1
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Alemany M. The Metabolic Syndrome, a Human Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2251. [PMID: 38396928 PMCID: PMC10888680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the question of metabolic syndrome (MS) being a complex, but essentially monophyletic, galaxy of associated diseases/disorders, or just a syndrome of related but rather independent pathologies. The human nature of MS (its exceptionality in Nature and its close interdependence with human action and evolution) is presented and discussed. The text also describes the close interdependence of its components, with special emphasis on the description of their interrelations (including their syndromic development and recruitment), as well as their consequences upon energy handling and partition. The main theories on MS's origin and development are presented in relation to hepatic steatosis, type 2 diabetes, and obesity, but encompass most of the MS components described so far. The differential effects of sex and its biological consequences are considered under the light of human social needs and evolution, which are also directly related to MS epidemiology, severity, and relations with senescence. The triggering and maintenance factors of MS are discussed, with especial emphasis on inflammation, a complex process affecting different levels of organization and which is a critical element for MS development. Inflammation is also related to the operation of connective tissue (including the adipose organ) and the widely studied and acknowledged influence of diet. The role of diet composition, including the transcendence of the anaplerotic maintenance of the Krebs cycle from dietary amino acid supply (and its timing), is developed in the context of testosterone and β-estradiol control of the insulin-glycaemia hepatic core system of carbohydrate-triacylglycerol energy handling. The high probability of MS acting as a unique complex biological control system (essentially monophyletic) is presented, together with additional perspectives/considerations on the treatment of this 'very' human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marià Alemany
- Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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2
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Minjares M, Wu W, Wang JM. Oxidative Stress and MicroRNAs in Endothelial Cells under Metabolic Disorders. Cells 2023; 12:1341. [PMID: 37174741 PMCID: PMC10177439 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are radical oxygen intermediates that serve as important second messengers in signal transduction. However, when the accumulation of these molecules exceeds the buffering capacity of antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress and endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction occur. EC dysfunction shifts the vascular system into a pro-coagulative, proinflammatory state, thereby increasing the risk of developing cardiovascular (CV) diseases and metabolic disorders. Studies have turned to the investigation of microRNA treatment for CV risk factors, as these post-transcription regulators are known to co-regulate ROS. In this review, we will discuss ROS pathways and generation, normal endothelial cell physiology and ROS-induced dysfunction, and the current knowledge of common metabolic disorders and their connection to oxidative stress. Therapeutic strategies based on microRNAs in response to oxidative stress and microRNA's regulatory roles in controlling ROS will also be explored. It is important to gain an in-depth comprehension of the mechanisms generating ROS and how manipulating these enzymatic byproducts can protect endothelial cell function from oxidative stress and prevent the development of vascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Minjares
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
| | - Wendy Wu
- Vera P Shiffman Medical Library, Wayne State University, 320 E Canfield St., Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
| | - Jie-Mei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, 320 E Canfield St., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 4100 John R St., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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3
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Adipose Tissue Paracrine-, Autocrine-, and Matrix-Dependent Signaling during the Development and Progression of Obesity. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030407. [PMID: 36766750 PMCID: PMC9913478 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an ever-increasing phenomenon, with 42% of Americans being considered obese (BMI ≥ 30) and 9.2% being considered morbidly obese (BMI ≥ 40) as of 2016. With obesity being characterized by an abundance of adipose tissue expansion, abnormal tissue remodeling is a typical consequence. Importantly, this pathological tissue expansion is associated with many alterations in the cellular populations and phenotypes within the tissue, lending to cellular, paracrine, mechanical, and metabolic alterations that have local and systemic effects, including diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In particular, vascular dynamics shift during the progression of obesity, providing signaling cues that drive metabolic dysfunction. In this review, paracrine-, autocrine-, and matrix-dependent signaling between adipocytes and endothelial cells is discussed in the context of the development and progression of obesity and its consequential diseases, including adipose fibrosis, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
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Meng F, Zhang F, Meng M, Chen Q, Yang Y, Wang W, Xie H, Li X, Gu W, Yu J. Effects of the synbiotic composed of mangiferin and Lactobacillus reuteri 1-12 on type 2 diabetes mellitus rats. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1158652. [PMID: 37152739 PMCID: PMC10157401 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1158652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Many synbiotics are effective for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In the treatment of T2DM, synbiotics often regulate the composition of intestinal flora, which autoinducer-2 (AI-2) may play an important role. Whether the changes of intestinal flora are related to AI-2 during synbiotics treatment of T2DM is a topic worth studying. We elucidated the effects of synbiotic composed of mangiferin and Lactobacillus reuteri 1-12 (SML) on T2DM rats. Male Spraque-Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally with streptozotocin (STZ) and randomly grouped. After that, biochemical parameters, intestinal flora, fecal AI-2, and intestinal colonization of L. reuteri were detected. The results showed that SML had a hypoglycemic effect and mitigated the organ lesions of the liver and pancreas. Also, SML regulated biochemical parameters such as short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). On the other hand, the proportion of probiotics, such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. reuteri, Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, Lactobacillus murinus, and Lactobacillus johnsonii, were elevated by the treatment of SML. In addition, SML promoted the colonization and proliferation of L. reuteri in the gut. Another thing to consider was that AI-2 was positively correlated with the total number of OTUs sequences and SML boosted AI-2 in the gut. Taken together, these results supported that SML may modulate intestinal flora through AI-2 to treat T2DM. This study provided a novel alternative strategy for the treatment of T2DM in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanying Meng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Meng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiuding Chen
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yaqin Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Haina Xie
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xue Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wen Gu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- *Correspondence: Wen Gu,
| | - Jie Yu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Jie Yu,
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Keogh RA, Haeberle AL, Langouët-Astrié CJ, Kavanaugh JS, Schmidt EP, Moore GD, Horswill AR, Doran KS. Group B Streptococcus adaptation promotes survival in a hyperinflammatory diabetic wound environment. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd3221. [PMID: 36367946 PMCID: PMC9651866 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add3221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic wounds have poor healing outcomes due to the presence of numerous pathogens and a dysregulated immune response. Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is commonly isolated from diabetic wound infections, but the mechanisms of GBS virulence during these infections have not been investigated. Here, we develop a murine model of GBS diabetic wound infection and, using dual RNA sequencing, demonstrate that GBS infection triggers an inflammatory response. GBS adapts to this hyperinflammatory environment by up-regulating virulence factors including those known to be regulated by the two-component system covRS, such as the surface protein pbsP, and the cyl operon, which is responsible for hemolysin/pigmentation production. We recover hyperpigmented/hemolytic GBS colonies from the murine diabetic wound, which we determined encode mutations in covR. We further demonstrate that GBS mutants in cylE and pbsP are attenuated in the diabetic wound. This foundational study provides insight into the pathogenesis of GBS diabetic wound infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Keogh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Amanda L. Haeberle
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey S. Kavanaugh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Eric P. Schmidt
- Department of Medicine–Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Garrett D. Moore
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Alexander R. Horswill
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kelly S. Doran
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, CO, USA
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Cui J, Lee S, Sun Y, Zhang C, Hill MA, Li Y, Zhang H. Alternate Day Fasting Improves Endothelial Function in Type 2 Diabetic Mice: Role of Adipose-Derived Hormones. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:925080. [PMID: 35711339 PMCID: PMC9196729 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.925080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Intermittent fasting, including alternate day fasting (ADF), has grown in popularity as it can produce clinically significant metabolic benefits and is often considered to be easier to adhere to than other types of diets such as chronic calorie restriction. However, the effects of ADF on diabetes-associated vascular dysfunction, and the role of adipose-derived hormones, i.e., adipokines, in mediating its effects, remain largely unknown. Objective We aimed to test the hypothesis that ADF protects against diabetes-associated endothelial dysfunction, at least partly through modulating adipokine profiles. Methods Control mice (m Lepr db ) and diabetic mice (Leprdb ) were treated with 12-weeks of ADF. Glucose metabolism, endothelial function, and adipokine profile were assessed. Results ADF reduced fasting blood glucose level and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and improved insulin sensitivity. ADF improved endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation of small mesenteric arteries (SMA) of Leprdb mice. The improvement in endothelial function was largely attenuated by incubation with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-NAME. These ADF-induced metabolic and vascular benefits were accompanied by increased circulating adiponectin. Adenovirus-mediated adiponectin supplementation improved endothelial function in Leprdb mice, supporting endothelial protective roles in diabetes-associated endothelial dysfunction. Protein tyrosine nitration is a post-translational modification that serves as a marker of oxidative stress. Nitrotyrosine protein levels in SMA and mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT) were elevated in Leprdb mice. ADF reduced nitrotyrosine protein in SMA, but not in MAT, of Leprdb mice. Conclusion ADF exerts metabolic and endothelial protective benefits. The improvement of endothelial function was partly mediated by increased adiponectin, representing an important mechanism for the beneficial vascular effects resulting from ADF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cui
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Sewon Lee
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Division of Sport Science, College of Arts and Physical Education, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Yan Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Cuihua Zhang
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Michael A. Hill
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Yuhang Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hanrui Zhang
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Cardiometabolic Genomics Program, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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Paul P, Kaul R, Abdellatif B, Arabi M, Upadhyay R, Saliba R, Sebah M, Chaari A. The Promising Role of Microbiome Therapy on Biomarkers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic and Narrative Review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:906243. [PMID: 35711547 PMCID: PMC9197462 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.906243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One in 10 adults suffer from type 2 diabetes (T2D). The role of the gut microbiome, its homeostasis, and dysbiosis has been investigated with success in the pathogenesis as well as treatment of T2D. There is an increasing volume of literature reporting interventions of pro-, pre-, and synbiotics on T2D patients. Methods Studies investigating the effect of pro-, pre-, and synbiotics on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in T2D populations were extracted from databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane from inception to January 2022. Results From an initial screening of 5,984 hits, 47 clinical studies were included. Both statistically significant and non-significant results have been compiled, analyzed, and discussed. We have found various promising pro-, pre-, and synbiotic formulations. Of these, multistrain/multispecies probiotics are found to be more effective than monostrain interventions. Additionally, our findings show resistant dextrin to be the most promising prebiotic, followed closely by inulin and oligosaccharides. Finally, we report that synbiotics have shown excellent effect on markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes. We further discuss the role of metabolites in the resulting effects in biomarkers and ultimately pathogenesis of T2D, bring attention toward the ability of such nutraceuticals to have significant role in COVID-19 therapy, and finally discuss few ongoing clinical trials and prospects. Conclusion Current literature of pro-, pre- and synbiotic administration for T2D therapy is promising and shows many significant results with respect to most markers of inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradipta Paul
- Division of Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ridhima Kaul
- Division of Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Basma Abdellatif
- Division of Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maryam Arabi
- Division of Premedical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rohit Upadhyay
- Department of Medicine—Nephrology and Hypertension, Tulane University, School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Reya Saliba
- Distributed eLibrary, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Majda Sebah
- Division of Premedical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali Chaari
- Division of Premedical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
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Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Melatonin in Rats with Induced Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12040574. [PMID: 35455066 PMCID: PMC9029934 DOI: 10.3390/life12040574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Insulin resistance is associated with a pro-inflammatory state increasing the risk for complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In addition to its chronobiotic effects, the pineal hormone melatonin is known to exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Melatonin was also suggested to affect insulin secretion. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the effect of melatonin on inflammation in diabetic rats and to study the possible involvement of the melatonin receptor, MT2. Materials and Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four experimental groups (n = 10 per group): (1) control, (2) streptozotocin/nicotinamide induced diabetes type 2 (T2DM), (3) T2DM treated with melatonin (500 µg/kg/day), and (4) T2DM treated with melatonin (500 µg/kg/day for 6 weeks) and the selective MT2 receptor antagonist luzindole (0.25 g/kg/day for 6 weeks). Blood samples were taken for biochemical parameters and various tissue samples (liver, adipose tissue, brain) were removed for immunohistochemistry (IHC), Western blot (WB), and Q-PCR analyses, respectively. Results: Melatonin significantly reduced increased blood levels of liver transaminases (AST, ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), triglyceride, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and cholesterol in diabetic rats with luzindole treatment partly reversing this effect regarding the lipids. Furthermore, the liver and adipose tissues of T2DM rats treated with melatonin showed lower expression of the inflammatory markers IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and NF-κB as compared to the T2DM group without melatonin. The results also showed that the MT2 receptor is at least partly involved in the protective effects of melatonin. Conclusions: Our results suggest that melatonin exerts relevant anti-inflammatory effects on various tissues in type 2 diabetic rats.
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Wang Q, Wang Y, Xu D. The roles of T cells in obese adipose tissue inflammation. Adipocyte 2021; 10:435-445. [PMID: 34515616 PMCID: PMC8463033 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2021.1965314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue inflammation in obese patients can cause a series of metabolic diseases. There are a variety of immune cells in adipose tissue, and studies have shown that T cells are associated with adipose tissue inflammation. This review aims to describe the current understanding of the relationship between T cells and adipose tissue inflammation, with a focus on regulation by T cell subtypes. Studies have shown that Th1, Th17 and CD8+ T cells, which are important T cell subsets, can promote the development of adipose tissue inflammation, whereas Treg cells protect against inflammation, suggesting that targeting the mechanism by which T cell subtypes regulate adipose tissue inflammation is a potential therapeutic strategy for treating obesity. T cells play important roles in regulating obesity-associated adipose tissue inflammation, thus providing new research directions for the treatment of obesity. More studies are needed to clarify how T cell subtypes regulate adipose tissue inflammation to identify new treatments for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yurong Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Danyan Xu
- Department of Internal Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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10
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Liu L, Hu J, Wang Y, Lei H, Xu D. The role and research progress of the balance and interaction between regulatory T cells and other immune cells in obesity with insulin resistance. Adipocyte 2021; 10:66-79. [PMID: 33472506 PMCID: PMC7834085 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2021.1876375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic homoeostasis in adipose tissue plays a major role in obesity-related insulin resistance (IR). Regulatory T (Treg) cells have been recorded to regulate metabolic homoeostasis in adipose tissue. However, their specific mechanism is not yet known. This review aims to present the role of Treg cells and other immune cells in obesity-associated IR, focusing on the balance of numbers and functions of Treg cells and other immune cells as well as the crucial role of their interactions in maintaining adipose tissue homoeostasis. Th1 cells, Th17 cells, CD8+ T cells, and pro-inflammatory macrophages mediate the occurrence of obesity and IR by antagonizing Treg cells, while anti-inflammatory dendritic cells, eosinophils and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) regulate the metabolic homoeostasis of adipose tissue by promoting the proliferation and differentiation of Treg cells. γ δ T cells and invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells have complex effects on Treg cells, and their roles in obesity-associated IR are controversial. The balance of Treg cells and other immune cells can help maintain the metabolic homoeostasis of adipose tissue. Further research needs to explore more specific molecular mechanisms, thus providing more precise directions for the treatment of obesity with IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiling Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiahui Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yating Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Lei
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Danyan Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Du F, Liu B, Zhang S. COVID-19: the role of excessive cytokine release and potential ACE2 down-regulation in promoting hypercoagulable state associated with severe illness. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2021; 51:313-329. [PMID: 32676883 PMCID: PMC7365308 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-020-02224-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has become a universally prevalent infectious disease. The causative virus of COVID-19 is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2. Recent retrospective clinical studies have established a significant association between the incidence of vascular thrombotic events and the severity of COVID-19. The enhancement in serum levels of markers that reflect a hypercoagulable state has been suggested to indicate a poor prognosis. Therefore, at present, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms that foster the hypercoagulable state in COVID-19. Over-activated inflammatory response, which is manifested as excessive cytokine release in COVID-19 patients, is also associated with COVID-19 severity. This review discusses the immuno-pathological basis of the excessive cytokine release in COVID-19. Besides, this article reviews the role of pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines, whose significant elevations in their serum levels have been consistently detected in multiple different clinical studies, in promoting the hypercoagulable state. Since the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is potentially down-regulated in COVID-19, as proposed by a recent bio-informatic analysis, mechanisms through which reduced ACE2 expressions promote vascular thrombosis are summarized. In addition, the reciprocal-enhancing effects of the excessive cytokine release and the downregulated ACE2 expression on their pro-thrombotic activities are further discussed. Here, based on currently available evidence, we review the pathogenic mechanisms of the hypercoagulable state associated with severe cases of COVID-19 to give insights into prevention and treatment of the vascular thrombotic events in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghe Du
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shuaifuyuan 1st, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.,Four-Year Program of Clinical Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bao Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shuaifuyuan 1st, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Shuyang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shuaifuyuan 1st, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.
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12
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Qiu T, Li M, Tanner MA, Yang Y, Sowers JR, Korthuis RJ, Hill MA. Depletion of dendritic cells in perivascular adipose tissue improves arterial relaxation responses in type 2 diabetic mice. Metabolism 2018; 85:76-89. [PMID: 29530798 PMCID: PMC6062442 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulation of multiple subtypes of immune cells in perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) has been proposed to cause vascular inflammation and dysfunction in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). This study was designed to investigate specific roles for dendritic cells in PVAT in the development of vascular inflammation and impaired PVAT-mediated vasorelaxation in T2DM. METHODS AND RESULTS Studies were performed using db/db mice (model of T2DM) and their Db heterozygote (DbHET), lean and normoglycemic controls. Dendritic cell depletion was performed by cross-breeding DbHet with Flt3l-/- (null for ligand for FMS-kinase tyrosine kinase) mice. Using PCR, it was found that the majority of dendritic cells (CD11c+) were located in PVAT rather than the vascular wall. Flow cytometry similarly showed greater dendritic cell accumulation in adipose tissue from db/db mice than DbHET controls. Adipose tissue from db/db mice displayed increased mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 and decreased mRNA levels of the anti-inflammatory mediator adiponectin, compared to DbHET mice. Depletion of dendritic cells in dbFlt3l-/dbFlt3l- (confirmed by flow cytometry) reduced TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA levels in diabetic adipose tissue without influencing adiponection expression. Moreover, in mesenteric arteries, dendritic cell depletion improved the ability of PVAT to augment acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation and anti-contractile activity. CONCLUSIONS In a murine model of T2DM, dendritic cells accumulated predominantly in PVAT, as opposed to the vessel wall, per se. Accumulation of dendritic cells in PVAT was associated with overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which contributed to an impaired ability of PVAT to augment vasorelaxation and exert anti-contractile activity in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Qiu
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri and Truman VA Medical Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri and Truman VA Medical Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Min Li
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri and Truman VA Medical Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Miles A Tanner
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri and Truman VA Medical Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Yan Yang
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri and Truman VA Medical Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - James R Sowers
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri and Truman VA Medical Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri and Truman VA Medical Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Ronald J Korthuis
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri and Truman VA Medical Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri and Truman VA Medical Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Michael A Hill
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri and Truman VA Medical Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri and Truman VA Medical Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Rezende F, Moll F, Walter M, Helfinger V, Hahner F, Janetzko P, Ringel C, Weigert A, Fleming I, Weissmann N, Kuenne C, Looso M, Rieger MA, Nawroth P, Fleming T, Brandes RP, Schröder K. The NADPH organizers NoxO1 and p47phox are both mediators of diabetes-induced vascular dysfunction in mice. Redox Biol 2018; 15:12-21. [PMID: 29195137 PMCID: PMC5723277 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM NADPH oxidases are important sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Several Nox homologues are present together in the vascular system but whether they exhibit crosstalk at the activity level is unknown. To address this, vessel function of knockout mice for the cytosolic Nox organizer proteins p47phox, NoxO1 and a p47phox-NoxO1-double knockout were studied under normal condition and during streptozotocin-induced diabetes. RESULTS In the mouse aorta, mRNA expression for NoxO1 was predominant in smooth muscle and endothelial cells, whereas p47phox was markedly expressed in adventitial cells comprising leukocytes and tissue resident macrophages. Knockout of either NoxO1 or p47phox resulted in lower basal blood pressure. Deletion of any of the two subunits also prevented diabetes-induced vascular dysfunction. mRNA expression analysis by MACE (Massive Analysis of cDNA ends) identified substantial gene expression differences between the mouse lines and in response to diabetes. Deletion of p47phox induced inflammatory activation with increased markers of myeloid cells and cytokine and chemokine induction. In contrast, deletion of NoxO1 resulted in an attenuated interferon gamma signature and reduced expression of genes related to antigen presentation. This aspect was also reflected by a reduced number of circulating lymphocytes in NoxO1-/- mice. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION ROS production stimulated by NoxO1 and p47phox limit endothelium-dependent relaxation and maintain blood pressure in mice. However, NoxO1 and p47phox cannot substitute each other despite their similar effect on vascular function. Deletion of NoxO1 induced an anti-inflammatory phenotype, whereas p47phox deletion rather elicited a hyper-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Rezende
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany; German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Franziska Moll
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany; German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Maria Walter
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Valeska Helfinger
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Fabian Hahner
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Patrick Janetzko
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian Ringel
- Institute for Patho Biochemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Institute for Patho Biochemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signaling, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany; German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Carsten Kuenne
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bioinformatics Core Facility, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Mario Looso
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bioinformatics Core Facility, Bad Nauheim, Germany; German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael A Rieger
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Peter Nawroth
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH) and University Hospital Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Cancer IDC Helmholtz Center Munich and Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Fleming
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH) and University Hospital Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Cancer IDC Helmholtz Center Munich and Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ralf P Brandes
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany; German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein Main, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Katrin Schröder
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany; German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein Main, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Trivedi MK, Mondal SC, Gangwar M, Jana S. Effect of a Novel Ashwagandha-based Herbomineral Formulation on Pro-inflammatory Cytokines Expression in Mouse Splenocyte Cells: A Potential Immunomodulator. Pharmacogn Mag 2017; 13:S90-S94. [PMID: 28479732 PMCID: PMC5407122 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.197709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Herbomineral formulations are momentous in an audience of worldwide by virtue of their holistic approach to life. These formulations are widely used as complementary therapies in immunocompromised patients including cancer. Still, there is the need of cost-effective and safe herbomineral-based formulation that can modulate immune response by the regulation of cytokines cascades. Objective: Current study, we investigated immunomodulatory effect of TEBEH in LPS-induced cytokines expression levels in mouse splenocytes in vitro. Materials and Methods: The most effective and safe concentrations of TEBEH were chosen by determining the cell viability of splenocytes using MTT assay. The pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, MIP-1α, and IFN-γ were measured in cell supernatants using ELISA. Results: MTT data showed TEBEH formulation was found safe up to 10.53 μg/mL. At noncytotoxic concentrations (0.00001053–10.53 μg/mL), TEBEH significantly (P ≤ 0.001) inhibited the expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, and MIP-1α in mouse splenocytes as compared with vehicle control. Conclusion: In summary, TEBEH may indeed promote an anti-inflammatory environment by suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These observations indicated that TEBEH has potential effects in downregulating the immune system and might be developed as a useful anti-inflammatory product for various inflammatory disorders. SUMMARY The present study was undertaken to evaluate an immunomodulatory effect of the herbomineral formulation in LPS-induced mouse splenocytes with the measurement of cytokines expression such as TNF-α, IL-1β, MIP-1α and IFN-γ. The results showed that the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and MIP-1α was significantly down-regulated while, IFN-γ was significantly up-regulated in mouse splenocytes. It is hypothesized that modulation of the proinflammatory cytokines might occur via NF-κB pathway. Therefore, the herbomineral test formulation might act as an effective anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory product, and this can be used as a complementary and alternative treatment for the prevention of various types of inflammatory and auto-immune disorders
Abbreviations used: LPS: Lipopolysaccharide, IL: Interleukin; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa-B, TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha, MIP-1α: Macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, IFN-γ: Interferon, MTT: 3-(4,5-diamethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2Htetrazolium), ELISA: Enzyme linked immune sorbent assay, ANOVA: Analysis of variance
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mayank Gangwar
- Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Snehasis Jana
- Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Harzallah A, Hammami M, Kępczyńska MA, Hislop DC, Arch JRS, Cawthorne MA, Zaibi MS. Comparison of potential preventive effects of pomegranate flower, peel and seed oil on insulin resistance and inflammation in high-fat and high-sucrose diet-induced obesity mice model. Arch Physiol Biochem 2016; 122:75-87. [PMID: 26822470 DOI: 10.3109/13813455.2016.1148053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The potentially beneficial effects of pomegranate peel (PPE), flower (PFE) and seed oil (PSO) extracts, in comparison with rosiglitazone, on adiposity, lipid profile, glucose homoeostasis, as well as on the underlying inflammatory mechanisms, were examined in high-fat and high-sucrose (HF/HS) diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. MEASUREMENTS Body weight, body fat, energy expenditure, food and liquid intake, blood glucose, and plasma levels of insulin, lipids and cytokines were measured. RESULTS After two weeks, PSO (2 ml/kg/day) and rosiglitazone (3 mg/kg/day) had not improved glucose intolerance. After 4 weeks, both treatments significantly reduced fasting blood glucose and an insulin tolerance test showed that they also improved insulin sensitivity. Treatment with PPE, PFE and PSO, reduced the plasma levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and PFE increased the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). CONCLUSION PPE, PFE and PSO have anti-inflammatory properties. PSO also improved insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arij Harzallah
- a Biochemistry Laboratory, Research Laboratory LR12ES05: Lab-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health', Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia and
| | - Mohamed Hammami
- a Biochemistry Laboratory, Research Laboratory LR12ES05: Lab-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health', Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia and
| | - Malgorzata A Kępczyńska
- b Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, Clore Laboratory, University of Buckingham , Buckingham , UK
| | - David C Hislop
- b Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, Clore Laboratory, University of Buckingham , Buckingham , UK
| | - Jonathan R S Arch
- b Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, Clore Laboratory, University of Buckingham , Buckingham , UK
| | - Michael A Cawthorne
- b Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, Clore Laboratory, University of Buckingham , Buckingham , UK
| | - Mohamed S Zaibi
- b Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, Clore Laboratory, University of Buckingham , Buckingham , UK
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Tous M, Ferrer-Lorente R, Badimon L. Selective inhibition of sphingosine kinase-1 protects adipose tissue against LPS-induced inflammatory response in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E437-46. [PMID: 25053402 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00059.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with a state of chronic inflammation. The chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) has been proposed to modulate the inflammatory response in adipose tissue (AT). However, the mechanisms underlying CCL5 upregulation in AT remain undefined. The objective of the present study was to evaluate whether the enzyme sphingosine kinase-1 (SK1) would modulate the expression of CCL5 and other inflammatory biomarkers in primary adipocytes and its potential role in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced AT inflammation in a rat model of diabetes. To address this, LPS-stimulated primary adipocytes and 3T3-L1 cells were treated with a SK inhibitor, and the expression of Ccl5 and other CC chemokines were studied. Moreover, the effect of SK1 knockdown on cytokine production was analyzed in 3T3-L1 cells by transfection of SK1-specific small-interfering RNA (siRNA). The anti-inflammatory effects of SK inhibitor in AT were also investigated in vivo using the Zucker lean normoglycemic control (ZLC) rats. LPS treatment stimulated Ccl5, IL-6, pentraxin 3 (Ptx3), and Tnfα mRNA expression in primary adipocytes and 3T3-L1 cells, whereas pharmacologically and siRNA-mediated SK1 inhibition strongly reduced mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines in these cells. Similarly, administration of SK inhibitor to ZLC rats prevented the LPS-induced inflammatory response in AT. Our data demonstrate a role for SK1 in endotoxin-induced cytokine expression in adipocytes and suggest that inhibition of SK1 may be a potential therapeutic tool in the prevention and treatment of chronic and common metabolic disorders, including obesity, insulin-resistance, and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Tous
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Instituto Catalan de Ciencias Cardiovasculares (CSIC-ICCC), IIB Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Ferrer-Lorente
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Instituto Catalan de Ciencias Cardiovasculares (CSIC-ICCC), IIB Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Instituto Catalan de Ciencias Cardiovasculares (CSIC-ICCC), IIB Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
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Hofmann U, Frantz S. How can we cure a heart "in flame"? A translational view on inflammation in heart failure. Basic Res Cardiol 2013; 108:356. [PMID: 23740214 PMCID: PMC3709073 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-013-0356-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of chronic heart failure is still increasing making it a major health issue in the 21st century. Tremendous evidence has emerged over the past decades that heart failure is associated with a wide array of mechanisms subsumed under the term “inflammation”. Based on the great success of immuno-suppressive treatments in auto-immunity and transplantation, clinical trials were launched targeting inflammatory mediators in patients with chronic heart failure. However, they widely lacked positive outcomes. The failure of the initial study program directed against tumor necrosis factor-α led to the search for alternative therapeutic targets involving a broader spectrum of mechanisms besides cytokines. We here provide an overview of the current knowledge on immune activation in chronic heart failure of different etiologies, summarize clinical studies in the field, address unresolved key questions, and highlight some promising novel therapeutic targets for clinical trials from a translational basic science and clinical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Hofmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
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18
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Chen Y, Wang X, Mai J, Zhao X, Liang Y, Gu M, Chen Z, Nie R, Wang J. C-reactive protein promotes vascular endothelial dysfunction partly via activating adipose tissue inflammation in hyperlipidemic rabbits. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:2397-403. [PMID: 23452887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.01.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial dysfunction is the basic and original sign of atherogenesis. Some evidences show that C-reactive protein (CRP) and perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) play a pivotal role in atherosclerosis. However, the effects of CRP on atherosclerosis and the related mechanisms require elucidation. METHODS The levels of basic total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, CRP, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) were respectively measured in rabbits, endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation function was also evaluated. Animals were randomly divided into two groups: PVAT(-) and PVAT(+) group (removing or keeping pericarotid adipose tissue (PCAT)). Both of the two groups were exposed to a high-fat diet for six-week, and then sustained CRP treatment was performed for a week, at this time point all the above parameters were remeasured. In addition, mRNA and protein expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were respectively evaluated by Polymerase Chain Reaction and immunoblotting in PCAT and cultured adipocytes treated by CRP. RESULTS High-fat diet greatly increased the serum lipids and inflammatory markers, induced endothelial dysfunction and imbalance between NO and ET-1, increased mRNA and protein expression of TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1 and enhanced macrophage infiltration of PCAT. CRP treatment could further promote macrophage infiltration of PVAT, induce the imbalance between NO and ET-1, aggravate endothelial dysfunction especially in PVAT(+) arteries, and could also enhance the above-mentioned mRNA and protein expression in PCAT and cultured adipocytes. CONCLUSIONS CRP could significantly promote endothelial dysfunction in high-fat diet rabbits especially in PVAT(+) groups, which may be partly mediated by activating inflammatory reaction of adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- YangXin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, 510120, China
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Bauters D, Van Hul M, Lijnen HR. Macrophage elastase (MMP-12) in expanding murine adipose tissue. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:2954-9. [PMID: 23295969 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are known to play a role in adipose tissue development, but little information is available on the role of individual proteinases. Expansion of adipose tissue is associated with an increased macrophage content. Macrophage elastase (MMP-12) has an important role in macrophage infiltration, which induces pro-inflammatory effects in adipose tissue. METHODS The role of MMP-12 was investigated in adipose tissues of MMP-12 deficient and wild-type control mice kept on normal chow or on high fat diet for 15 weeks. RESULTS MMP-12 deficiency had no significant effect on total body weight or on subcutaneous (SC) or gonadal (GON) adipose tissue mass. Adipocyte and blood vessel size and density in SC and GON adipose tissues of obese mice were also comparable in MMP-12 deficient and control mice. Macrophage infiltration in SC and GON adipose tissues was not affected by MMP-12 deficiency, but the amount of crown-like structures (CLS) was significantly lower. MMP-12 deficiency did not affect elastin content in the extracellular matrix of SC or GON adipose tissue. CONCLUSIONS Adipose tissue mass and composition in mice with nutritionally induced obesity was not markedly affected by MMP-12 deficiency, except for an apparently lower degree of CLS. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE MMP-12 does not seem to be essential for macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue, but contributes to the formation of CLS surrounding moribund adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bauters
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
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Pedicino D, Liuzzo G, Trotta F, Giglio AF, Giubilato S, Martini F, Zaccardi F, Scavone G, Previtero M, Massaro G, Cialdella P, Cardillo MT, Pitocco D, Ghirlanda G, Crea F. Adaptive immunity, inflammation, and cardiovascular complications in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:184258. [PMID: 23762872 PMCID: PMC3676957 DOI: 10.1155/2013/184258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a pandemics that affects more than 170 million people worldwide, associated with increased mortality and morbidity due to coronary artery disease (CAD). In type 1 (T1) DM, the main pathogenic mechanism seems to be the destruction of pancreatic β -cells mediated by autoreactive T-cells resulting in chronic insulitis, while in type 2 (T2) DM primary insulin resistance, rather than defective insulin production due to β -cell destruction, seems to be the triggering alteration. In our study, we investigated the role of systemic inflammation and T-cell subsets in T1- and T2DM and the possible mechanisms underlying the increased cardiovascular risk associated with these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pedicino
- Institute of Cardiology, Catholic University, Largo A. Gemelli, 8-00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Liuzzo
- Institute of Cardiology, Catholic University, Largo A. Gemelli, 8-00168 Rome, Italy
- *Giovanna Liuzzo:
| | - Francesco Trotta
- Institute of Cardiology, Catholic University, Largo A. Gemelli, 8-00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Ada Francesca Giglio
- Institute of Cardiology, Catholic University, Largo A. Gemelli, 8-00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Giubilato
- Institute of Cardiology, Catholic University, Largo A. Gemelli, 8-00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Martini
- Diabetes Care Unit, Internal Medicine, Catholic University, Largo A. Gemelli, 8-00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Zaccardi
- Diabetes Care Unit, Internal Medicine, Catholic University, Largo A. Gemelli, 8-00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Scavone
- Diabetes Care Unit, Internal Medicine, Catholic University, Largo A. Gemelli, 8-00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Previtero
- Institute of Cardiology, Catholic University, Largo A. Gemelli, 8-00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Massaro
- Institute of Cardiology, Catholic University, Largo A. Gemelli, 8-00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Pio Cialdella
- Institute of Cardiology, Catholic University, Largo A. Gemelli, 8-00168 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Dario Pitocco
- Diabetes Care Unit, Internal Medicine, Catholic University, Largo A. Gemelli, 8-00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ghirlanda
- Diabetes Care Unit, Internal Medicine, Catholic University, Largo A. Gemelli, 8-00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Crea
- Institute of Cardiology, Catholic University, Largo A. Gemelli, 8-00168 Rome, Italy
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Otto S, Seeber M, Fujita B, Kretzschmar D, Ferrari M, Goebel B, Figulla HR, Poerner TC. Microembolization and myonecrosis during elective percutaneous coronary interventions in diabetic patients: an intracoronary Doppler ultrasound study with 2-year clinical follow-up. Basic Res Cardiol 2012; 107:289. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-012-0289-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Lee S, Zhang H, Chen J, Dellsperger KC, Hill MA, Zhang C. Adiponectin abates diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction by suppressing oxidative stress, adhesion molecules, and inflammation in type 2 diabetic mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 303:H106-15. [PMID: 22561304 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00110.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Adiponectin (APN) can confer protection against metabolism-related illnesses in organs such as fat, the liver, and skeletal muscle. However, it is unclear whether APN improves endothelial-dependent nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation in type 2 diabetes and, if so, by what mechanism. We tested whether exogenous APN delivery improves endothelial function in type 2 diabetic mice and explored the mechanisms underlying the observed improvement. To test the hypothesis, we injected adenovirus APN (Ad-APN) or adenovirus β-galactosidase (Ad-βgal; control virus) via the tail vein in control (m Lepr(db)) and diabetic (Lepr(db); db/db) mice and studied vascular function of the aorta ex vivo. Ad-APN improved endothelial-dependent vasodilation in db/db mice compared with Ad-βgal, whereas Ad-APN had no further improvement on endothelial function in control mice. This improvement was completely inhibited by a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester). Serum triglyceride and total cholesterol levels were increased in db/db mice, and Ad-APN significantly reduced triglyceride levels but not total cholesterol levels. Immunoblot results showed that interferon-γ, gp91(phox), and nitrotyrosine were markedly increased in the aorta of db/db mice. Ad-APN treatment decreased the expression of these proteins. In addition, mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and ICAM-1 was elevated in db/db mice, and Ad-APN treatment decreased these expressions in the aorta. Our findings suggest that APN may contribute to an increase in nitric oxide bioavailability by decreasing superoxide production as well as by inhibiting inflammation and adhesion molecules in the aorta in type 2 diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sewon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA.
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Overfed Ossabaw swine with early stage metabolic syndrome have normal coronary collateral development in response to chronic ischemia. Basic Res Cardiol 2012; 107:243. [PMID: 22231675 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-012-0243-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Ossabaw miniswine have been naturally selected to efficiently store large amounts of lipids offering them a survival advantage. Our goal was to evaluate the myocardial response to chronic ischemia of the Ossabaw consuming a hypercaloric, high-fat/cholesterol diet with and without metformin supplementation. At 6 weeks of age animals were fed either a regular diet (OC, n = 9), a hypercaloric high-fat/cholesterol diet (OHC, n = 9), or a hypercaloric high-fat/cholesterol diet supplemented with metformin (OHCM, n = 8). At 9 weeks, all animals underwent ameroid constrictor placement to the left circumflex coronary artery to simulate chronic ischemia. Seven weeks after ameroid placement, all animals underwent hemodynamic and functional measurements followed by cardiac harvest. Both OHC and OHCM animals developed significantly greater weight gain, total cholesterol, and LDL:HDL ratio compared to OC controls. Metformin administration reversed diet-induced hypertension and glucose intolerance. There were no differences in global and regional contractility, myocardial perfusion, capillary and arteriolar density, or total protein oxidation between groups. Myocardial protein expression of VEGF, PPAR-α, γ, and δ was significantly increased in the OHC and OHCM groups. Microvessel reactivity was improved in the OHC and OHCM groups compared to controls, and correlated with increased p-eNOS expression. Overfed Ossabaw miniswine develop several components of metabolic syndrome. However, impairments of myocardial function, neovascularization and perfusion were not present, and microvessel reactivity was paradoxically improved in hypercholesterolemic animals. The observed cardioprotection despite metabolic derangements may be due to lipid-dependant upregulation of the PPAR pathway which is anti-inflammatory and governs myocardial fatty acid metabolism.
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Zhang H, Dellsperger KC, Zhang C. The link between metabolic abnormalities and endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes: an update. Basic Res Cardiol 2011; 107:237. [PMID: 22189563 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-011-0237-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite abundant clinical evidence linking metabolic abnormalities to diabetic vasculopathy, the molecular basis of individual susceptibility to diabetic vascular complications is still largely undetermined. Endothelial dysfunction in diabetes-associated vascular complications is considered an early stage of vasculopathy and has attracted considerable research interests. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by metabolic abnormalities, such as hyperglycemia, excess liberation of free fatty acids (FFA), insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. These abnormalities exert pathological impact on endothelial function by attenuating endothelium-mediated vasomotor function, enhancing endothelial apoptosis, stimulating endothelium activation/endothelium-monocyte adhesion, promoting an atherogenic response and suppressing barrier function. There are multiple signaling pathways contributing to the adverse effects of glucotoxicity on endothelial function. Insulin maintains the normal balance for release of several factors with vasoactive properties. Abnormal insulin signaling in the endothelium does not affect the whole-body glucose metabolism, but impairs endothelial response to insulin and accelerates atherosclerosis. Excessive level of FFA is implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. FFA induces endothelial oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammatory response, and inhibits insulin signaling. Although hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia independently contribute to endothelial dysfunction via various distinct mechanisms, the mutual interactions may synergistically accelerate their adverse effects. Oxidative stress and inflammation are predicted to be among the first alterations which may trigger other downstream mediators in diabetes associated with endothelial dysfunction. These mechanisms may provide insights into potential therapeutic targets that can delay or reverse diabetic vasculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanrui Zhang
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Medical Pharmacology & Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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