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Barfüßer C, Wiedemann C, Hoffmann ALC, Hirmer S, Deeg CA. Altered Metabolic Phenotype of Immune Cells in a Spontaneous Autoimmune Uveitis Model. Front Immunol 2021; 12:601619. [PMID: 34385998 PMCID: PMC8353246 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.601619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide, uveitis is an important disease. The exact pathogenesis of autoimmune uveitis is not entirely elucidated to date. Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) represents the only spontaneous animal model for autoimmune uveitis in humans. As the metabolism of immune cells is an emerging field in research and gains more and more significance to take part in the pathogenesis of various diseases, we conducted experiments to investigate the metabolism of immune cells of ERU cases and healthy controls. To our knowledge, the link between a deviant immunometabolism and the pathogenesis of autoimmune uveitis was not investigated so far. We showed that PBMC of ERU cases had a more active metabolic phenotype in basal state by upregulating both the oxidative phosphorylation and the glycolytic pathway. We further revealed an increased compensatory glycolytic rate of PBMC and CD4+ T cells of ERU cases under mitochondrial stress conditions. These findings are in line with metabolic alterations of immune cells in other autoimmune diseases and basic research, where it was shown that activated immune cells have an increased need of energy and molecule demand for their effector function. We demonstrated a clear difference in the metabolic phenotypes of PBMC and, more specifically, CD4+ T cells of ERU cases and controls. These findings are another important step in understanding the pathogenesis of ERU and figuratively, human autoimmune uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Barfüßer
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Carmen Wiedemann
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Anne L C Hoffmann
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sieglinde Hirmer
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Cornelia A Deeg
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Martinsried, Germany
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Degroote RL, Deeg CA. Immunological Insights in Equine Recurrent Uveitis. Front Immunol 2021; 11:609855. [PMID: 33488614 PMCID: PMC7821741 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.609855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Horses worldwide suffer from equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), an organ-specific, immune-mediated disease with painful, remitting-relapsing inflammatory attacks alternating with periods of quiescence, which ultimately leads to blindness. In course of disease, both eyes can eventually be affected and since blind horses pose a threat to themselves and their surroundings, these animals have to be killed. Therefore, this disease is highly relevant for veterinary medicine. Additionally, ERU shows strong clinical and pathological resemblance to autoimmune uveitis in man. The exact cause for the onset of ERU is unclear to date. T cells are believed to be the main effector cells in this disease, as they overcome the blood retinal barrier to invade the eye, an organ physiologically devoid of peripheral immune cells. These cells cause severe intraocular inflammation, especially in their primary target, the retina. With every inflammatory episode, retinal degeneration increases until eyesight is completely lost. In ERU, T cells show an activated phenotype, with enhanced deformability and migration ability, which is reflected in the composition of their proteome and downstream interaction pathways even in quiescent stage of disease. Besides the dysregulation of adaptive immune cells, emerging evidence suggests that cells of the innate immune system may also directly contribute to ERU pathogenesis. As investigations in both the target organ and the periphery have rapidly evolved in recent years, giving new insights on pathogenesis-associated processes on cellular and molecular level, this review summarizes latest developments in ERU research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane L Degroote
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelia A Deeg
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Sim SS, Wong CW, Hoang QV, Lee SY, Wong TY, Cheung CMG. Anti-retinal autoantibodies in myopic macular degeneration: a pilot study. Eye (Lond) 2020; 35:2254-2259. [PMID: 33116263 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-020-01241-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study is to evaluate the frequency and types of anti-retinal autoantibodies (ARAs) in highly myopic patients and to explore any association between ARAs and the severity of myopic macular degeneration (MMD). METHODS This was a clinic-based study of 16 patients with high myopia (spherical equivalent worse than -6 dioptres or axial length (AL) ≥ 26.5 mm) recruited from the High Myopia clinic of the Singapore National Eye Centre. MMD was graded from fundus photographs according to the Meta-analysis for Pathologic Myopia (META-PM) classification. Severe MMD was defined as META-PM category 3 or 4. AL and logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution (logMAR) best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were measured. Sera were obtained from subjects and analysed for the presence of ARAs with the western blot technique. RESULTS The mean AL was significantly longer in patients with severe MMD (n = 8) than those without severe MMD (n = 8) (31.50 vs. 28.51, p = 0.005). There was at least one ARA identified in all patients. The most common ARA was anti-carbonic anhydrase II (anti-CAII), present in nine patients (56.3%). Anti-CAII was detected in more patients with severe MMD than those without (75 vs. 37.5%, p = 0.32). LogMar BCVA was also worse in subjects with anti-CAII (0.5 ± 0.38 vs. 0.22 ± 0.08, p = 0.06). The number of ARAs significantly correlated with increasing AL (r = 0.61, p = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS ARAs are prevalent in patients with high myopia, and this increases with increasing AL. In particular, anti-CAII antibodies were highly prevalent in patients with severe MMD, suggesting that ARAs may be associated with MMD. Further studies are necessary to confirm these observations in larger cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Sebastian Sim
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chee Wai Wong
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Quan V Hoang
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shu Yen Lee
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tien Yin Wong
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chui Ming Gemmy Cheung
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore. .,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore. .,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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Kuo YC, Chen N, Tsai RK. Acute Zonal Occult Outer Retinopathy (AZOOR): a case report of vision improvement after intravitreal injection of Ozurdex. BMC Ophthalmol 2017; 17:236. [PMID: 29207977 PMCID: PMC5718015 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-017-0638-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AZOOR was first described by Gass in 1993 as a syndrome with rapid loss of one or more extensive zones of the outer retinal segments. It is characterized by photopsia, minimal funduscopic changes, and electroretinographic abnormalities. The efficacy of systemic steroids in treating AZOOR has been previously described and advocated by the concept of autoimmune retinopathy. However, the use of intravitreal of sustained-released steroid had not been mentioned to date. CASE PRESENTATION A 34-year-old man had sudden onset of central scotoma and photopsia in the left eye. His visual acuity continued deteriorating. The visual field defect demonstrated bilateral enlarged blind spots and altitudinal defects. Fluorescein angiography (FA) showed nonspecific retinal inflammation, and an electroretinogram (ERG) illustrated decreased amplitude of the b wave in both eyes. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) examinations revealed parafoveal loss of the photoreceptor inner/outer segment (IS/OS) junction. Therefore, acute zonal occult outer retinopathy (AZOOR) was diagnosed. Although his vision did not improve under the initial treatment of systemic corticosteroid and calcium channel blocker, remarkable improvement was noticed after the intravitreal injection(IVI) of Ozurdex, consistent with the recovered IS/OS junction disruption. CONCLUSIONS We herein report a typical case of AZOOR, suggesting that the intravitreal injection of steroid may benefit in certain patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chun Kuo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Nancy Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Rong Kung Tsai
- Institute of Eye Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Tzu Chi University, 707, Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd., Hualien, 970, Taiwan. .,Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
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Si S, Song W, Song Y, Hu Y. The clinical characteristics and prognosis of acute zonal occult outer retinopathy. Int Ophthalmol 2017; 38:1177-1185. [PMID: 28573534 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-017-0580-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This prospective observational case series study aimed to observe the clinical characteristics of acute zonal occult outer retinopathy (AZOOR) and its prognosis in Chinese Han patients. METHODS Six eyes of 5 female patients diagnosed with AZOOR were followed up for 4 months to observe the natural disease course. All enrolled subjects underwent a series of ocular examinations at the onset and each return visit, including best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), split lamp microscopy, fundus photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), perimetry, multifocal electroretinogram and fundus fluorescein angiography. RESULTS Over the follow-up, all enrolled patients recovered on BCVA, perimetry and OCT in different degrees. Among them, one patient recovered completely since the ocular examination results returned to normal. CONCLUSION AZOOR is a rare ocular disorder in Chinese population. Our results demonstrated that visual functions of enrolled patients significantly improved spontaneously, indicating that Chinese female Han patients with AZOOR have good visual outcomes during the follow-up period without any specific managements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shancheng Si
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, No. 168 Litang Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102218, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiaxing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhongshan East Road 1501, Nanhu District, Jiaxing City, 314000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yifan Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 Huayuan North Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yuntao Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, No. 168 Litang Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102218, China. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 Huayuan North Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Abo-Shasha R, Smith CC, Gottlieb CC, Coupland SG. Is Acute Zonal Occult Outer Retinopathy an Autoimmune Condition? A Case Report and Literature Review. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2015; 46:662-5. [DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20150610-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tagami M, Matsumiya W, Imai H, Kusuhara S, Honda S, Azumi A. Autologous antibodies to outer retina in acute zonal occult outer retinopathy. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2014; 58:462-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s10384-014-0347-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ceciliani F, Restelli L, Lecchi C. Proteomics in farm animals models of human diseases. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 8:677-88. [PMID: 24595991 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201300080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The need to provide in vivo complex environments to understand human diseases strongly relies on the use of animal models, which traditionally include small rodents and rabbits. It is becoming increasingly evident that the few species utilised to date cannot be regarded as universal. There is a great need for new animal species that are naturally endowed with specific features relevant to human diseases. Farm animals, including pigs, cows, sheep and horses, represent a valid alternative to commonly utilised rodent models. There is an ample scope for the application of proteomic techniques in farm animals, and the establishment of several proteomic maps of plasma and tissue has clearly demonstrated that farm animals provide a disease environment that closely resembles that of human diseases. The present review offers a snapshot of how proteomic techniques have been applied to farm animals to improve their use as biomedical models. Focus will be on specific topics of biomedical research in which farm animal models have been characterised through the application of proteomic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Ceciliani
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Mammary Gland, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Rahimy E, Sarraf D. Paraneoplastic and non-paraneoplastic retinopathy and optic neuropathy: Evaluation and management. Surv Ophthalmol 2013; 58:430-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Label-free LC-MSMS analysis of vitreous from autoimmune uveitis reveals a significant decrease in secreted Wnt signalling inhibitors DKK3 and SFRP2. J Proteomics 2012; 75:4545-54. [PMID: 22634081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Equine recurrent uveitis is a severe and frequent blinding disease in horses which presents with auto-reactive invading T-cells, resulting in the destruction of the inner eye. Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the retina and vitreous is driven by currently unknown guidance cues, however surgical removal of the vitreous (vitrectomy) has proven therapeutically successful. Therefore, proteomic analyses of vitrectomy samples are likely to result in detection of proteins contributing to disease pathogenesis. Vitreous from healthy and ERU diseased horses were directly compared by quantitative mass spectrometry based on label-free quantification of peak intensities across samples. We found a significant upregulation of complement and coagulation cascades and downregulation of negative paracrine regulators of canonical Wnt signalling including the Wnt signalling inhibitors DKK3 and SFRP2. Based on immunohistochemistry, both proteins are expressed in equine retina and suggest localisation to retinal Müller glial cells (RMG), which may be the source cells for these proteins. Furthermore, retinal expression levels and patterns of DKK3 change in response to ERU. Since many other regulated proteins identified here are associated with RMG cells, these cells qualify as the prime responders to autoimmune triggers.
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