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Lim YC, Hamdan M, Maheshwari A, Cheong Y. Progesterone level in assisted reproductive technology: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:30826. [PMID: 39730597 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-81539-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 11/27/2024] [Indexed: 12/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Elevated progesterone (EP) or inadequate progesterone levels during ART cycle monitoring may lead to cycle cancellations or further progesterone supplementation, but practice varies. It remains controversial whether modifying clinical practice in the presence or absence of EP improves clinical outcomes. This systematic review aims to investigate if progesterone levels at different phases of fresh and frozen ART cycles influence pregnancy outcomes, in particular, that pertaining to day 3 versus day 5 embryo transfers. A systematic search of EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL, PubMed, SCOPUS and Web of Science identified studies from the year 2000. We included studies with women undergoing fresh and frozen IVF/ICSI cycles; with extractable per woman data on pregnancy outcomes where serum progesterone measurement was performed. We excluded interventional studies that influence clinical decisions or studies with donor cycles. The Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to determine the risk of bias. The primary outcome was LBR, and the secondary outcomes were OPR, CPR and MR. PICOS study protocol was used to include non-randomized studies of interventions (NRSI). Analysis was done using RevMan5 and the studies were pooled using the DerSimonian and Laird for random effects meta-analysis. The study was registered with PROSPERO (registration ID CRD42022382423). 64 studies (N = 57,988 women) were included. In fresh cycles, there is no evidence that at baseline EP impacts LBR (P > 1.5 ng/ml, OR 0.76 [95% CI 0.39-1.49], 2 studies, N = 309) and CPR (P > 1.5 ng/ml, OR 0.81 [0.38-1.71], 2 studies, N = 309). EP at ovulation trigger is associated with a lower LBR (P > 1.0 ng/ml, OR 0.40 [0.23-0.69], 2 studies, N = 2805) and CPR (P > 1.0 ng/ml, OR 0.49 [0.42-0.58], 3 studies, N = 3323; P > 1.1 ng/ml, OR 0.66 [0.53-0.83], 2 studies, N = 2444; P > 1.2 ng/ml, OR 0.61 [0.39-0.96], 6 studies, N = 844; P > 1.5 ng/ml, OR 0.37 [0.17-0.81], 6 studies, N = 13,870; P > 2.0 ng/ml, OR 0.43 [0.31-0.59], 3 studies, N = 1949) with D3 embryo but not D5 [LBR (P > 1.5 ng/ml, OR 1.02 [0.74-1.39], 3 studies, N = 5174) and CPR (P > 1.5 ng/ml, OR 0.88 [0.67-1.14], 6 studies, N = 5705)]. We could not meaningfully meta-analyse studies on the day of egg collection in fresh cycles, embryo transfer in fresh cycles, at ovulation trigger or before ovulation in natural FET cycles and FET cycles due to significant study heterogeneity. We acknowledged the limitations on including studies post year 2000 and the exclusion of studies with multiple observations, which may result in inherent publication bias and some confounding factors uncontrolled for. In conclusion, in controlled ovarian stimulation, EP at baseline did not impact on LBR; EP at ovulation trigger is associated with a lower LBR for D3 but not for D5 embryo transfer. In FET cycles, as the studies were heterogeneous, we were unable to combine the data in a meaningful way. This review is sponsored by Complete Fertility and the Ministry of Health, Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Cherng Lim
- Complete Fertility, Princess Anne Hospital, Level F, Coxford Road, Southampton, SO16 5YA, UK
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mukhri Hamdan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Ying Cheong
- Complete Fertility, Princess Anne Hospital, Level F, Coxford Road, Southampton, SO16 5YA, UK.
- Human Development and Health Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
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Quartucci A, Pagliardini L, Cavoretto PI, Alteri A, Somigliana E, Dallagiovanna C, Viganò P, Racca A, Blockeel C, Candiani M, Papaleo E, Vanni VS. Progesterone levels during ovarian stimulation in segmented ART cycles inversely correlate with normalized birthweight of neonates conceived through subsequent frozen-thawed embryo transfer. J Assist Reprod Genet 2023; 40:2109-2116. [PMID: 37395893 PMCID: PMC10440326 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-023-02861-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the association between serum progesterone (P) at the day of ovulation trigger and neonatal birthweight in singletons born after frozen-thawed embryo transfer in segmented ART cycles. METHODS A retrospective multicenter cohort study involving data from patients who achieved uncomplicated pregnancy and term delivery of ART-conceived singleton babies following a segmented GnRH antagonist cycle. The main outcome was birthweight's z-score of the neonate. Univariate and multivariate linear logistic regression analyses were made to investigate the relation of z-score with variables inherent to the patient and to the ovarian stimulation. The variable P per oocyte was created by dividing the value of progesterone at ovulation trigger by the number of oocytes retrieved at oocyte retrieval. RESULTS A total of 368 patients were included in the analysis. At univariate linear regression, the birthweight z-score of the neonate appeared to be inversely related to both P levels at the ovulation trigger (- 0.101, p = 0.015) and P levels per oocyte at trigger (- 1.417, p = 0.001), while it was directly related to the height of the mother (0.026, p = 0.002) and to the number of previous live births (0.291, p = 0.016). In multivariate analysis, both serum P (- 0.1; p = 0.015) and P per oocyte (- 1.347, p = 0.002) maintained the significant inverse association with birthweight z-score after adjusting for height and parity. CONCLUSIONS Serum progesterone level on the day of ovulation trigger inversely correlates with normalized birthweight of neonates in segmented GnRH antagonist ART cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Quartucci
- Universita` Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 60, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Pagliardini
- Reproductive Sciences Laboratory, Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 48, Milan, Italy
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Ivo Cavoretto
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 60, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Alteri
- Reproductive Sciences Laboratory, Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 48, Milan, Italy
| | - Edgardo Somigliana
- Infertility Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Dallagiovanna
- Infertility Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Viganò
- Infertility Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Racca
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christophe Blockeel
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Massimo Candiani
- Universita` Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 60, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Papaleo
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 60, Milan, Italy.
- I.R.C.C.S. Ospedale San Raffaele - Centro Scienze della Natalità, Via Olgettina, 48, 20132, Milan, Italy.
| | - Valeria Stella Vanni
- Universita` Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 60, Milan, Italy
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Kaponis A, Chronopoulou E, Decavalas G. The curious case of premature luteinization. J Assist Reprod Genet 2018; 35:1723-1740. [PMID: 30051348 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-018-1264-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Premature luteinization (PL) affects 12.3-46.7% of fresh in vitro fertilization cycles, and there is accumulating evidence confirming its negative effect on success rates. However, despite its clinical significance, PL is poorly understood and defined. This narrative review aims to provide a fresh look at the phenomenon of PL by summarizing the existing evidence and re-evaluating fundamental issues. METHODS A thorough electronic search was conducted covering the period from 1978 until January 2018 in PubMed, Embase, and Medline databases, and references of relevant studies were cross-checked. Meeting proceedings of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology and the American Society for Reproductive Medicine were also hand searched. RESULTS In the curious case of PL, one should go back to the beginning and re-consider every step of the way. The pathogenesis, definition, measurement methods, clinical implications, and management strategies are discussed in detail, highlighting controversies and offering "food for thought" for future directions. CONCLUSIONS Authors need to speak the same language when studying PL in order to facilitate comparisons. The terminology, progesterone cut-off, measurement methods and days of measurement should be standardized and globally accepted; otherwise, there can be no scientific dialog. Future research should focus on specific patient profiles that may require a tailored approach. Progesterone measurements throughout the follicular phase possibly depict the progesterone exposure better than an isolated measurement on the day of hCG. Adequately powered randomized controlled trials should confirm which the best prevention and management plan of PL is, before introducing any strategy into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Kaponis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Patras University School of Medicine, General University Hospital of Patras, Rio, 26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Elpiniki Chronopoulou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Patras University School of Medicine, General University Hospital of Patras, Rio, 26504, Patras, Greece.
| | - George Decavalas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Patras University School of Medicine, General University Hospital of Patras, Rio, 26504, Patras, Greece
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Vanni VS, Viganò P, Quaranta L, Pagliardini L, Giardina P, Molgora M, Munaretto M, Candiani M, Papaleo E. Are extremely high progesterone levels still an issue in IVF? J Endocrinol Invest 2017; 40:69-75. [PMID: 27568185 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-016-0531-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Premature luteinization of one or more developing follicles complicates 1-2 % of controlled ovarian stimulation cycles for assisted reproduction. The management of this complication is controversial, with cycle cancellation likely representing the most commonly used strategy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the "freeze-all" policy-where the entire cohort of blastocysts is cryopreserved for subsequent frozen-thawed embryo transfer-in treating cases of premature luteinization. METHODS Patients experiencing premature luteinization during controlled ovarian stimulation-identified by extremely high progesterone levels at induction (P levels ≥3.0 ng/ml and/or P/estradiol ratio ≥1, n = 42)-were included in a "freeze-all" program and compared to controls undergoing a "freeze-all" program with normal progesterone levels at induction (P < 1.5 ng/ml, n = 67). RESULTS Blastulation rate was comparable between patients with premature luteinization and controls (48.1 ± 20.5 % in Cases vs. 52.3 ± 24.9 % in Controls, p = 0.36). Ongoing pregnancy rates after the first frozen-thawed embryo transfer (38.1 % in Cases and 41.0 % in Controls, p = 0.83) and cumulative ongoing pregnancy rates after three frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles (40.5 % in Cases vs. 47.8 % in Controls, p = 0.55) were also similar. CONCLUSIONS These results show that extremely marked progesterone elevation throughout controlled ovarian stimulation does not impair blastocyst development and implantation potential in the context of a "freeze-all" strategy. Based on this, adoption of the "freeze-all" strategy represents a valuable tool in treating premature luteinization. In contrast, cycle cancellation-likely the most frequently used method for management of this complication-currently represents a misconduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Vanni
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20136, Milan, Italy
| | - P Viganò
- Reproductive Sciences Laboratory, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20136, Milan, Italy
| | - L Quaranta
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20136, Milan, Italy
| | - L Pagliardini
- Reproductive Sciences Laboratory, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20136, Milan, Italy
| | - P Giardina
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20136, Milan, Italy
| | - M Molgora
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20136, Milan, Italy
| | - M Munaretto
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20136, Milan, Italy
| | - M Candiani
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20136, Milan, Italy
| | - E Papaleo
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20136, Milan, Italy.
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Kutlu T, Özkaya E, Şanverdi İ, Devranoğlu B, İpekçi C, Konukçu B, Şahin Y, Karateke A. The relationship between estradiol-progesterone alterations after ovulation trigger and treatment success in intrauterine insemination cycles. Turk J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 13:56-61. [PMID: 28913092 PMCID: PMC5558338 DOI: 10.4274/tjod.45656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To assess the relationship between the estrogen-progesterone alterations before and after ovulation trigger and treatment success in intrauterine insemination (IUI) cycles. Materials and Methods: Two hundred fifty-one women with infertility underwent ovulation induction followed by IUI. For all subjects, estradiol and progesterone concentrations were evaluated on the trigger and IUI day. The results were analyzed to assess the relationship between hormone levels and positive pregnancy test. Results: There were 34 women with a positive pregnancy test following controlled ovarian stimulation and IUI cycle. Estradiol and progesterone levels on the trigger day and the day of IUI were compared within groups with and without positive pregnancy tests. The comparison revealed significantly increased levels of progesterone after trigger in both groups; however, although there were estradiol level drops in both groups, the drop in the group with negative pregnancy tests was statistically significant. Conclusion: Significant drops in estradiol concentrations after ovulation trigger are associated with IUI cycle treatment failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayfun Kutlu
- Zeynep Kamil Women and Children's Health Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Enis Özkaya
- Zeynep Kamil Women and Children's Health Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - İlhan Şanverdi
- Zeynep Kamil Women and Children's Health Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Belgin Devranoğlu
- Zeynep Kamil Women and Children's Health Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Cansu İpekçi
- Zeynep Kamil Women and Children's Health Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Birsen Konukçu
- Zeynep Kamil Women and Children's Health Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Yavuz Şahin
- Zeynep Kamil Women and Children's Health Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ateş Karateke
- Zeynep Kamil Women and Children's Health Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İstanbul, Turkey
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Sarais V, Pagliardini L, Rebonato G, Papaleo E, Candiani M, Viganò P. A Comprehensive Analysis of Body Mass Index Effect on in Vitro Fertilization Outcomes. Nutrients 2016; 8:109. [PMID: 26907340 PMCID: PMC4808839 DOI: 10.3390/nu8030109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of a raised body mass index (BMI) on the outcome of assisted reproduction technology (ART) still represents a controversial issue. Even less clear is whether BMI acts with a potential detrimental effect on IVF outcomes via a deleterious effect on innate quality of oocytes or on the environmental milieu within the uterus. With the aim to better understand the mechanisms underlying the potential deleterious effect of an increased BMI on IVF outcomes, we have evaluated the effects of female BMI on number and quality of retrieved oocytes, fertilization rate, embryo score and incidences of ongoing pregnancy and live births among couples undergoing IVF in an Italian population. Data from 1602 women who underwent their first IVF cycle were retrospectively analyzed. A significantly reduced percentage of mature oocytes when comparing obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) and normal-weight patients (BMI = 18.50–24.99 kg/m2) was found. After adjusting for maternal age and other confounders, odds for ongoing pregnancy rate showed no differences across different BMI categories. However, a significant increased odds ratio (OR) could be observed for miscarriage rate in patients with BMI ≥ 25 (OR = 2.5; p = 0.04). These results should be taken into account in order to define optimal strategies for overweight and obese patients referring to ART procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Sarais
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy.
| | - Luca Pagliardini
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Rebonato
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy.
| | - Enrico Papaleo
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy.
| | - Massimo Candiani
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy.
| | - Paola Viganò
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy.
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