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Ko VI, Ong K, Cleveland DW, Yu H, Ravits JM. CK1δ/ε kinases regulate TDP-43 phosphorylation and are therapeutic targets for ALS-related TDP-43 hyperphosphorylation. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 196:106516. [PMID: 38677657 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperphosphorylated TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) aggregates in the cytoplasm of neurons is the neuropathological hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and a group of neurodegenerative diseases collectively referred to as TDP-43 proteinopathies that includes frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and limbic onset age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy. The mechanism of TDP-43 phosphorylation is poorly understood. Previously we reported casein kinase 1 epsilon gene (CSNK1E gene encoding CK1ε protein) as being tightly correlated with phosphorylated TDP-43 (pTDP-43) pathology. Here we pursued studies to investigate in cellular models and in vitro how CK1ε and CK1δ (a closely related family sub-member) mediate TDP-43 phosphorylation in disease. We first validated the binding interaction between TDP-43 and either CK1δ and CK1ε using kinase activity assays and predictive bioinformatic database. We utilized novel inducible cellular models that generated translocated phosphorylated TDP-43 (pTDP-43) and cytoplasmic aggregation. Reducing CK1 kinase activity with siRNA or small molecule chemical inhibitors resulted in significant reduction of pTDP-43, in both soluble and insoluble protein fractions. We also established CK1δ and CK1ε are the primary kinases that phosphorylate TDP-43 compared to CK2α, CDC7, ERK1/2, p38α/MAPK14, and TTBK1, other identified kinases that have been implicated in TDP-43 phosphorylation. Throughout our studies, we were careful to examine both the soluble and insoluble TDP-43 protein fractions, the critical protein fractions related to protein aggregation diseases. These results identify CK1s as critical kinases involved in TDP-43 hyperphosphorylation and aggregation in cellular models and in vitro, and in turn are potential therapeutic targets by way of CK1δ/ε inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian I Ko
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0624, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0624, USA
| | - Kailee Ong
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0624, USA
| | - Don W Cleveland
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0624, USA
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0624, USA
| | - John M Ravits
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0624, USA.
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2
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Castelli L, Vasta R, Allen SP, Waller R, Chiò A, Traynor BJ, Kirby J. From use of omics to systems biology: Identifying therapeutic targets for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 176:209-268. [PMID: 38802176 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a heterogeneous progressive neurodegenerative disorder with available treatments such as riluzole and edaravone extending survival by an average of 3-6 months. The lack of highly effective, widely available therapies reflects the complexity of ALS. Omics technologies, including genomics, transcriptomic and proteomics have contributed to the identification of biological pathways dysregulated and targeted by therapeutic strategies in preclinical and clinical trials. Integrating clinical, environmental and neuroimaging information with omics data and applying a systems biology approach can further improve our understanding of the disease with the potential to stratify patients and provide more personalised medicine. This chapter will review the omics technologies that contribute to a systems biology approach and how these components have assisted in identifying therapeutic targets. Current strategies, including the use of genetic screening and biosampling in clinical trials, as well as the future application of additional technological advances, will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Castelli
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Rosario Vasta
- ALS Expert Center,'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Scott P Allen
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Waller
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Adriano Chiò
- ALS Expert Center,'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Neurology 1, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Bryan J Traynor
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; RNA Therapeutics Laboratory, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Rockville, MD, United States; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States; Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology,University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Janine Kirby
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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3
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Castellanos Otero P, Todd TW, Shao W, Jones CJ, Huang K, Daughrity LM, Yue M, Sheth U, Gendron TF, Prudencio M, Oskarsson B, Dickson DW, Petrucelli L, Zhang YJ. Generation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against pathologically phosphorylated TDP-43. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298080. [PMID: 38635657 PMCID: PMC11025846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Inclusions containing TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) are a pathological hallmark of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). One of the disease-specific features of TDP-43 inclusions is the aberrant phosphorylation of TDP-43 at serines 409/410 (pS409/410). Here, we developed rabbit monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that specifically detect pS409/410-TDP-43 in multiple model systems and FTD/ALS patient samples. Specifically, we identified three mAbs (26H10, 2E9 and 23A1) from spleen B cell clones that exhibit high specificity and sensitivity to pS409/410-TDP-43 peptides in an ELISA assay. Biochemical analyses revealed that pS409/410 of recombinant TDP-43 and of exogenous 25 kDa TDP-43 C-terminal fragments in cultured HEK293T cells are detected by all three mAbs. Moreover, the mAbs detect pS409/410-positive TDP-43 inclusions in the brains of FTD/ALS patients and mouse models of TDP-43 proteinopathy by immunohistochemistry. Our findings indicate that these mAbs are a valuable resource for investigating TDP-43 pathology both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiffany W. Todd
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Wei Shao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Caroline J. Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kexin Huang
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lillian M. Daughrity
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mei Yue
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Udit Sheth
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
- Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Tania F. Gendron
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
- Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Mercedes Prudencio
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
- Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Björn Oskarsson
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Dennis W. Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
- Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Leonard Petrucelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
- Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Yong-Jie Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
- Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
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4
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Robinson AC, Davidson YS, Minshull J, Lally I, Walker L, Mann DMA, Roncaroli F. Retrospective neuropathological diagnosis of TDP-43 proteinopathies: Factors affecting immunoreactivity of phosphorylated TDP-43 in fixed post-mortem brain tissue. Neuropathology 2024; 44:173-179. [PMID: 37528690 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Robinson
- Division of Neuroscience, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK
| | - Yvonne S Davidson
- Division of Neuroscience, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK
| | - James Minshull
- Division of Neuroscience, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK
| | - Imogen Lally
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Liam Walker
- Research and Innovation, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - David M A Mann
- Division of Neuroscience, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK
| | - Federico Roncaroli
- Division of Neuroscience, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK
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5
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Kulichikhin KY, Malikova OA, Zobnina AE, Zalutskaya NM, Rubel AA. Interaction of Proteins Involved in Neuronal Proteinopathies. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1954. [PMID: 37895336 PMCID: PMC10608209 DOI: 10.3390/life13101954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinopathy is characterized by the accumulation of aggregates of a specific protein in a target organ, tissue, or cell. The aggregation of the same protein can cause different pathologies as single protein can adopt various amyloidogenic, disease-specific conformations. The conformation governs the interaction of amyloid aggregates with other proteins that are prone to misfolding and, thus, determines disease-specific spectrum of concomitant pathologies. In this regard, a detailed description of amyloid protein conformation as well as spectrum of its interaction with other proteins become a key point for drafting of precise description of the disease. The majority of clinical cases of neuronal proteinopathies is caused by the aggregation of rather limited range of amyloidogenic proteins. Here, we provided the characterization of pathologies, related to the aggregation of amyloid β peptide, tau protein, α-synuclein, TDP-43, and amylin, giving a short description of pathologies themselves, recent advances in elucidation of misfolded protein conformation, with emphasis on those protein aggregates extracted from biological samples, what is known about the interaction of this proteins, and the influence of this interaction on the progression of underlying disease and comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Y. Kulichikhin
- Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (O.A.M.); (A.E.Z.)
| | - Oksana A. Malikova
- Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (O.A.M.); (A.E.Z.)
| | - Anastasia E. Zobnina
- Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (O.A.M.); (A.E.Z.)
| | - Natalia M. Zalutskaya
- V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, 192019 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Aleksandr A. Rubel
- Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (O.A.M.); (A.E.Z.)
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6
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Pérez‐Berlanga M, Wiersma VI, Zbinden A, De Vos L, Wagner U, Foglieni C, Mallona I, Betz KM, Cléry A, Weber J, Guo Z, Rigort R, de Rossi P, Manglunia R, Tantardini E, Sahadevan S, Stach O, Hruska‐Plochan M, Allain FH, Paganetti P, Polymenidou M. Loss of TDP-43 oligomerization or RNA binding elicits distinct aggregation patterns. EMBO J 2023; 42:e111719. [PMID: 37431963 PMCID: PMC10476175 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of the RNA-binding protein TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is the key neuropathological feature of neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). In physiological conditions, TDP-43 is predominantly nuclear, forms oligomers, and is contained in biomolecular condensates assembled by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). In disease, TDP-43 forms cytoplasmic or intranuclear inclusions. How TDP-43 transitions from physiological to pathological states remains poorly understood. Using a variety of cellular systems to express structure-based TDP-43 variants, including human neurons and cell lines with near-physiological expression levels, we show that oligomerization and RNA binding govern TDP-43 stability, splicing functionality, LLPS, and subcellular localization. Importantly, our data reveal that TDP-43 oligomerization is modulated by RNA binding. By mimicking the impaired proteasomal activity observed in ALS/FTLD patients, we found that monomeric TDP-43 forms inclusions in the cytoplasm, whereas its RNA binding-deficient counterpart aggregated in the nucleus. These differentially localized aggregates emerged via distinct pathways: LLPS-driven aggregation in the nucleus and aggresome-dependent inclusion formation in the cytoplasm. Therefore, our work unravels the origins of heterogeneous pathological species reminiscent of those occurring in TDP-43 proteinopathy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vera I Wiersma
- Department of Quantitative BiomedicineUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Aurélie Zbinden
- Department of Quantitative BiomedicineUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Laura De Vos
- Department of Quantitative BiomedicineUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Ulrich Wagner
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Chiara Foglieni
- Neurodegeneration Research Group, Laboratory for Biomedical Neurosciences, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero CantonaleBellinzonaSwitzerland
| | - Izaskun Mallona
- Department of Quantitative BiomedicineUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Katharina M Betz
- Department of Quantitative BiomedicineUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Antoine Cléry
- Department of Biology, Institute of BiochemistryETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Julien Weber
- Department of Quantitative BiomedicineUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Zhongning Guo
- Department of Quantitative BiomedicineUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Ruben Rigort
- Department of Quantitative BiomedicineUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Pierre de Rossi
- Department of Quantitative BiomedicineUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Ruchi Manglunia
- Department of Quantitative BiomedicineUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Elena Tantardini
- Department of Quantitative BiomedicineUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Sonu Sahadevan
- Department of Quantitative BiomedicineUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Oliver Stach
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | | | | | - Paolo Paganetti
- Neurodegeneration Research Group, Laboratory for Biomedical Neurosciences, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero CantonaleBellinzonaSwitzerland
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7
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Mesulam MM, Gefen T, Flanagan M, Castellani R, Jamshidi P, Barbieri E, Sridhar J, Kawles A, Weintraub S, Geula C, Rogalski E. Frontotemporal Degeneration with Transactive Response DNA-Binding Protein Type C at the Anterior Temporal Lobe. Ann Neurol 2023; 94:1-12. [PMID: 37183762 PMCID: PMC10330481 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The anatomical distribution of most neurodegenerative diseases shows considerable interindividual variations. In contrast, frontotemporal lobar degeneration with transactive response DNA-binding protein type C (TDP-C) shows a consistent predilection for the anterior temporal lobe (ATL). The relatively selective atrophy of ATL in TDP-C patients has highlighted the importance of this region for complex cognitive and behavioral functions. This review includes observations on 28 TDP-C patients, 18 with semantic primary progressive aphasia and 10 with other syndromes. Longitudinal imaging allowed the delineation of progression trajectories. At post-mortem examination, the pathognomonic feature of TDP-C consisted of long, thick neurites found predominantly in superficial cortical layers. These neurites may represent dystrophic apical dendrites of layer III and V pyramidal neurons that are known to play pivotal roles in complex cortical computations. Other types of frontotemporal lobar degeneration TDP, such as TDP-A and TDP-B, are not associated with long dystrophic neurites in the cerebral cortex, and do not show similar predilection patterns for ATL. Research is beginning to identify molecular, structural, and immunological differences between pathological TDP-43 in TDP-C versus TDP-A and B. Parallel investigations based on proteomics, somatic mutations, and genome-wide association studies are detecting molecular features that could conceivably mediate the selective vulnerability of ATL to TDP-C. Future work will focus on characterizing the distinctive features of the abnormal TDP-C neurites, the mechanisms of neurotoxicity, initial cellular targets within the ATL, trajectory of spread, and the nature of ATL-specific markers that modulate vulnerability to TDP-C. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:1-12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek-Marsel Mesulam
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tamar Gefen
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Margaret Flanagan
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rudolph Castellani
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pouya Jamshidi
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elena Barbieri
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jaiashre Sridhar
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Allegra Kawles
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sandra Weintraub
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Changiz Geula
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emily Rogalski
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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8
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Arnold FJ, Nguyen AD, Bedlack RS, Bennett CL, La Spada AR. Intercellular transmission of pathogenic proteins in ALS: Exploring the pathogenic wave. Neurobiol Dis 2023:106218. [PMID: 37394036 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), disease symptoms and pathology typically spread in a predictable spatiotemporal pattern beginning at a focal site of onset and progressing along defined neuroanatomical tracts. Like other neurodegenerative diseases, ALS is characterized by the presence of protein aggregates in postmortem patient tissue. Cytoplasmic, ubiquitin-positive aggregates of TDP-43 are observed in approximately 97% of sporadic and familial ALS patients, while SOD1 inclusions are likely specific to cases of SOD1-ALS. Additionally, the most common subtype of familial ALS, caused by a hexanucleotide repeat expansion in the first intron of the C9orf72 gene (C9-ALS), is further characterized by the presence of aggregated dipeptide repeat proteins (DPRs). As we will describe, cell-to-cell propagation of these pathological proteins tightly correlates with the contiguous spread of disease. While TDP-43 and SOD1 are capable of seeding protein misfolding and aggregation in a prion-like manner, C9orf72 DPRs appear to induce (and transmit) a 'disease state' more generally. Multiple mechanisms of intercellular transport have been described for all of these proteins, including anterograde and retrograde axonal transport, extracellular vesicle secretion, and macropinocytosis. In addition to neuron-to-neuron transmission, transmission of pathological proteins occurs between neurons and glia. Given that the spread of ALS disease pathology corresponds with the spread of symptoms in patients, the various mechanisms by which ALS-associated protein aggregates propagate through the central nervous system should be closely examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Arnold
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - A D Nguyen
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - R S Bedlack
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - C L Bennett
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - A R La Spada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Departments of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; UCI Center for Neurotherapeutics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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9
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Role of Triggers on the Structural and Functional Facets of TAR DNA-binding Protein 43. Neuroscience 2023; 511:110-130. [PMID: 36442745 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) mitigates cellular function, but the dynamic nucleus-cytoplasm shuttling of TDP-43 is disrupted in diseases, such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). The polymorphic nature of the TDP-43 structures in vitro and in vivo is a result of environmental factors leading to the protein pathogenesis. Once the triggers which mitigate TDP-43 biochemistry are identified, new therapies can be developed. This review aims to illustrate recent discoveries in the diversity of TDP-43 structures (amyloidogenic and non-amyloidogenic) and highlight the triggers which result in their formation.
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10
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Nelson PT, Lee EB, Cykowski MD, Alafuzoff I, Arfanakis K, Attems J, Brayne C, Corrada MM, Dugger BN, Flanagan ME, Ghetti B, Grinberg LT, Grossman M, Grothe MJ, Halliday GM, Hasegawa M, Hokkanen SRK, Hunter S, Jellinger K, Kawas CH, Keene CD, Kouri N, Kovacs GG, Leverenz JB, Latimer CS, Mackenzie IR, Mao Q, McAleese KE, Merrick R, Montine TJ, Murray ME, Myllykangas L, Nag S, Neltner JH, Newell KL, Rissman RA, Saito Y, Sajjadi SA, Schwetye KE, Teich AF, Thal DR, Tomé SO, Troncoso JC, Wang SHJ, White CL, Wisniewski T, Yang HS, Schneider JA, Dickson DW, Neumann M. LATE-NC staging in routine neuropathologic diagnosis: an update. Acta Neuropathol 2023; 145:159-173. [PMID: 36512061 PMCID: PMC9849315 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-022-02524-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An international consensus report in 2019 recommended a classification system for limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy neuropathologic changes (LATE-NC). The suggested neuropathologic staging system and nomenclature have proven useful for autopsy practice and dementia research. However, some issues remain unresolved, such as cases with unusual features that do not fit with current diagnostic categories. The goal of this report is to update the neuropathologic criteria for the diagnosis and staging of LATE-NC, based primarily on published data. We provide practical suggestions about how to integrate available genetic information and comorbid pathologies [e.g., Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic changes (ADNC) and Lewy body disease]. We also describe recent research findings that have enabled more precise guidance on how to differentiate LATE-NC from other subtypes of TDP-43 pathology [e.g., frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)], and how to render diagnoses in unusual situations in which TDP-43 pathology does not follow the staging scheme proposed in 2019. Specific recommendations are also made on when not to apply this diagnostic term based on current knowledge. Neuroanatomical regions of interest in LATE-NC are described in detail and the implications for TDP-43 immunohistochemical results are specified more precisely. We also highlight questions that remain unresolved and areas needing additional study. In summary, the current work lays out a number of recommendations to improve the precision of LATE-NC staging based on published reports and diagnostic experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Nelson
- University of Kentucky, Rm 575 Todd Building, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Edward B Lee
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Konstantinos Arfanakis
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michel J Grothe
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología Y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Masato Hasegawa
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gabor G Kovacs
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Qinwen Mao
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Liisa Myllykangas
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sukriti Nag
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Janna H Neltner
- University of Kentucky, Rm 575 Todd Building, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | | | - Yuko Saito
- Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital & Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Dietmar R Thal
- Laboratory for Neuropathology, Department of Imaging and Pathoogy, and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra O Tomé
- Laboratory for Neuropathology, Department of Imaging and Pathoogy, and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Charles L White
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Hyun-Sik Yang
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, BostonBoston, MAMA, USA
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11
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Paron F, Barattucci S, Cappelli S, Romano M, Berlingieri C, Stuani C, Laurents D, Mompeán M, Buratti E. Unravelling the toxic effects mediated by the neurodegenerative disease-associated S375G mutation of TDP-43 and its S375E phosphomimetic variant. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102252. [PMID: 35835219 PMCID: PMC9364110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is a nucleic acid–binding protein found in the nucleus that accumulates in the cytoplasm under pathological conditions, leading to proteinopathies, such as frontotemporal dementia and ALS. An emerging area of TDP-43 research is represented by the study of its post-translational modifications, the way they are connected to disease-associated mutations, and what this means for pathological processes. Recently, we described a novel mutation in TDP-43 in an early onset ALS case that was affecting a potential phosphorylation site in position 375 (S375G). A preliminary characterization showed that both the S375G mutation and its phosphomimetic variant, S375E, displayed altered nuclear–cytoplasmic distribution and cellular toxicity. To better investigate these effects, here we established cell lines expressing inducible WT, S375G, and S375E TDP-43 variants. Interestingly, we found that these mutants do not seem to affect well-studied aspects of TDP-43, such as RNA splicing or autoregulation, or protein conformation, dynamics, or aggregation, although they do display dysmorphic nuclear shape and cell cycle alterations. In addition, RNA-Seq analysis of these cell lines showed that although the disease-associated S375G mutation and its phosphomimetic S375E variant regulate distinct sets of genes, they have a common target in mitochondrial apoptotic genes. Taken together, our data strongly support the growing evidence that alterations in TDP-43 post-translational modifications can play a potentially important role in disease pathogenesis and provide a further link between TDP-43 pathology and mitochondrial health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Paron
- Molecular Pathology, International Centre for Genetic and Engineering Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Simone Barattucci
- Molecular Pathology, International Centre for Genetic and Engineering Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Sara Cappelli
- Molecular Pathology, International Centre for Genetic and Engineering Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Romano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Christian Berlingieri
- Molecular Pathology, International Centre for Genetic and Engineering Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Cristiana Stuani
- Molecular Pathology, International Centre for Genetic and Engineering Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Douglas Laurents
- "Rocasolano" Institute for Physical Chemistry, Spanish National Research Council, Serrano 119, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Mompeán
- "Rocasolano" Institute for Physical Chemistry, Spanish National Research Council, Serrano 119, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emanuele Buratti
- Molecular Pathology, International Centre for Genetic and Engineering Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy.
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12
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Tarutani A, Adachi T, Akatsu H, Hashizume Y, Hasegawa K, Saito Y, Robinson AC, Mann DMA, Yoshida M, Murayama S, Hasegawa M. Ultrastructural and biochemical classification of pathogenic tau, α-synuclein and TDP-43. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 143:613-640. [PMID: 35513543 PMCID: PMC9107452 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-022-02426-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular accumulation of abnormal proteins with conformational changes is the defining neuropathological feature of neurodegenerative diseases. The pathogenic proteins that accumulate in patients' brains adopt an amyloid-like fibrous structure and exhibit various ultrastructural features. The biochemical analysis of pathogenic proteins in sarkosyl-insoluble fractions extracted from patients' brains also shows disease-specific features. Intriguingly, these ultrastructural and biochemical features are common within the same disease group. These differences among the pathogenic proteins extracted from patients' brains have important implications for definitive diagnosis of the disease, and also suggest the existence of pathogenic protein strains that contribute to the heterogeneity of pathogenesis in neurodegenerative diseases. Recent experimental evidence has shown that prion-like propagation of these pathogenic proteins from host cells to recipient cells underlies the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. The reproduction of the pathological features that characterize each disease in cellular and animal models of prion-like propagation also implies that the structural differences in the pathogenic proteins are inherited in a prion-like manner. In this review, we summarize the ultrastructural and biochemical features of pathogenic proteins extracted from the brains of patients with neurodegenerative diseases that accumulate abnormal forms of tau, α-synuclein, and TDP-43, and we discuss how these disease-specific properties are maintained in the brain, based on recent experimental insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airi Tarutani
- Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Tadashi Adachi
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Akatsu
- Department of Neuropathology, Choju Medical Institute, Fukushimura Hospital, Aichi, 441-8124, Japan
- Department of Community-Based Medical Education, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hashizume
- Department of Neuropathology, Choju Medical Institute, Fukushimura Hospital, Aichi, 441-8124, Japan
| | - Kazuko Hasegawa
- Division of Neurology, National Hospital Organization, Sagamihara National Hospital, Kanagawa, 252-0392, Japan
| | - Yuko Saito
- Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan
| | - Andrew C Robinson
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Salford Royal Hospital, The University of Manchester, Salford, M6 8HD, UK
| | - David M A Mann
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Salford Royal Hospital, The University of Manchester, Salford, M6 8HD, UK
| | - Mari Yoshida
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
- Brain Bank for Neurodevelopmental, Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masato Hasegawa
- Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan.
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13
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Dong W, Zhou R, Chen J, Shu Z, Duan M. Phosphorylation Regulation on the Homo-Dimeric Binding of Transactive Response DNA-Binding Protein. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:5267-5275. [PMID: 35040651 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c01224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The dimerization of transactive response DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) is crucial for the RNA metabolism, and the higher-order aggregation of TDP-43 would induce several neurodegenerative diseases. The dimerization and aggregation of TDP-43 are regulated by the phosphorylation on its N-terminal domain (NTD). Understanding the regulation mechanism of TDP-43 NTD dimerization is crucial for the preventing of harmful aggregation and the associated diseases. In this study, the dimerization processes of wild-type (WT), phosphorylated S48 (pS48), and phosphomimic S48E mutation (S48E) of TDP-43 NTD are characterized by the enhanced sampling technology. Our results show that the phosphorylation not only shift the conformation population of bound and unbound state of TDP-43 NTD, but also would regulate the dimerization processes, including increase the binding free-energy barrier. The phosphomimic mutation would also shift the conformational space of TDP-43 NTD dimer to the unbound structures; however, the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the dimerization processes between the phosphorylated and phosphomimic mutant systems are distinct, which reminds us to carefully study the phosphorylation regulation by using the phosphomimic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqian Dong
- National & Local United Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Technoloy, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University (Qishan Campus), Fuzhou 350117, Fujian, China.,National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Jiawen Chen
- National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Zhengyu Shu
- National & Local United Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Technoloy, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University (Qishan Campus), Fuzhou 350117, Fujian, China
| | - Mojie Duan
- National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
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14
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TDP-43 pathology: from noxious assembly to therapeutic removal. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 211:102229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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15
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Uemura MT, Robinson JL, Cousins KAQ, Tropea TF, Kargilis DC, McBride JD, Suh E, Xie SX, Xu Y, Porta S, Uemura N, Van Deerlin VM, Wolk DA, Irwin DJ, Brunden KR, Lee VMY, Lee EB, Trojanowski JQ. Distinct characteristics of limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy in Lewy body disease. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 143:15-31. [PMID: 34854996 PMCID: PMC9136643 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02383-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE) is characterized by the accumulation of TAR-DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) aggregates in older adults. LATE coexists with Lewy body disease (LBD) as well as other neuropathological changes including Alzheimer's disease (AD). We aimed to identify the pathological, clinical, and genetic characteristics of LATE in LBD (LATE-LBD) by comparing it with LATE in AD (LATE-AD), LATE with mixed pathology of LBD and AD (LATE-LBD + AD), and LATE alone (Pure LATE). We analyzed four cohorts of autopsy-confirmed LBD (n = 313), AD (n = 282), LBD + AD (n = 355), and aging (n = 111). We assessed the association of LATE with patient profiles including LBD subtype and AD neuropathologic change (ADNC). We studied the morphological and distributional differences between LATE-LBD and LATE-AD. By frequency analysis, we staged LATE-LBD and examined the association with cognitive impairment and genetic risk factors. Demographic analysis showed LATE associated with age in all four cohorts and the frequency of LATE was the highest in LBD + AD followed by AD, LBD, and Aging. LBD subtype and ADNC associated with LATE in LBD or AD but not in LBD + AD. Pathological analysis revealed that the hippocampal distribution of LATE was different between LATE-LBD and LATE-AD: neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions were more frequent in cornu ammonis 3 (CA3) in LATE-LBD compared to LATE-AD and abundant fine neurites composed of C-terminal truncated TDP-43 were found mainly in CA2 to subiculum in LATE-LBD, which were not as numerous in LATE-AD. Some of these fine neurites colocalized with phosphorylated α-synuclein. LATE-LBD staging showed LATE neuropathological changes spread in the dentate gyrus and brainstem earlier than in LATE-AD. The presence and prevalence of LATE in LBD associated with cognitive impairment independent of either LBD subtype or ADNC; LATE-LBD stage also associated with the genetic risk variants of TMEM106B rs1990622 and GRN rs5848. These data highlight clinicopathological and genetic features of LATE-LBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko T Uemura
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Maloney Building, 3rd Floor, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-2676, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - John L Robinson
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Maloney Building, 3rd Floor, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-2676, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katheryn A Q Cousins
- Department of Neurology, Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas F Tropea
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel C Kargilis
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer D McBride
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Maloney Building, 3rd Floor, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-2676, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - EunRan Suh
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Maloney Building, 3rd Floor, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-2676, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sharon X Xie
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Maloney Building, 3rd Floor, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-2676, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sílvia Porta
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Maloney Building, 3rd Floor, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-2676, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Norihito Uemura
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Maloney Building, 3rd Floor, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-2676, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vivianna M Van Deerlin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Maloney Building, 3rd Floor, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-2676, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David A Wolk
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute on Aging, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA, USA
- Penn Memory Center at the Penn Neuroscience Center, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - David J Irwin
- Department of Neurology, Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Digital Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-4283, USA
- Institute on Aging, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA, USA
- Penn Lewy Body Dementia Association Research Center of Excellence, Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-4283, USA
| | - Kurt R Brunden
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Maloney Building, 3rd Floor, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-2676, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Virginia M-Y Lee
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Maloney Building, 3rd Floor, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-2676, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edward B Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Maloney Building, 3rd Floor, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-2676, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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16
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Farina S, Esposito F, Battistoni M, Biamonti G, Francia S. Post-Translational Modifications Modulate Proteinopathies of TDP-43, FUS and hnRNP-A/B in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:693325. [PMID: 34291086 PMCID: PMC8287968 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.693325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that protein low-sequence complexity domains (LCDs) induce liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), which is responsible for the formation of membrane-less organelles including P-granules, stress granules and Cajal bodies. Proteins harbouring LCDs are widely represented among RNA binding proteins often mutated in ALS. Indeed, LCDs predispose proteins to a prion-like behaviour due to their tendency to form amyloid-like structures typical of proteinopathies. Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) can influence phase transition through two main events: i) destabilizing or augmenting multivalent interactions between phase-separating macromolecules; ii) recruiting or excluding other proteins and/or nucleic acids into/from the condensate. In this manuscript we summarize the existing evidence describing how PTM can modulate LLPS thus favouring or counteracting proteinopathies at the base of neurodegeneration in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Farina
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerce (CNR), Pavia, Italy.,University School for Advanced Studies IUSS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Esposito
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerce (CNR), Pavia, Italy.,Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Biamonti
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerce (CNR), Pavia, Italy
| | - Sofia Francia
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerce (CNR), Pavia, Italy
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17
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Creekmore BC, Chang YW, Lee EB. The Cryo-EM Effect: Structural Biology of Neurodegenerative Disease Aggregates. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 80:514-529. [PMID: 33970243 PMCID: PMC8177849 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlab039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenerative diseases are characterized by diverse protein aggregates with a variety of microscopic morphologic features. Although ultrastructural studies of human neurodegenerative disease tissues have been conducted since the 1960s, only recently have near-atomic resolution structures of neurodegenerative disease aggregates been described. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography have provided near-atomic resolution information about in vitro aggregates but pose logistical challenges to resolving the structure of aggregates derived from human tissues. Recent advances in cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) have provided the means for near-atomic resolution structures of tau, amyloid-β (Aβ), α-synuclein (α-syn), and transactive response element DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) aggregates from a variety of diseases. Importantly, in vitro aggregate structures do not recapitulate ex vivo aggregate structures. Ex vivo tau aggregate structures indicate individual tauopathies have a consistent aggregate structure unique from other tauopathies. α-syn structures show that even within a disease, aggregate heterogeneity may correlate to disease course. Ex vivo structures have also provided insight into how posttranslational modifications may relate to aggregate structure. Though there is less cryo-EM data for human tissue-derived TDP-43 and Aβ, initial structural studies provide a basis for future endeavors. This review highlights structural variations across neurodegenerative diseases and reveals fundamental differences between experimental systems and human tissue derived protein inclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Creekmore
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yi-Wei Chang
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edward B Lee
- Send correspondence to: Edward B. Lee, MD, PhD, Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 613A Stellar Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; E-mail:
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18
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Eck RJ, Kraemer BC, Liachko NF. Regulation of TDP-43 phosphorylation in aging and disease. GeroScience 2021; 43:1605-1614. [PMID: 34032984 PMCID: PMC8492835 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00383-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Insoluble inclusions of phosphorylated TDP-43 occur in disease-affected neurons of most patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and about half of patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD-TDP). Phosphorylated TDP-43 potentiates a number of neurotoxic effects including reduced liquid-liquid phase separation dynamicity, changes in splicing, cytoplasmic mislocalization, and aggregation. Accumulating evidence suggests a balance of kinase and phosphatase activities control TDP-43 phosphorylation. Dysregulation of these processes may lead to an increase in phosphorylated TDP-43, ultimately contributing to neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration in disease. Here we summarize the evolving understanding of major regulators of TDP-43 phosphorylation as well as downstream consequences of their activities. Interventions restoring kinase and phosphatase balance may be a generalizable therapeutic strategy for all TDP-43 proteinopathies including ALS and FTLD-TDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall J Eck
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - Brian C Kraemer
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Nicole F Liachko
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA. .,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.
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19
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Tomé SO, Gomes LA, Li X, Vandenberghe R, Tousseyn T, Thal DR. TDP-43 interacts with pathological τ protein in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 141:795-799. [PMID: 33797585 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02295-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Gelpi E, Aldecoa I, Lopez-Villegas D, Abellan-Vidal MT, Mercadel-Fañanas P, Fortea J, Ribosa R, Morenas E, Gomez-Anson B, Molina-Porcel L, Ximelis T, Borrego S, Antonell A, Rovelet-Lecrux A, Klotz S, Andres-Benito P, Sanchez-Valle R, Ferrer I. Atypical astroglial pTDP-43 pathology in astroglial predominant tauopathy. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2021; 47:1109-1113. [PMID: 33730418 PMCID: PMC9292602 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Gelpi
- Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobank-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iban Aldecoa
- Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobank-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Biomedical Diagnostic Centre (CDB), Hospital Clinic - University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolores Lopez-Villegas
- Cognitive Disorders and Psychogeriatry, Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Centre Emili Mira, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Abellan-Vidal
- Cognitive Disorders and Psychogeriatry, Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Centre Emili Mira, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Mercadel-Fañanas
- Cognitive Disorders and Psychogeriatry, Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Centre Emili Mira, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Fortea
- Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i St Pau, St Pau research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Ribosa
- Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i St Pau, St Pau research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estrella Morenas
- Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i St Pau, St Pau research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Laura Molina-Porcel
- Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobank-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive disorders unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Clinic I Provincial de Barcelona and Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Ximelis
- Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobank-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Borrego
- Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobank-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive disorders unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Clinic I Provincial de Barcelona and Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Antonell
- Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive disorders unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Clinic I Provincial de Barcelona and Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anne Rovelet-Lecrux
- Université de Rouen, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale (IRIB), Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Sigrid Klotz
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pol Andres-Benito
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERNED, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Valle
- Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobank-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive disorders unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Clinic I Provincial de Barcelona and Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERNED, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
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21
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Li Q, Babinchak WM, Surewicz WK. Cryo-EM structure of amyloid fibrils formed by the entire low complexity domain of TDP-43. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1620. [PMID: 33712624 PMCID: PMC7955110 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21912-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and several other neurodegenerative diseases are associated with brain deposits of amyloid-like aggregates formed by the C-terminal fragments of TDP-43 that contain the low complexity domain of the protein. Here, we report the cryo-EM structure of amyloid formed from the entire TDP-43 low complexity domain in vitro at pH 4. This structure reveals single protofilament fibrils containing a large (139-residue), tightly packed core. While the C-terminal part of this core region is largely planar and characterized by a small proportion of hydrophobic amino acids, the N-terminal region contains numerous hydrophobic residues and has a non-planar backbone conformation, resulting in rugged surfaces of fibril ends. The structural features found in these fibrils differ from those previously found for fibrils generated from short protein fragments. The present atomic model for TDP-43 LCD fibrils provides insight into potential structural perturbations caused by phosphorylation and disease-related mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuye Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - W Michael Babinchak
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Witold K Surewicz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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22
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Rábano A, Guerrero Márquez C, Juste RA, Geijo MV, Calero M. Medial Temporal Lobe Involvement in Human Prion Diseases: Implications for the Study of Focal Non Prion Neurodegenerative Pathology. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030413. [PMID: 33802224 PMCID: PMC7998497 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human prion and non-prion neurodegenerative diseases share pathogenic mechanisms and neuropathological features. The lesion profile of a particular entity results from specific involvement of vulnerable neuron populations and connectivity circuits by a pathogenic protein isoform with strain-like properties. The lesion profile of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) was studied in postmortem tissue of 143 patients with human prion disease (HPD) including sporadic, genetic, and acquired forms. Most cases (90%) were classified according to PrPres type and/or PRNP codon 129 status, in addition to a full neuropathological profile. Mixed histotypes represented 29.4% of total sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) cases. An intensity score of involvement including spongiosis and astrogliosis was determined for the amygdala, presubiculum, subiculum, entorhinal cortex, CA1 to CA4 sectors of the hippocampal cortex, and dentate gyrus. Connectivity hubs within the MTL presented the highest scores. Diverse lesion profiles were obtained for different types and subtypes of HPD. Impact of mixed PrPres types on the MTL lesion profile was higher for sCJDMV2K cases than in other histotypes. Differences between MTL profiles was globally consistent with current evidence on specific strains in HPD. These results may be relevant for the analysis of possible strain effects in focal non-prion neurodegenerative conditions limited to the MTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Rábano
- Neuropathology Department, Alzheimer’s Disease Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Institute of Health Carlos III, Queen Sofía Foundation Alzheimer Research Center, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- CIEN Foundation and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Carmen Guerrero Márquez
- Neurological Tissue Bank—HUFA Biobank, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, 28922 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ramón A. Juste
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Bizkaia P812, 48160 Derio, Spain; (R.A.J.); (M.V.G.)
| | - María V. Geijo
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Bizkaia P812, 48160 Derio, Spain; (R.A.J.); (M.V.G.)
| | - Miguel Calero
- CIEN Foundation and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
- Chronic Disease Program, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28222 Madrid, Spain
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