Symptomatic anal anomalies in chromosome 22q11 deletion syndrome: a report of three patients

Delayed diagnosis of 22q11 deletion syndrome due to late onset hypocalcemia in a 11-year-old girl with imperforated anus

Neonatal hypocalcemia and congenital heart defects has been known as the first clinical manifestation of the chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS). However, because of its wide clinical spectrum, diagnosis of 22q11DS can be delayed in children without classic symptoms. We report the case of a girl with the history of imperforate anus but without neonatal hypocalcemia or major cardiac anomaly, who was diagnosed for 22q11DS at the age of 11 after the onset of overt hypocalcemia. She was born uneventfully from phenotypically normal Korean parents. Imperforate anus and partial cleft palate were found at birth, which were surgically repaired thereafter. There was no history of neonatal hypocalcemia, and karyotyping by GTG banding was normal. At the age of 11, hypocalcemia (serum calcium, 5.0 mg/dL) and decreased parathyroid hormone level (10.8 pg/mL) was noted when she visited our Emergency Department for fever and vomiting. The 22q11DS was suspected because of her mild mental retardation and velopharyngeal insufficiency, and a microdeletion on chromosome 22q11.2 was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The 22q11DS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hypocalcemia at any age because of its wide clinical spectrum.

Two cases of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome with anorectal anomalies and growth retardation

Clinical features associated with the deletion of 22q11.2 are highly variable. Most are diagnosed by cardinal congenital heart disease or hypoparathyroidism. In cases without major features, an early accurate diagnosis of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is difficult. Congenital anorectal malformations (ARM), which can be detected soon after birth, have been rarely reported in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. We report two cases of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome with ARM who showed growth retardation. ARM was detected in both patients without congenital heart disease or hypoparathyroidism at early infancy and they were followed by pediatric surgeons. Later, failure to thrive or short stature became evident, and they consulted with pediatric endocrinologists who subsequently confirmed the diagnosis of 22q11.2 deletion by fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis. The combination of ARM and growth retardation may lead to an early diagnosis of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.