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Graves' disease: Introduction, epidemiology, endogenous and environmental pathogenic factors. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2018; 79:599-607. [PMID: 30342794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Graves' disease is the most frequent cause of hyperthyroidism. Many questions remain about the choice of diagnostic evaluations and treatment strategy according to clinical context (age, gender, pregnancy, etc.) and about the best management of the main extrathyroidal complication that is Graves orbitopathy. The exact pathogenic mechanisms are not fully clear. They associate genetic factors, interactions between endogenous and environmental factors, and immune system dysregulation. Graves' orbitopathy is one of the consequences of this partial understanding. Iatrogenic Graves' disease induced by the new targeted therapies are described and could help to better understand the molecular pathways involved in the disease and to develop new therapeutic approaches.
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Tanhapour M, Vaisi-Raygani A, Khazaei M, Rahimi Z, Pourmotabbed T. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte Associated Antigen-4 (CTLA-4) Polymorphism, Cancer, and Autoimmune Diseases. AIMS MEDICAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.3934/medsci.2017.4.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Yan R, Yang J, Jiang P, Jin L, Ma J, Huang R, Ma N, Jiang F. Genetic variations in the SOCS3 gene in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy. J Clin Pathol 2015; 68:448-52. [PMID: 25770161 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To explore the role of the suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS3) gene in Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) patients. METHODS A case-control study was conducted in a Chinese Han population by recruiting 114 Graves' disease (GD) patients with GO and 156 GD patients without GO. We determined SOCS3 mRNA and protein levels in Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (EBV-LCLs) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by quantitative real-time (QRT)-PCR analysis and western blot analysis. We also genotyped five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SOCS3 locus (SOCS3 rs12952093, rs4969170, rs4969168, rs4969169 and rs2280148) in all 270 GD patients using ligase detection reaction and multiplex PCR analyses. QRT-PCR and western blot assays were then performed to compare SOCS3 mRNA and protein levels between the rs4969170 AA and GG genotype groups from 20 GO patients. RESULTS Basal SOCS3 mRNA and protein expression levels were significantly increased in patients with GO (p<0.05). The SOCS3 rs4969170 AA genotype was strongly associated with GO (OR=3.5, 95% CI 1.6 to 7.5, p=0.001). The AA genotype carriers had significantly higher SOCS3 mRNA and protein levels than those with the GG genotype (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Patients with GD who carry the AA genotype of the rs4969170 SNP in SOCS3 are more susceptible to the development of GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijia Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junjie Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Nan Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fagang Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Wang H, Zhu LS, Cheng JW, Cai JP, Li Y, Ma XY, Wei RL. Meta-analysis of Association Between the +49A/G Polymorphism of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen-4 and Thyroid Associated Ophthalmopathy. Curr Eye Res 2015; 40:1195-203. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2014.993767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Kim WB, Mistry N, Alavi A, Sibbald C, Sibbald RG. Pretibial Myxedema: Case Presentation and Review of Treatment Options. INT J LOW EXTR WOUND 2014; 13:152-154. [PMID: 24807996 DOI: 10.1177/1534734614531485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pretibial myxedema (PM) is a rare autoimmune manifestation of Graves' disease, which commonly presents as diffuse, nonpitting edema of shins and less often as plaques, nodules, or elephantiasis lesions mimicking lymphedema. We present a 57-year-old woman with 12-month history of PM, which occurred a year after treatment of Graves' disease and improved with topical corticosteroids, support stockings, and intralesional steroid injections until recurrence with local erythema and woody edema. A literature review was undertaken of the evidence-based treatment modalities for symptomatic PM: although commonly asymptomatic and self-limited, severe cases of PM may be treated with topical corticosteroid, compressive therapy, and intralesional corticosteroid injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whan B Kim
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Dias FC, Medina TDS, Mendes-Junior CT, Dantas RO, Pissetti CW, Rodrigues Junior V, Dellalibera-Joviliano R, Marin-Neto JA, Gutierrez FRS, Moreau P, Silva JS, Donadi EA. Polymorphic sites at the immunoregulatory CTLA-4 gene are associated with chronic chagas disease and its clinical manifestations. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78367. [PMID: 24205212 PMCID: PMC3813449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chagas disease affects approximately 10 million people mainly in Latin America. The immune regulation by the host seems to be an essential factor for disease evolution, and immune system inhibitory molecules such as CTLA-4 and PD-1 favor the maintenance of peripheral tolerance. Considering that polymorphisms at the immunoregulatory CTLA-4 and PDCD1 genes may alter their inhibitory function, we investigated the association of alleles, genotypes and haplotypes of polymorphic sites observed at the CTLA-4 and PDCD1 genes with different clinical manifestations of chronic Chagas disease (indeterminate, cardiac, digestive and mixed). Methods The polymorphisms at the CTLA-4 (-1722T/C, -318C/T and +49A/G) and PDCD1 (PD-1.3G/A) genes were typed using TaqMan methodology in 277 chronic Chagas disease patients classified into four groups, according to clinical characteristics, and 326 non-infected controls. Results Our results showed that CTLA-4 -1722CC genotype (22%), -1722C allele (27%) and CTLA-4 TCG (8.6%), TCA (26%) and CCA (15%) haplotypes were strongly associated with the indeterminate form, while the CTLA-4-318CT genotype (82%) and CTLA-4-318T allele (47%) were found mainly in patients with the mixed form of the disease. The CTLA-4 TCG haplotype (10.2%) was associated with the digestive form. On the other hand, the PD-1.3G/A polymorphism was not associated with chronic Chagas disease and its clinical manifestations. Conclusions Here, we showed that alleles, genotypes and haplotypes reported to increase the expression of the regulatory molecule CTLA-4 were associated with the indeterminate form of the disease. Taken together, our data support the idea that polymorphic sites at immunoregulatory genes may influence the development of Chagas disease variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrício C. Dias
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- CEA, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, Research Division in Hematology and Immunology, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Tiago da S. Medina
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Celso T. Mendes-Junior
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto O. Dantas
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina W. Pissetti
- Laboratório de Imunologia, Universidade do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Renata Dellalibera-Joviliano
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Anatomia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José A. Marin-Neto
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Philippe Moreau
- CEA, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, Research Division in Hematology and Immunology, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - João S. Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A. Donadi
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Graves' disease is an autoimmune condition commonly associated with thyroid dysfunction and with anti-thyroid antibodies, usually TSH receptor stimulating antibodies. Thyroid autoimmunity also may be associated with extra thyroidal manifestations. Most common extra thyroidal manifestation is ophthalmopathy. Less common is thyroid dermopathy, usually occurring in pretibial area. Dermopathy is almost always associated with ophthalmopathy and in severe cases with acropachy. A common antigen with thyroid in tissues of the skin and the eyes, most likely TSH receptor, is involved in pathogenesis of extra thyroidal manifestations. Presence of dermopathy and acropachy are predictors of severity of autoimmune process. Local corticosteroid application is the standard therapy for dermopathy. Response to therapy is good in mild cases and poor in severe cases. Immune modulators and biotherapies are undergoing randomized trials for ophthalmopathy component of Graves' disease. Any therapy proven to be effective for ophthalmopathy can be utilized in future for management of dermopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahab Fatourechi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Si X, Zhang X, Tang W, Luo Y. Association between the CTLA-4 +49A/G polymorphism and Graves' disease: A meta-analysis. Exp Ther Med 2012. [PMID: 23181132 PMCID: PMC3503798 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2012.618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The +49A/G polymorphism of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 gene (CTLA-4) has been associated with Graves’ disease (GD). However, results have been inconsistent. The aim of this study was to quantitatively summarize the evidence for CTLA-4 +49A/G polymorphism and GD. Electronic search of PubMed was conducted to select studies. Case-control studies containing available genotype frequencies of CTLA-4 +49 were chosen, and Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to assess the strength of this association. Forty-two case-control studies including 8,288 cases and 9,372 controls were identified. Three studies were eliminated from the total 42 studies due to a p-value <0.05 (p-value for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in control group) in these studies which induced significant publication bias. The overall results suggested that the variant genotypes were highly associated (p<0.01) with GD risk in all genetic models (additive model: OR, 1.443; 95% CI, 1.319–1.578; p<0.001; recessive model: OR, 1.589; 95% CI, 1.396–1.808; p<0.001; dominant model: OR, 1.621; 95% CI, 1.430–1.837; p<0.001). Similarly, in the subgroup analyses for ethnicity (Caucasian, Asian), the results were positive. This meta-analysis suggests that the CTLA-4 +49A/G polymorphism is highly associated (p<0.01) with increased risk of GD, especially in Caucasians and Asians. To validate this association, further studies with larger participants worldwide are needed to examine associations between this polymorphism and GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Si
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering and ; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging and Tumor, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
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Disease association of the CD103 polymorphisms in Taiwan Chinese Graves' ophthalmopathy patients. Ophthalmology 2010; 117:1645-51. [PMID: 20417566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether variations in the CD103 gene could be associated with Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) in patients with Graves' disease. DESIGN Case-control study. PARTICIPANTS A total of 484 Chinese patients with Graves' disease in Taiwan, including 203 patients with GO and 281 patients without GO, were enrolled. METHODS Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CD103 were genotyped using an assay-on-demand allelic discrimination assay and detection system according to the manufacturer's instructions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Association of SNPs in CD103 with the development of GO. RESULTS The CD103 SNP rs11652878 was associated with GO, which may decrease the risk of GO by 1.57-fold (P = 0.029). The Ht5-GCGCG haplotype, composed of 5 SNPs in the CD103 gene (rs1716, rs3744679, rs11652878, rs16953477, and rs9905739), were protective haplotypes (P = 0.010). Moreover, the heterozygous genotype (Ht5/non-Ht5) was correlated with a reduced risk of GO and high grades of goiter as compared with the non-Ht5/non-Ht5 genotype (P = 0.006 and P = 0.048, respectively). Logistic analysis confirmed the contribution of CD103 rs11652878 to the protection of GO. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that patients with Graves' disease in the presence of the G allele of SNP rs11652878, especially Ht5-GCGCG, in CD103 are less susceptible toward the development of GO.
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Khalilzadeh O, Anvari M, Esteghamati A, Momen-Heravi F, Mahmoudi M, Rashidi A, Amiri HM, Ranjbar M, Tabataba-Vakili S, Amirzargar A. The interleukin-1 family gene polymorphisms and Graves' disease. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2010; 71:281-5. [PMID: 20400062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors, including cytokine gene polymorphisms, are potential contributors to the pathogenesis of the Graves' disease (GD). We attempted in this study to determine the association between GD and the following polymorphisms in the interleukin-1 (IL-1) family genes: IL-1alpha (-889C/T), IL-1ss (-511C/T), IL-1ss (+3962C/T), IL-1R (Pst-1 1970C/T) and IL-1RA (Mspa-I 11100C/T). We studied 107 patients with an established diagnosis of GD and 140 healthy controls. Cytokine typing was performed by the polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers assay. Genotype distributions among patients were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for all polymorphisms. The frequency of the IL-1alpha -889T allele was significantly higher in patients than in controls (51.9% vs. 31.6%, OR=2.33, 95% CI=1.61-3.38; p<0.0001). The IL-1RA Msp-I 11100C allele was significantly more frequent in patients than in controls (50.0% vs. 22.9%, OR=3.38, 95% CI=2.29-4.97, p<0.0001). No significant associations were found for other polymorphisms. Although the IL-1 family has well-known roles in GD pathogenesis, the contributions of their genetic variations to the disease are unclear. In this study, we documented a highly significant association between GD and polymorphism in IL-1alpha and IL-1RA genes. Further studies in other populations are necessary to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Khalilzadeh
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Vali-Asr hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Griepentrog GJ, Garrity JA. Update on the medical treatment of Graves' ophthalmopathy. Int J Gen Med 2009; 2:263-9. [PMID: 20360911 PMCID: PMC2840572 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s6856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To review recent advances in the understanding of Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) pathogenesis as well as discuss current and future medical management strategies. DESIGN Interpretive essay. METHODS Literature review and interpretation. RESULTS Medical treatment of GO has slowly evolved during the past few decades and has been hampered by a poor understanding of the disease at a cellular and molecular level. Current treatment recommendations and guidelines therefore focus on nonspecific immuno-suppression. Newer classes of treatment agents hold promise to more selectively target underlying cellular and molecular alterations in GO. CONCLUSION Cooperation between individual patients, physicians and between differing medical centers, together with a refined understanding of the pathogenesis of GO, will lead to newer more-effective treatments for the disease and improve patient quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James A Garrity
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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