monitors myocardial function abnormalities in RA patients, providing valuable insights for clinical management. Key Points • Myocardial work is significantly impaired in RA patients with high disease activity. • Left ventricular pressure-strain loop (LV-PSL) technology effectively assesses cardiac function in this patient population. • Increased disease activity correlates with reduced myocardial work parameters.

Incidence Rate of Cardiovascular Events in Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Observational Cohort Study in Saudi Arabia

Purpose

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) doubles the morbidity of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and leads to a 50% increase in mortality compared to the general population. This study aims to estimate the CVD incidence among RA patients in Saudi Arabia (SA), vital for assessing CVD burdens within this group.

Patients and Methods

This retrospective study took place at two centers in the Eastern Province of SA, including all adult RA patients who visited the rheumatology clinic from 2016 to 2021 and were prescribed disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). CVD incidence was determined by the diagnosis of ischemic heart disease (IHD), stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA), venous thromboembolism (VTE), heart failure (HF), and arrhythmia post-RA diagnosis. Additional data collected included demographics, CVD risk factors, comorbidities, RA-related factors, and medication usage.

Results

The study comprised 651 patients, 80.5% of whom were females with an average age of 51. The overall CVD incidence was 11.2 per 1000 person-years, with males experiencing five times more incidents than females. The prevalence of CVD risk factors included 18.7% with hypertension, 7.8% with hyperlipidemia, 18.9% with diabetes, and 42.9% with obesity. Significant predictors of CVD were male gender and RA duration, with adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of 3.17 (95% CI 1.10 to 9.14, P=0.033) and 64.81 (95% CI 3.68 to 1140.6, P=0.004), respectively.

Conclusion

This unique study from SA examined the CVD incidence in RA patients, identifying long disease duration and male gender as significant predictors. Effective reduction of CVD risk in RA patients requires aggressive management of modifiable risk factors and regular risk assessments.

The importance of speckle tracking echocardiography in the evaluation of cardiac functions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Objectives

In this study, we aimed to analyze the layer-specific strain values obtained by speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) method in the determination of subclinical cardiac dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients.

Patients and methods

Between February 2019 and October 2019, a total of 63 female RA patients (mean age: 51.82±6.07 years; range, 40 and 65 years) who had a confirmed diagnosis were included. Thirty-one age-matched female healthy individuals (mean age: 50.71±5.37 years; range, 40 and 65 years) were selected as the control group. The patients were divided into three groups according to the duration of disease as <5 years, 5-10 years and >10 years. The Disease Activity Score in 28 joint - C-reactive protein (CRP) was used to determine disease activation. The standard assessment included complete serum CRP, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide, rheumatoid factor, N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and homocysteine. Global longitudinal strain (GLS) analysis was performed with STE.

Results

The NT-proBNP values were found to be higher in RA patients compared to the control group (p=0.044). In terms of conventional echocardiographic parameters, a significant difference between E/A and E/E' ratios was observed (p<0.001 and p=0.015). Endocardium, transmural, and epicardium GLS values obtained by STE were found to be lower in RA patients (p<0.05). The left ventricular (LV) GLS values worsened, as the duration of disease increased (p<0.05). There was a significant correlation between RA disease activity and LV GLS values, showing that increasing levels of disease activity was associated with worse LV GLS (r=0.583, p<0.01 and r=0.681, p<0.01 and r=0.689, p<0.01 for endocardium, transmural and epicardium, respectively).

Conclusion

Our study results suggest that the layer-specific GLS values obtained by STE decrease in RA patients.

A positive association between RDW and coronary heart disease in the rheumatoid arthritis population: A cross-sectional study from NHANES

Previous research has indicated that higher red blood cell distribution width (RDW) increases the risk of coronary heart disease. However, no studies have established a link between RDW and coronary heart disease in the rheumatoid arthritis population. This research aims to explore the association between RDW and coronary heart disease among individuals with rheumatoid arthritis. We selected demographic data, laboratory data, lifestyle, and medical history from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), specifically including age, gender, poverty, RDW, race, BMI, diabetes, education, coronary heart disease, hypertension, cholesterol, smoking, and drinking. RDW and coronary heart disease were found to have a positive association in the rheumatoid arthritis population (OR = 1.145, 95%CI: 1.036-1.266, P = .0098), even after adjusting for factors such as age, gender, race, education level, smoking, and drinking. Subgroup analysis showed a stronger positive association, particularly in individuals aged 55-66 years, males, and the Hispanic White population with diabetes or hypercholesterolemia. There is a significant correlation between RDW and coronary heart disease among individuals with rheumatoid arthritis.

Comparison of the intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A single-center cross-sectional case-control study, and a brief review of the literature

Background and Aim

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune chronic inflammatory disease affecting 0.5%-1% of adults worldwide. The carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is a simple, reliable, noninvasive marker for subclinical atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to compare the intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery in patients with RA with that of healthy patients.

Methods

In this case-control study, subjects were recruited from the patients who presented to a private rheumatology clinic. RA was documented by a rheumatologist. All subjects underwent an ultrasound examination of the carotid artery to assess CIMT. Subjects with RA filled out the disease activity score (DAS28) questionnaire.

Results

Sixty-two subjects (31 subjects with RA and 31 healthy subjects) took part in the study. The mean age of the subjects in the RA and the control groups was 42.39 ± 12.98 and 44.48 ± 13.56 years, respectively. Values of CIMT were significantly greater in RA subjects compared with their healthy counterparts (p < 0.001). The CIMT increased significantly with increased disease severity (r = 0.73). Subjects were divided into two age groups (≤40 and >40 years). A comparison of CIMT in the mentioned subgroups revealed a remarkable difference in CIMT values between those of the RA patients and those of their control counterparts in both age groups (p = 0.002 and p < 0.001 for those below and above 40 years, respectively).

Conclusion

CIMT could be used as an efficient clinical index for identifying the early stages of atherosclerosis and predicting cardiovascular events following atherosclerosis in RA patients.

Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune condition in which the body's joints are attacked by the immune system, leaving the patient disabled in severe cases, with irreversible joint damage and a lower quality of life. RA patients are more likely to develop cardiovascular (CV) disease, which increases their risk of morbidity and mortality. This study systematically reviews various CV diseases that might occur with RA including heart failure (HF), coronary artery disease, acute coronary syndrome, ischemic heart disease, stroke, cardiac death, venous thromboembolism, and valvular diseases. The relation between these complications and RA is specifically assessed. Systematic search was carried out on literature reporting the risk of each of the CV diseases in RA patients from databases in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The databases searched were MEDLINE (through PubMed) and Google Scholar using a combination of keywords and medical subject headings (MeSH). Our keywords were mainly "cardiovascular diseases" and "arthritis and rheumatoid". We found a total of 33 articles reporting each CV comorbidity. Interestingly, a wide spectrum of CV diseases is reported in patients with RA. Many tools were implemented in the diagnosis of each disease such as carotid intima-media thickness for atherosclerosis and echocardiography for HF. We confirmed that RA is associated with an increased risk of different CV events, and prophylactic measures should be implemented.

Application of Combined Detection of Echocardiography and Serum NT-ProBNP in the Diagnosis of Diastolic Heart Failure and Its Effect on Left Ventricular Morphology and Diastolic Function

Objective

This study is to assess the application of combined detection of echocardiography and serum N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-ProBNP) in the diagnosis of diastolic heart failure (DHF) and its effect on left ventricular morphology and diastolic function.

Methods

Thirty patients with DHF with enrolled in our hospital between January 2019 and January 2021 were included in the experimental group, and thirty healthy individuals during the same period were included in the control group. The blood pressure, heart rate (HR), left ventricular morphology, diastolic function, and serum NT-ProBNP levels were compared between the two groups.

Results

DHF was associated with higher levels of diastolic blood pressure (DBP), systolic blood pressure (SBP), HR, left ventricular diameter (LVD), interventricular septum thickness (IVST), left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWT), left atrial volume index (LAVI), left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), serum NT-ProBNP, maximum early ventricular filling velocity/early diastolic velocity of the mitral annulus (E/Ea) ratio, and aortic regurgitation (AR) and lower levels of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), flow propagation velocity (VP), and systolic/diastolic (S/D) ratio versus healthy subjects (all at P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The combined detection of echocardiography and serum NT-ProBNP yields a high clinical value in the diagnosis of DHF deficiency, as it can accurately evaluate the patient's left heart morphology and diastolic function, so it is worthy of clinical promotion and application.

Predictors of Cardiovascular Affection in Patients with Active Rheumatoid Arthritis: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial

OBJECTIVE

This is a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial that aimed to assess subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by measuring carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) and correlating it with disease activity and inflammatory markers (including levels of matrix metalloproteinase-3(MMP-3) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)) and to detect the effectiveness of agents that inhibit matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) as doxycycline in RA therapy.

METHODS

One hundred and sixty RA patients were assigned in a randomized clinical trial (clinicaltrial. gov NCT03194204). Disease activity score 28(DAS28), laboratory markers, including erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), MMP-3, and MMP-9 were evaluated and mean CIMT was measured. Subjects were allocated randomly into one of two treatment arms, either methotrexate (MTX) alone or MTX with doxycycline 200mg per day orally. Follow up ESR, CRP, DAS28, MMP-3, and MMP-9 levels were re-evaluated after 3 months.

RESULTS

There were positive significant correlations between CIMT and disease duration (r = 0.461, p = 0.001), age (r=0.459, p= 0.001), DAS28 score (r= 0.547, p = 0.001), ESR (r =0.413, p = 0.001), CRP (r = 0.281, p = 0.001), MMP-3 (r = 0.476, p = 0.001), and MMP-9 (r = 0.593, p =0.001). Patients treated with MTX and doxycycline showed lower levels of DAS28, ESR, CRP, MMP-3, and MMP-9 and this was statistically significant.

CONCLUSION

CIMT seems to be the ultimate method to screen for subclinical atherosclerosis in RA patients. MMP-3 and 9 play a key role in both RA synovitis and cardiovascular changes, making them important therapeutic targets, especially with safe and cost-effective agents like doxycycline. This clinical trial was carried out in Assiut University Hospital (AUH), Assiut, Egypt (Clinical Trial Registration No. clinicaltrial.gov NCT03194204).

Increased short-term risk of cardiovascular events in inflammatory rheumatic diseases: results from a population-based cohort

Cardiovascular diseases represent the first cause of death globally. Inflammatory rheumatic disease (IRMD) patients, due to their lifelong inflammatory status, are at increased risk of developing premature cardiovascular disease. We aimed to assess the risk for cardiovascular events (CVE) in a population-based study. We followed 10,153 adults from the EpiDoC Cohort, a large Portuguese population-based prospective study (2011-2016). IRMD patients were identified at baseline and followed during 5 years. CVE were defined as a composite of self-reported myocardial infarction or angina pectoris, arrhythmias, valvular disease, stroke or transient ischemic attack and peripheral artery disease. Statistical analysis was performed by utilizing multivariate logistic regression and goodness-of-fit and area under ROC curve. At baseline, IRMD patients had similar age as the non-IRMD participants (mean age 55 vs 53 years-old; 72.1% female); dyslipidaemia and sedentary lifestyle were more common (40.7% vs 31.4%, p = 0.033; 87.3% vs 67%, p = 0.016, respectively). During an average follow-up of 2.6 years, 26 CVE were reported among IRMD patients. IRMD patients had higher odd of CVE (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.04-2.58; p = 0.03), despite comparable mortality rates (1.7% vs 0.7%, p = 0.806). A stepwise approach attained that gender, age, history of hypertension, body mass index, IRMD and follow-up time are the most important predictive variables of CVE (AUC 0.80). IRMD patients, at community level, have an increased short-term risk of major CVE when compared to non-IRMD, and that highlights the potential benefit of a systematic screening and more aggressive cardiovascular risk assessment and management of these patients.

Disease severity affects myocardial functions in patients with treatment-naive early rheumatoid arthritis

OBJECTIVES

The cross-sectional study aimed to assess myocardial functions using global longitudinal strain (GLS) echocardiography and arrhythmia parameters with treatment naive newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and no clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD).

METHODS

Seventy seven newly diagnosed treatment-naive RA patients were enrolled. Disease severity was evaluated according to rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) positivity, and Disease Activity Score 28 C-reactive protein (DAS28 CRP). Myocardial functions were assessed using conventional echocardiography and GLS technique and electrocardiogram parameters cQT and Tp-e/cQT.

RESULTS

Twenty three patients had severe disease while 54 patients were non-severe. The Left Ventricle GLS (17.98 ± 1.24 vs 21.29 ± 1.03, P < .001), cQT (428.71 ± 9.05 vs 394.61 ± 17.83, P < .001), Tp-e/cQT (0.19 ± 0.02 vs 0.16 ± 0.01, P < .001) for severe RA patients was reduced compared to RA non-severe patients. Penalized maximum likelihood estimation logistic regression analysis revealed LVGLS as the only significantly independent predictor of severe RA disease (OR 0.70, CI 95% 0.52-0.92, P = .001). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of the LVGLS was revealed 19.9 as GLS discriminative value with 88.8% positive predictive value for predicting severity. Severe RA risk increases when log-odds value was over 0, corresponds to LVGLS value less than 18 by partial effect plots.

CONCLUSION

RA severity was associated with lower LV systolic myocardial function and increased arrhythmia parameters. Only LVGLS was significantly independent predictor of RA disease severity.

Adjuvant-induced arthritis is a relevant model to mimic coronary and myocardial impairments in rheumatoid arthritis

OBJECTIVES

To determine if the adjuvant-induced arthritis model reproduced coronary and cardiac impairments observed in rheumatoid arthritis patients. The link between disease activity and circulating levels of angiotensin II and endothelin-1 have been studied, as well as the myocardial susceptibility to ischemia.

METHODS

At the acute inflammatory phase, coronary reactivity was assessed in isolated arteries, and cardiac function was studied in isolated perfused hearts, before and after global ischemia/reperfusion. Ischemic insult was evaluated by the infarct size, lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase levels in coronary effluents. Cardiac myeloperoxidase activity was measured, as well as angiotensin II and endothelin-1 levels.

RESULTS

Compared to controls, adjuvant-induced arthritis had reduced coronary Acetylcholine-induced relaxation associated with cardiac hypertrophy, both being correlated with plasma levels of endothelin-1 and angiotensin II, and arthritis score. Although cardiac function at baseline was similar from controls, adjuvant-induced arthritis rats exhibited lower cardiac functional recovery, increased myeloperoxidase activity, higher infarct size and creatine phosphokinase levels after ischemia/reperfusion.

CONCLUSIONS

The adjuvant-induced arthritis model displays coronary endothelial dysfunction associated with myocardial hypertrophy and a reduced tolerance to ischemia. This model might be useful for deciphering the pathophysiology of cardiac dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis and paves the way for studying the role of endothelin-1 and angiotensin II.

Is There a Brain/Heart Interaction in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Seronegative Spondyloartropathies? A Combined Brain/Heart Magnetic Resonance Imaging Reveals the Answer

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

To present the interaction between brain/heart and emphasize the role of combined brain/heart magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other seronegative spondyloarthropathies (SNA).

RECENT FINDINGS

Both traditional cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and intrinsic RA/SNA features contribute to the increased CVD-related morbidity/mortality. CVD in RA usually occurs a decade earlier than age- and sex-matched controls, and RA patients are twice more likely to develop myocardial infarction irrespective of age, history of prior CVD, and traditional CVD risk factors. RA also increases risk of non-ischemic heart failure (HF), valvular disease, and myo-pericarditis. CVD in SNA affects more commonly patients with long-standing disease. Ascending aortitis, aortic/mitral insufficiency, conduction defects, and diastolic dysfunction are the commonest findings in ankylosing spondylitis (AS). CVD is also the leading cause of death in psoriatic arthritis (PsA), due to myopericarditis, diastolic dysfunction, and valvular disease. Brain damage, due to either ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke and silent vascular damage, such as white matter hyperenhancement (WMH), is increased in both RA/SNA and may lead to cognitive dysfunction, depression, and brain atrophy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is ideal for serial brain/heart evaluation of patients with systemic diseases. RA/SNA patients are at high risk for brain/heart damage at early age, irrespectively of classic risk factors. Until more data will be obtained, a combined brain/heart MRI evaluation can be proposed in RA/SNA with new onset of arrhythmia and/or HF, cognitive dysfunction and/or depression.

Trends of Cardiac Complications in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: Analysis of the United States National Inpatient Sample; 2005-2014

BACKGROUND

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory condition. Chronic inflammation is associated with atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic kidney disease. But sparse data are available regarding the trends of cardiovascular diseases and complications in RA. We conducted a National Inpatient Sample database analysis to demonstrate the trends of cardiac complications in patients with RA.

METHODS

We used National Inpatient Sample data from 2005 to 2014 to identify admissions with the diagnosis of RA and identified who had associated cardiovascular complications also. The International Classification of Diseases-9th Revision-Clinical Modification codes were used for the diagnoses of RA; congestive heart failure (CHF), acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and atrial fibrillation (AF).

RESULTS

A statistically significant increasing trend of AMI, CHF, and AF was found. Independent predictors of mortality in RA patients with AMI were age (OR 1.03, CI 1.02-1.04; P < 0.001), COPD (OR 1.67, CI 1.40-2.00; P < 0.001), cerebrovascular disease (OR 2.207, CI 1.71-2.86; P < 0.001), renal disease (OR 1.42, CI 1.16-1.75; P = 0.001), and alcohol abuse (OR 2.73, CI 1.73-4.32; P < 0.001). Independent predictors of mortality in RA patients with CHF were age (odds ratio [OR] 1.02, confidence interval [CI] 1.017-1.024; P < 0.001]), COPD (OR 1.09, CI 1.01-1.18; P = 0.023), cerebrovascular disease (OR 1.67, CI 1.44-1.95; P < 0.001), renal disease (OR 1.16, CI 1.07-1.27; P = 0.001). Independent predictors of mortality in RA patients with AF were age (OR 1.02, CI 1.02-1.03; P < 0.001), race (OR 1.16, CI 1.02-1.31; P = 0.022), COPD (OR 1.56, CI 1.42-1.71; P < 0.001), peripheral arterial disease (OR 1.34, CI 1.16-1.53; P < 0.001), cerebrovascular disease (OR 2.27, CI 1.0-2.58; P < 0.001), renal disease (OR 1.60, CI 1.44-1.80; P < 0.001). The mortality trend has increased significantly in the CHF (P = 0.025) and AF (P = 0.042) groups during this study period.

CONCLUSIONS

We have found a significant increase in trend of cardiovascular complications in RA patients. The proportion of patients, with cardiovascular comorbidities, have also been increased significantly.

Lipid management in rheumatoid arthritis: a position paper of the Working Group on Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy of the European Society of Cardiology

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity, partly due to alterations in lipoprotein quantity, quality and cell cholesterol trafficking. Although cardiovascular disease significantly contributes to mortality excess in RA, cardiovascular prevention has been largely insufficient. Because of limited evidence, optimal strategies for lipid management (LM) in RA have not been determined yet, and recommendations are largely based on expert opinions. In this position paper, we describe abnormalities in lipid metabolism and introduce a new algorithm for estimation of cardiovascular risk (CVR) and LM in RA. The algorithm stratifies patients according to RA-related factors impacting CVR (such as RA activity and severity and medication). We propose strategies for monitoring of lipid parameters and treatment of dyslipidaemia in RA (including lifestyle, statins and other lipid-modifying therapies, and disease modifying antirheumatic drugs). These opinion-based recommendations are meant to facilitate LM in RA until more evidence is available.

Evaluation of risk factors for atherosclerosis using carotid ultrasonography in Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis

AIM

Previous studies have reported that patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have a higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) than the general population. A major cause of CVD is atherosclerosis, which can be evaluated with carotid ultrasonography (US). As far as we know, there have been no large-scale carotid artery US studies in Japanese patients with RA. The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for atherosclerosis in Japanese patients with RA.

METHODS

The study subjects underwent physical examinations, laboratory tests and US examination, and answered a questionnaire about their lifestyle. Carotid US was performed to measure the maximum carotid intima media thickness (max cIMT) and to detect plaques.

RESULTS

Atherosclerosis was detected in 238 patients (52%). Age, hypertension, and total/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio were positively related to max cIMT. Presence of plaques was related to age, Disease Activity Score of 28 joints-erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR), smoking, and any biological treatment. DAS28-ESR correlated positively not with cIMT but with the development of plaques in our patients with low disease activity (average DAS28-ESR of 2.7).

CONCLUSION

Disease Activity Score of 28 joints-erythrocyte sedimentation rate was related to the size and number of plaques, whereas only traditional risk factors were related to max cIMT. This indicated that the inflammatory conditions of RA could affect the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. For the management of CVD in patients with RA, it may be important to control not only traditional risk factors, but also RA disease activity.

Gender Differences in Cardiovascular Risk Profile in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients with Low Disease Activity

Objective

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have an excess risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD). The objective of the study was to compare CV risk profile in female and male RA patients with low disease activity.

Materials and Methods

The study group consisted of 70 RA patients with continuous low disease activity and no CVD (54 women, 16 men) and 33 healthy controls of comparable age. The groups were assessed for blood pressure, serum amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), carotid intima media thickness (cIMT), electrocardiography, ejection fraction (EF), and diastolic dysfunction (DD).

Results

Significantly higher burden of atherosclerosis, as revealed by higher cIMT, was found in males [0.93 (0.2) mm] vs females [0.80 (0.2) mm]. The risk of 10-year CVD was significantly higher in men than in women with RA. High/very high risk of fatal CVD was found in 62.5% of male patients. Males were significantly more often current/ex-smokers and had lower HDL-cholesterol and higher atherogenic index. There were no significant differences in NT-proBNP, QTc duration, and parameters of EF and DD.

Conclusions

In RA patients with continued low disease activity, a higher burden of atherosclerosis was found in males than in females. The data suggest a significant impact of traditional CV risk factors.

Chronic Heart Failure in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients (Part II): Difficulties of Diagnosis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by a twofold increase in morbidity and mortality due to chronic heart failure (CHF). At the same time, the prevalence of CHF among RA patients is significantly underestimated. The aim of the review was to analyze the results of the main studies on the features of the clinical presentation of heart failure (HF) in RA patients, the role of visualization techniques and biomarkers in the diagnosis of HF and preclinical dysfunction of the myocardium. HF in patients with RA is characterized by a predominance of HF with a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). The use of clinical diagnostic criteria in RA patients can lead to both over- or underdiagnosis of CHF. Systolic dysfunction estimated by LVEF is rare in RA and does not reflect the real frequency of myocardial dysfunction. Echocardiography (ECHO-CG) with tissue Doppler echocardiography (TDE) and visualization of myocardial deformation, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the heart in RA patients revealed a high frequency of HF with preserved ejection fraction, left ventricular remodeling and hypertrophy, pre-clinical systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Determination of natriuretic peptides is useful for verifying the diagnosis of HF and estimating the prognosis in this cohort, despite the possible decrease in the sensitivity and specificity of these indicators in RA patients. The review discusses the advantages of MRI of the heart, including quantitative T1 and T2 regimens, in the diagnosis of myocarditis, myocardial fibrosis, and myocardial perfusion disorders in RA patients. In order to verify the diagnosis of heart failure and detect pre-clinical myocardial dysfunction in RA patients, the determination of natriuretic peptides concentration should become part of the routine examination, beginning with the debut of the disease, along with the collection of a cardiological history, physical examination, ECHO-CT with TDE, and visualization of myocardial deformation. Evaluation of the quantitative characteristics of tissue according to MRI of the heart could improve the diagnosis of myocardial damage.

Perioperative Management of the Rheumatoid Patient

Rheumatoid arthritis is a complex disease state with multiple associated comorbidities. Perioperative evaluation of the rheumatoid patient from a multidisciplinary approach is necessary to achieve favorable outcomes. A complete history and physical, laboratory, cervical, cardiovascular, pulmonary, and medication assessment before surgery should be performed. Educating the patient on potential complications, such as wound dehiscence, infection, and venous thromboembolism, as well as general postoperative expectations, is essential when evaluating the rheumatoid patient for surgery.

Diastolic dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis patients with low disease activity

INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are at increased risk for congestive heart failure (CHF) and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD), as compared to the general population. High disease activity is to be associated with higher incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), CHF, and mortality in RA patients. LVDD is not anticipated in RA patients without CVD symptoms and may be underdiagnosed especially in those with low disease activity.

METHOD

The study group consisted of 70 RA patients (54 women, 16 men) with no CVD and 33 healthy controls, of comparable age. All RA patients had low disease activity (DAS28 ≤ 3.2) from 2 to 7 years. Laboratory and imaging assessments included metabolic, RA-related, and cardiovascular parameters. Echocardiographic and Doppler studies were conducted in patients and controls with assessment of ejection fraction (EF) and diastolic dysfunction (assessed as E/A ratio).

RESULTS

The mean E/A ratio did not differ significantly between RA patients and healthy controls (1.08 (0.28) vs 0.99 (0.21), NS); comparable numbers of patients and controls had abnormal E/A (< 1.0) (26 (37.1%) vs 10 (30.3%), NS). Patients with decreased E/A were significantly older and had higher disease duration, activity, and presence of bone erosions than their RA counterparts with normal E/A. The mean EF was not significantly different in patients and controls.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of DD as expressed by E/A ratio in RA patients with continued low disease activity was not different from that of controls. Higher disease duration and severity may predispose to DD occurrence in patients with preserved EF.