Coronary vascular dysfunction associated with direct current shock injury

Redox imbalance in patients with heart failure and ICD/CRT-D intervention. Can it be an underappreciated and overlooked arrhythmogenic factor? A first preliminary clinical study

Introduction: Redox imbalance and oxidative stress are involved in the pathogenesis of arrhythmias. They also play a significant role in pathogenesis of heart failure (HF). In patients with HFand implanted cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) or cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator (CRT-D), the direct current shocks may be responsible for additional redox disturbances and additionally increase arrhythmia risk. However, the precise role of oxidative stress in potentially fatal arrhythmias and shock induction remains unclear. Methods: 36 patients with diagnosed HF and implanted ICD/CRT-D were included in this study. Patients were qualified to the study group in case of registered ventricular arrhythmia and adequate ICD/CRT-D intervention. The control group consisted of patients without arrhythmia with elective replacement indicator (ERI) status. Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione (GSH) in erythrocyte (RBC), SOD, GPx activity and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) concentration in plasma were determined. The values were correlated with glucose, TSH, uric acid, Mg and ion concentrations. Results: In the perishock period, we found a significant decrease in RBC and extracellular (EC) SOD and RBC CAT activity (p = 0.0110, p = 0.0055 and p = 0.0002, respectively). EC GPx activity was also lower (p = 0.0313). In all patients, a decrease in the concentration of all forms of glutathione was observed compared to the ERI group. Important association between ROS/RNS and GSH, Mg, TSH and uric acid was shown. A relationship between the activity of GSH and antioxidant enzymes was found. Furthermore, an association between oxidative stress and ionic imbalance has also been demonstrated. The patients had an unchanged de Haan antioxidant ratio and glutathione redox potential. Conclusion: Here we show significant redox disturbances in patients with HF and ICD/CRT-D interventions. Oxidative stress may be an additional risk factor for the development of arrhythmia in patients with HF. The detailed role of oxidative stress in ventricular arrhythmias requires further research already undertaken by our team.

Development of ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction and Atrial Fibrillation after an Electrical Injury

Electrical energy is a type of energy that is commonly used in daily life. Ventricular premature beats, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, atrial tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, bundle branch blocks, and AV block are arrhythmic complications that are encountered in case of electric shocks. Myocardial infarction is one of the rarely seen complications of electric shocks yet it has fatal outcomes. Coronary arteries were detected to be normal in most of the patients who had myocardial infarction following an electric shock. So, etiology of myocardial infarction is thought to be unrelated to coronary atherosclerosis in these cases. Coronary artery vasospasm is thought to be the primary etiological cause. In our case report, we presented a patient who developed ST elevation MI with atrial fibrillation after an electric shock.

Repeated Thoracic Discharges From a Stun Device

BACKGROUND

Little objective laboratory data are available describing the physiologic effects of stun guns or electromuscular incapacitation (EMI) devices, but increasing morbidity and even deaths are associated with their use. We hypothesized that exposure to EMI discharges in a model animal system would induce clinically significant acidosis and cardiac arrhythmia.

METHODS

Ten Yucatan mini-pigs, six experimental and four sham controls, were anesthetized with ketamine, xylazine, and glycopyrrolate. Experimental pigs were exposed to two 40-second discharges from an EMI device over the left thorax. Electrocardiograms, troponin I, blood gases, and lactate levels were obtained pre-exposure, at 5, 15, 30, 60 minutes, and at 24, 48, and 72 hours postdischarge.

RESULTS

No acute or delayed cardiac arrhythmias were seen. Heart rate was not affected significantly (p>0.05). A subclinical increase in troponin I was seen at 24 hours postdischarge (0.040+/-0.030 ng/mL, p>0.05). Central venous blood pH (7.432+/-0.014) and pCO2 (36.1+/-0.9 mm Hg) were not changed significantly (p>0.05) during the 60-minute postdischarge period. A moderate significant increase in lactate occurred in the 5-minute postdischarge group (4.9+/-0.3 mmol/L, p=0.0179). All blood chemistry and vital signs were normal at 24, 48, and 72 hours postdischarge.

CONCLUSIONS

Although significant changes in some parameters were seen, these changes were small and of little clinical significance. Lengthy EMI exposures did not cause extreme acidosis or cardiac arrhythmias. These findings may differ from those seen with other EMI devices because of the unique MK63 waveform characteristics or to specific characteristics of the model systems.

A case of takotsubo-shaped hypokinesis of the left ventricle caused by a lightning strike

A 62-year-old woman was struck by lightning while on a mountain and fortunately did not suffer burns or unconsciousness. She stayed at a mountain lodge overnight and was taken to our hospital by helicopter the next day. Upon admission, electrocardiography showed ST segment elevation indicating acute lateral myocardial infarction, and echocardiography showed takotsubo-shaped hypokinesis of the left ventricle indicating an apical aneurysm. Her serum escaped enzyme levels were increased, as is typical in cases of myocardial infarction, however, she did not complain of cardiac symptoms. Coronary arteriography performed 4 days after admission showed a normal coronary artery while left ventriculography showed apical akinesia. An echocardiogram obtained 2 days later showed resolution of the LV wall motion abnormality. This is the first reported case of takotsubo cardiomyopathy caused by lightning. Takotsubo-shaped hypokinesis is not described as a complication of lightning-induced cardiac injury and its pathogenesis remains controversial.

[Transthoracic defibrillation. Physiologic and pathophysiologic principles and their role in the outcome of resuscitation]

As one major link in the chain of survival, early transthoracic (external) cardiac defibrillation is aimed at the termination of ventricular flutter and ventricular fibrillation. Most important to the success of defibrillation is the passage of a defined amount of current through a critical mass of heart muscle. Different transthoracic resistances reduce the effective density of the current within the heart. As for other therapeutic intervention procedures, recommendations for the optimal strength of current to be applied to the fibrillating heart need to be evaluated and defined for therapeutical defibrillation too. Unnecessarily high current density causes damage to the heart and should be prevented. By using biphasic waveforms in contrast to monophasic impulses, the amount of current can be reduced but the same or even higher efficacy is attained. Therefore possible myocardial damage might be clearly reduced. Even with individually altered thoracic impedance effective conversion of cardiac rhythm can be achieved by device-controlled compensation and biphasic waveforms. According to their different mechanisms or origin (electrically induced or spontaneously caused by organic heart disease) the probability of successful conversion of the cardiac rhythm by one single electrical impulse varies. The optimum point in time for defibrillation during resuscitation needs to be redefined. In order to improve comparability, further studies should use standardized definitions for successful defibrillation relating to the resulting cardiac rhythm.