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London JA, Wang ECS, Barsukov IL, Yates EA, Stachulski AV. Synthesis and toxicity profile in 293 human embryonic kidney cells of the β D-glucuronide derivatives of ortho-, meta- and para-cresol. Carbohydr Res 2020; 499:108225. [PMID: 33353664 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.108225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The formation of β-glucuronides is a major route by which mammals detoxify and remove breakdown products, such as l-tyrosine, as well as many xenobiotics, from their systems. In humans, dietary l-tyrosine is broken down largely by the action of the anaerobic gut bacterium C. difficile to p-cresol, providing a competitive advantage in the gut microbiota. Ortho- (o-) and meta- (m-), cresols, also present in the environment, may share a common degradative pathway. Relatively little work has been done on cresyl glucuronides. Here, a direct synthesis of o-, m-, and p-cresyl β-D-glucuronides from methyl 1,2,3,4 tetra-O-acetyl-β-d-glucuronate and the respective cresol employing trimethylsilyltriflate as promoter is presented. The protected intermediates were hydrolysed using aqueous sodium carbonate to yield the cresyl β-glucuronides. The toxicities of the o-, m- and p-cresyl β-D-glucuronides were compared. All three were less toxic to HEK293 cells than their respective cresol precursors: toxicity followed the order o < m < p for Na+ salts and o < p < m for Ca2+ salts. The m-cresyl-glucuronide Ca2+ salt and p-cresyl-glucuronide Na+ salt reduced colony formation by 11% and 9% (v. 30% reduction from the aglycone) respectively, whereas o-cresyl-glucuronide (both Na+ and Ca2+ salts), mildly stimulated HEK293 cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A London
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Emily C S Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Igor L Barsukov
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Edwin A Yates
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew V Stachulski
- Robert Robinson Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom.
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Vollmer T, Ljungberg B, Jankowski V, Jankowski J, Glorieux G, Stegmayr BG. An in-vitro assay using human spermatozoa to detect toxicity of biologically active substances. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14525. [PMID: 31601841 PMCID: PMC6787250 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50929-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the key toxic players within an in-vivo toxic syndrome is crucial to develop targeted therapies. Here, we established a novel method that characterizes the effect of single substances by means of an ex-vivo incubation set-up. We found that primary human spermatozoa elicit a distinct motile response on a (uremic) toxic milieu. Specifically, this approach describes the influence of a bulk toxic environment (uremia) as well as single substances (uremic toxins) by real-time analyzing motile cellular behavior. We established the human spermatozoa-based toxicity testing (HSTT) for detecting single substance-induced toxicity to be used as a screening tool to identify in-vivo toxins. Further, we propose an application of the HSTT as a method of clinical use to evaluate toxin-removing interventions (hemodialysis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tino Vollmer
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umea, Sweden. .,Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany. .,Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT) & Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Börje Ljungberg
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Vera Jankowski
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,School for Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Griet Glorieux
- Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bernd G Stegmayr
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
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Contribution of the uremic milieu to an increased pro-inflammatory monocytic phenotype in chronic kidney disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10236. [PMID: 31308443 PMCID: PMC6629661 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46724-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermediate (CD14++CD16+) monocytes have important pro-inflammatory and atherogenic features and are increased in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The present study aims to elucidate the role of the uremic milieu and of platelet activation in monocyte differentiation. Monocyte subtypes were analyzed in CKD patients (n = 193) and healthy controls (n = 27). Blood from healthy controls (Ctrl; n = 8) and hemodialysis patients (HD; n = 8) was centrifuged, and plasma (pl) was exchanged between Ctrl and HD (Ctrlcells/HDpl and HDcells/Ctrlpl) or reconstituted as original (Ctrlsham and HDsham) and incubated for 24 h (T24). Monocyte differentiation and platelet aggregation to monocytes (MPA) was assessed by flow cytometry. Especially, a higher proportion of CD14++CD16+ monocytes was found in hemodialysis (HD) patients (p < 0.01). In plasma exchange experiments, Ctrl cells/HD pl T24 showed an increased percentage of CD14++CD16+ monocytes versus Ctrl sham (33.7% ± 15 vs. 15.7% ± 9.6; P < 0.005), comparable to the level of CD14++CD16+ monocytes in the HD sham condition. The percentage of CD14++CD16+ monocytes was lowered by suspending HD cells in Ctrl pl (18.4% ± 7.8 vs. 36.7% ± 15 in HD sham; P < 0.005) reaching the level of the Ctrl sham condition (15.7% ± 9.6). A mixture of uremic sulfates increased CD14++CD16+ monocytes compared to control (19.8 ± 9.6% vs. 15.8 ± 10.9%; P < 0.05), paralleled by a rise MPA. Blocking MPA by abciximab, a potential therapeutic strategy, or anti-CD62P did not inhibit differentiation towards the CD14++CD16+ monocytes. In conclusion, in the present cohort, CD14++CD16+ monocytes are especially increased in HD patients and this can at least in part be attributed to the presence of the uremic milieu, with uremic sulfates inducing a reversible shift towards pro-inflammatory CD14++CD16+ monocytes.
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Mutsaers HA, Caetano-Pinto P, Seegers AE, Dankers AC, van den Broek PH, Wetzels JF, van den Brand JA, van den Heuvel LP, Hoenderop JG, Wilmer MJ, Masereeuw R. Proximal tubular efflux transporters involved in renal excretion of p-cresyl sulfate and p-cresyl glucuronide: Implications for chronic kidney disease pathophysiology. Toxicol In Vitro 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Impact of the uremic milieu on the osteogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116468. [PMID: 25635832 PMCID: PMC4312090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), the precursors of osteoblasts during osteogenesis, play a role in the balance of bone formation and resorption, but their functioning in uremia has not been well defined. To study the effects of the uremic milieu on osteogenic properties, we applied an in vitro assay culturing hMSCs in osteogenic medium supplemented with serum from healthy donors and from uremic patients on hemodialysis. Compared to control, serum from uremic patients induces, in hMSC cultures, a modification of several key regulators of bone remodeling, in particular a reduction of the ratio Receptor Activator of Nuclear factor Kappa B Receptor (RANKL) over osteoprotegerin, indicating an adaptive response of the system to favor osteogenesis over osteoclastosis. However, the levels of osteopontin, osteocalcin, and collagen type I, are increased in cell medium, while BMP-2, and alizarin red staining were decreased, pointing to a reduction of bone formation favoring resorption. Selected uremic toxins, such as p-cresylsulfate, p-cresylglucuronide, parathyroid hormone, indoxyl sulfate, asymmetric dimethylarginine, homocysteine, were able to mimic some of the effects of whole serum from uremic patients. Serum from cinacalcet-treated patients antagonizes these effects. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) donors as well as hemodialysis treatment are able to induce beneficial effects. In conclusion, bone modifications in uremia are influenced by the capability of the uremic milieu to alter hMSC osteogenic differentiation. Cinacalcet, H2S donors and a hemodialysis session can ameliorate the hampered calcium deposition.
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Brito-Arias M, Aguilar-Lemus C, Hurtado-Ponce PB, Martínez-Barrón G, Ibañez-Hernandez M. Synthesis of phenylazonaphtol-β-D-O-glycosides, evaluation as substrates for beta-glycosidase activity and molecular studies. Org Med Chem Lett 2014; 4:2. [PMID: 24995152 PMCID: PMC4074863 DOI: 10.1186/2191-2858-4-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenylazonaphtol-β-D-O-glycosides are alternative substrates for the detection of enzymatic activity of β-glycosidases which are involved in various important processes. These azoic compounds are currently exploited as prodrugs for colonic disease due the presence of β-glycosidase activity in the gut flora and therefore allowing the release of the drug at the specific site. RESULTS Phenylazonaphtol-β-D-O-glucoside 3a and galactoside 3b were prepared via diazonium salt conditions under weak acidic conditions which do not compromise the O-glycosidic bond stability, by coupling reaction between 2-naphtol sodium salt with aminoglycosides 1a and 1b. The resulting phenylazonaphtol glycosides 2a and 2b were deprotected affording the phenylazonaphtol glycosides 3a and 3b in quantitative yield. The galactoside glycoside 3b was assayed as substrate for in vitro β-galactosidase enzymatic activity showing strong absorbance after releasing of the azoic chromophore. Also, docking studies were performed to determine the best pose as well as the interactions between the ligand and the residues located at the active site. CONCLUSIONS The methodology developed for synthesizing the phenylazonaphtol glycosides described proved to be convenient for generating azoic functionalities in the presence of glycosidic bonds and the glycosides suitable as alternative substrates and potentially useful prodrugs in the treatment of colonic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Brito-Arias
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Avenida Acueducto s/n La Laguna Ticomán DF cp 07340, Mexico
| | - Carlos Aguilar-Lemus
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Avenida Acueducto s/n La Laguna Ticomán DF cp 07340, Mexico
| | - Pamela B Hurtado-Ponce
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Avenida Acueducto s/n La Laguna Ticomán DF cp 07340, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Martínez-Barrón
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala Colonia Santo Tomas DF cp11340, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ibañez-Hernandez
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala Colonia Santo Tomas DF cp11340, Mexico
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Pletinck A, Glorieux G, Schepers E, Cohen G, Gondouin B, Van Landschoot M, Eloot S, Rops A, Van de Voorde J, De Vriese A, van der Vlag J, Brunet P, Van Biesen W, Vanholder R. Protein-bound uremic toxins stimulate crosstalk between leukocytes and vessel wall. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24:1981-94. [PMID: 24009240 PMCID: PMC3839540 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012030281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte activation and endothelial damage both contribute to cardiovascular disease, a major cause of morbidity and mortality in CKD. Experimental in vitro data link several protein-bound uremic retention solutes to the modulation of inflammatory stimuli, including endothelium and leukocyte responses and cardiovascular damage, corroborating observational in vivo data. However, the impact of these uremic toxins on the crosstalk between endothelium and leukocytes has not been assessed. This study evaluated the effects of acute and continuous exposure to uremic levels of indoxylsulfate (IS), p-cresylsulfate (pCS), and p-cresylglucuronide (pCG) on the recruitment of circulating leukocytes in the rat peritoneal vascular bed using intravital microscopy. Superfusion with IS induced strong leukocyte adhesion, enhanced extravasation, and interrupted blood flow, whereas pCS caused a rapid increase in leukocyte rolling. Superfusion with pCS and pCG combined caused impaired blood flow and vascular leakage but did not further enhance leukocyte rolling over pCS alone. Intravenous infusion with IS confirmed the superfusion results and caused shedding of heparan sulfate, pointing to disruption of the glycocalyx as the mechanism likely mediating IS-induced flow stagnation. These results provide the first clear in vivo evidence that IS, pCS, and pCG exert proinflammatory effects that contribute to vascular damage by stimulating crosstalk between leukocytes and vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneleen Pletinck
- Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Griet Glorieux
- Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eva Schepers
- Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gerald Cohen
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bertrand Gondouin
- Centre de Néphrologie et Transplantation Rénale, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de La Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Maria Van Landschoot
- Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sunny Eloot
- Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Angelique Rops
- Nephrology Research Laboratory, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - An De Vriese
- Renal Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, AZ Sint-Jan Brugge-Oostende AV, Brugge, Belgium
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Nephrology Research Laboratory, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Brunet
- Centre de Néphrologie et Transplantation Rénale, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de La Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Wim Van Biesen
- Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Raymond Vanholder
- Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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A novel UPLC-MS-MS method for simultaneous determination of seven uremic retention toxins with cardiovascular relevance in chronic kidney disease patients. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:1937-47. [PMID: 23307120 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6636-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a devastating illness characterized by accumulation of uremic retention solutes in the body. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a simple, rapid, and robust UPLC-MS-MS method for simultaneous determination, in serum, of seven organic acid uremic retention toxins, namely uric acid (UA), hippuric acid (HA), indoxylsulfate (IS), p-cresylglucuronide (pCG), p-cresylsulfate (pCS), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid (CMPF). Isotopically labeled internal standards (d(5)-HA; 1,3-(15)N(2)-UA, and d(5)-IAA) were used to correct for variations in sample preparation and system performance. Separation on a C18 column was followed by negative electrospray ionization and tandem mass spectrometric detection. Accuracy was below the 15 % threshold. Within-day precision varied from 0.60 to 4.54 % and between-day precision was below 13.33 % for all compounds. The applicability of the method was evaluated by analyzing 78 serum samples originating both from healthy controls and from patients at different stages of CKD. These results were compared with those obtained by use of conventional HPLC-PDA-FLD methods. A good correlation was obtained between both methods for all compounds.
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Uremic toxins inhibit renal metabolic capacity through interference with glucuronidation and mitochondrial respiration. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:142-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Stachulski AV, Meng X. Glucuronides from metabolites to medicines: a survey of the in vivo generation, chemical synthesis and properties of glucuronides. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:806-48. [DOI: 10.1039/c3np70003h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Meert N, Schepers E, Glorieux G, Van Landschoot M, Goeman JL, Waterloos MA, Dhondt A, Van der Eycken J, Vanholder R. Novel method for simultaneous determination of p-cresylsulphate and p-cresylglucuronide: clinical data and pathophysiological implications. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 27:2388-96. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfr672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Abstract
Reporter genes have been widely used in plant molecular biology, typically to discern patterns of gene expression, but also as markers of transformed cells during stable transformation procedures.The ideal marker gene would be expected to display characteristics such as ease and cheapness of use, lack of toxicity, and robustness; and the most commonly used ones--GUS, GFP, LUC, and C1+R/B (anthocyanin accumulation) exhibit most if not all of these properties. Each, however, differs in potentially important ways, and before deciding which to use it is important to consider carefully your particular set of experiments and the plant tissue you will be using. In this chapter, I will introduce each marker, outline protocols for their use, and discuss their strengths and weaknesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Huttly
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Centre for Crop Genetic Improvement, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
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