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Intestinal gas production by the gut microbiota: A review. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Pavlatovská B, Machálková M, Brisudová P, Pruška A, Štěpka K, Michálek J, Nečasová T, Beneš P, Šmarda J, Preisler J, Kozubek M, Navrátilová J. Lactic Acidosis Interferes With Toxicity of Perifosine to Colorectal Cancer Spheroids: Multimodal Imaging Analysis. Front Oncol 2020; 10:581365. [PMID: 33344237 PMCID: PMC7746961 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.581365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a disease with constantly increasing incidence and high mortality. The treatment efficacy could be curtailed by drug resistance resulting from poor drug penetration into tumor tissue and the tumor-specific microenvironment, such as hypoxia and acidosis. Furthermore, CRC tumors can be exposed to different pH depending on the position in the intestinal tract. CRC tumors often share upregulation of the Akt signaling pathway. In this study, we investigated the role of external pH in control of cytotoxicity of perifosine, the Akt signaling pathway inhibitor, to CRC cells using 2D and 3D tumor models. In 3D settings, we employed an innovative strategy for simultaneous detection of spatial drug distribution and biological markers of proliferation/apoptosis using a combination of mass spectrometry imaging and immunohistochemistry. In 3D conditions, low and heterogeneous penetration of perifosine into the inner parts of the spheroids was observed. The depth of penetration depended on the treatment duration but not on the external pH. However, pH alteration in the tumor microenvironment affected the distribution of proliferation- and apoptosis-specific markers in the perifosine-treated spheroid. Accurate co-registration of perifosine distribution and biological response in the same spheroid section revealed dynamic changes in apoptotic and proliferative markers occurring not only in the perifosine-exposed cells, but also in the perifosine-free regions. Cytotoxicity of perifosine to both 2D and 3D cultures decreased in an acidic environment below pH 6.7. External pH affects cytotoxicity of the other Akt inhibitor, MK-2206, in a similar way. Our innovative approach for accurate determination of drug efficiency in 3D tumor tissue revealed that cytotoxicity of Akt inhibitors to CRC cells is strongly dependent on pH of the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, the effect of pH should be considered during the design and pre-clinical/clinical testing of the Akt-targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Pavlatovská
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Markéta Machálková
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Petra Brisudová
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Adam Pruška
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karel Štěpka
- Centre for Biomedical Image Analysis, Faculty of Informatics, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jan Michálek
- Centre for Biomedical Image Analysis, Faculty of Informatics, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Tereza Nečasová
- Centre for Biomedical Image Analysis, Faculty of Informatics, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Petr Beneš
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.,Center for Biological and Cellular Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jan Šmarda
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jan Preisler
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Michal Kozubek
- Centre for Biomedical Image Analysis, Faculty of Informatics, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jarmila Navrátilová
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.,Center for Biological and Cellular Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
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Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka K, Daca A, Fic M, van de Wetering T, Folwarski M, Makarewicz W. Therapeutic methods of gut microbiota modification in colorectal cancer management - fecal microbiota transplantation, prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:1518-1530. [PMID: 32453670 PMCID: PMC7524363 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1764309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The link between gut microbiota and the development of colorectal cancer has been investigated. An imbalance in the gut microbiota promotes the progress of colorectal carcinogenesis via multiple mechanisms, including inflammation, activation of carcinogens, and tumorigenic pathways as well as damaging host DNA. Several therapeutic methods are available with which to alter the composition and the activity of gut microbiota, such as administration of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics; these can confer various benefits for colorectal cancer patients. Nowadays, fecal microbiota transplantation is the most modern way of modulating the gut microbiota. Even though data regarding fecal microbiota transplantation in colorectal cancer patients are still rather limited, it has been approved as a clinical method of treatment-recurrent Clostridium difficile infection, which may also occur in these patients. The major benefits of fecal microbiota transplantation include modulation of immunotherapy efficacy, amelioration of bile acid metabolism, and restoration of intestinal microbial diversity. Nonetheless, more studies are needed to assess the long-term effects of fecal microbiota transplantation. In this review, the impact of gut microbiota on the efficiency of anti-cancer therapy and colorectal cancer patients' overall survival is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland,CONTACT Karolina Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka ul. Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Daca
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Rheumatology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mateusz Fic
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Thierry van de Wetering
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics - Biobank, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marcin Folwarski
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Makarewicz
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Dharmawardana N, Goddard T, Woods C, Watson DI, Butler R, Ooi EH, Yazbeck R. Breath methane to hydrogen ratio as a surrogate marker of intestinal dysbiosis in head and neck cancer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15010. [PMID: 32929151 PMCID: PMC7490703 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Exhaled breath compounds can non-invasively detect head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Here we investigated exhaled compounds related to intestinal bacterial carbohydrate fermentation. Fasting breath samples were collected into 3 litre FlexFoil PLUS bags from patients awaiting a biopsy procedure for suspected HNSCC. Samples were analysed using a Syft selected ion flow-tube mass spectrometer and a Quintron BreathTracker. Two tailed non-parametric significance testing was conducted with corrections for multiple imputations. 74 patients were diagnosed (histological) with HNSCC and 61 patients were benign (controls). The methane to hydrogen ratio was significantly different between cancer and non-cancer controls (p = 0.0440). This ratio increased with tumour stage with a significant difference between T1 and T4 tumours (p = 0.0259). Hydrogen levels were significantly higher in controls who were smokers (p = 0.0129), with no smoking dependent methane changes. There were no differences in short chain fatty acids between groups. Exhaled compounds of intestinal carbohydrate fermentation can detect HNSCC patients. These findings suggest a modified carbohydrate fermentation profile in HNSCC patients that is tumour stage and smoking status dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuwan Dharmawardana
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia.
- Discipline of Surgery, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia.
| | - Thomas Goddard
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Charmaine Woods
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia
- Discipline of Surgery, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - David I Watson
- Discipline of Surgery, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Ross Butler
- Discipline of Surgery, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Eng H Ooi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia
- Discipline of Surgery, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Roger Yazbeck
- Discipline of Surgery, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Urinary risk factors, such as hypercalciuria, hypocitraturia, and hyperoxaluria, either in combination or alone, are associated with calcium stones. Dietary habits as well as underlying medical conditions can influence urinary risk factors. Evaluation of the conglomerate of patients' stone risks provides evidence for individualized medical management, an effective and patient-supported approach to prevention. RECENT FINDINGS Many patients with stones desire prevention to avoid repeated surgical interventions. Yet, recent practice pattern assessments and health care utilization data show that many patients are rarely referred for metabolic evaluation or management. Innovations in metabolic management over the past decade have improved its effectiveness in reducing risk and preventing calcium stones. Although no new pharmacologic agents for calcium stone prevention have recently become available, there is relatively new thinking about some diet-based approaches. This review will synthesize current evidence to support individualized metabolic management of calcium stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina L Penniston
- Clinical Nutrition Services, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53792, USA. .,Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Avenue, 3258 Medical Foundation Centennial Building, Madison, WI, 53705-2281, USA.
| | - Stephen Y Nakada
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Avenue, 3258 Medical Foundation Centennial Building, Madison, WI, 53705-2281, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705-2281, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705-2281, USA
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Mira-Pascual L, Cabrera-Rubio R, Ocon S, Costales P, Parra A, Suarez A, Moris F, Rodrigo L, Mira A, Collado MC. Microbial mucosal colonic shifts associated with the development of colorectal cancer reveal the presence of different bacterial and archaeal biomarkers. J Gastroenterol 2015; 50:167-79. [PMID: 24811328 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-014-0963-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies demonstrate a link between gastrointestinal cancers and environmental factors such as diet. It has been suggested that environmental cancer risk is determined by the interaction between diet and microbes. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the hypothesis that microbiota composition during colorectal cancer (CRC) progression might differ depending on the stage of the disease. METHODS A total of 28 age-matched and sex-matched subjects, seven with CRC adenocarcinoma, 11 with tubular adenomas and ten healthy subjects with intact colon, were included into the study. Microbiomes from mucosal and fecal samples were analyzed with 16S ribosomal RNA gene pyrosequencing, together with quantitative PCR of specific bacteria and archaea. RESULTS The principal coordinates analysis clearly separated healthy tissue samples from polyps and tumors, supporting the presence of specific bacterial consortia that are associated with affected sites and that can serve as potential biomarkers of CRC progression. A higher presence of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Enterobacteriaceae was found by qPCR in samples from CRC compared to healthy controls. We observed a correlation between CRC process development and levels of Methanobacteriales (R = 0.537, P = 0.007) and Methanobrevibacterium (R = 0.574, P = 0.03) in fecal samples. CONCLUSION Differences in microbial and archaeal composition between mucosal samples from healthy and disease tissues were observed in tubular adenoma and adenocarcinoma. In addition, microbiota from mucosal samples represented the underlying dysbiosis, whereas fecal samples seem not to be appropriate to detect shifts in microbial composition. CRC risk is influenced by microbial composition, showing differences according to disease progression step and tumor severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mira-Pascual
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustin Escardino 7, 49860, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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Colonic methane production modifies gastrointestinal toxicity associated with adjuvant 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy for colorectal cancer. J Clin Gastroenterol 2013; 47:45-51. [PMID: 23090038 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0b013e3182680201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
GOALS To investigate the association of colonic methane, formed by methanogenic achaea, and pH with gastrointestinal symptoms during colorectal cancer chemotherapy. BACKGROUND Adjuvant 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy reduces recurrences in colorectal cancer, but causes severe gastrointestinal toxicity, partly related to disturbed intestinal microbiota. STUDY Resected colorectal cancer patients (n=143) were analyzed for colonic methanogenesis and pH before and during the 24 weeks of 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy and for gastrointestinal symptoms during chemotherapy. This study was performed within the setting of an intervention study on the effects of Lactobacillus on chemotherapy-related gastrointestinal toxicity. The site of resected cancer, resection type, stoma, chemotherapy regimen, hypolactasia, and Lactobacillus intervention were considered as possible confounding factors, and multivariate models were constructed. RESULTS Baseline methane producers had less frequent diarrhea (more than or equal to moderate) during chemotherapy than nonproducers [odds ratio (OR), 0.42; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.20 to 0.88; P=0.022] and more frequent constipation (OR, 4.56; 95% CI, 2.01 to 10.32; P<0.001). Baseline fecal pH was also associated with symptoms during chemotherapy; higher the pH, the lower the risk of diarrhea (OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.31 to 1.02; P=0.058) and higher the risk of constipation (OR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.35 to 3.68; P=0.002). In multivariate stepwise models, methanogenesis was a significant explaining factor with inverse association with diarrhea and positive association with constipation. Fecal pH, which was significantly associated with methane production, was no longer a significant explaining factor when methanogensis was included in the model. CONCLUSIONS Methane producer status has a role in determining whether patient experiences diarrhea or constipation during 5-fluorouracil therapy. This underscores the importance of intestinal microbiota in the development of intestinal toxicity during 5-fluorouracil therapy.
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Abstract
Colonic gases are among the most tangible features of digestion, yet physicians are typically unable to offer long-term relief from clinical complaints of excessive gas. Studies characterizing colonic gases have linked changes in volume or composition with bowel disorders and shown hydrogen gas (H(2)), methane, hydrogen sulphide, and carbon dioxide to be by-products of the interplay between H(2)-producing fermentative bacteria and H(2) consumers (reductive acetogens, methanogenic archaea and sulphate-reducing bacteria [SRB]). Clinically, H(2) and methane measured in breath can indicate lactose and glucose intolerance, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and IBS. Methane levels are increased in patients with constipation or IBS. Hydrogen sulphide is a by-product of H(2) metabolism by SRB, which are ubiquitous in the colonic mucosa. Although higher hydrogen sulphide and SRB levels have been detected in patients with IBD, and to a lesser extent in colorectal cancer, this colonic gas might have beneficial effects. Moreover, H(2) has been shown to have antioxidant properties and, in the healthy colon, physiological H(2) concentrations might protect the mucosa from oxidative insults, whereas an impaired H(2) economy might facilitate inflammation or carcinogenesis. Therefore, standardized breath gas measurements combined with ever-improving molecular methodologies could provide novel strategies to prevent, diagnose or manage numerous colonic disorders.
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