[Roentgen contrast media in invasive cardiology, side effects and different indications]

Alterations of acid-base balance, electrolyte concentrations, and osmolality caused by nonionic hyperosmolar contrast medium during pediatric cardiac catheterization

OBJECTIVE

This prospective clinical observational study was conducted to investigate the effects of contrast medium on acid-base balance, electrolyte concentrations, and osmolality in children.

BACKGROUND

For pediatric cardiac catheterization, high doses of nonionic hyperosmolar contrast medium are widely used.

METHODS

Forty pediatric patients (age 0-16 years) undergoing cardiac angiography with more than 3 ml·kg(-1) of nonionic hyperosmolar contrast medium (Iomeprol) were enrolled, and the total amount of the contrast agent given was documented. Before and after contrast medium administration, a blood sample was collected to analyze electrolytes, acid-base parameters, osmolality, hemoglobin, and hematocrit.

RESULTS

After cardiac catheterization, pH, hemoglobin, hematocrit, bicarbonate, base excess, sodium, chloride, calcium, anion gap and strong ion difference decreased, whereas osmolality increased significantly (base excess -1.8 ± 1.8 vs -3.4 ± 2.3, sodium 138 ± 2.9 vs 132 ± 4.1 mm, osmolality 284 ± 5.7 vs 294 ± 7.6 mosmol·kg(-1), P < 0.01). Seventy-eight percent of the children developed hyponatremia (sodium <135 mm). No changes were seen in pCO(2) , lactate, and potassium levels.

CONCLUSIONS

Regarding the differential diagnosis of metabolic disturbances after pediatric cardiac catheterization, low-anion gap metabolic acidosis and hyponatremia should be considered as a possible side effect of the administered contrast medium.