Matrix metalloproteinase-7 A-181G and its interaction with matrix metalloproteinase-9 C-1562T polymorphism in preeclamptic patients: association with malondialdehyde level and severe preeclampsia

Effects of TIMP1 rs4898 Gene Polymorphism on Early-Onset Preeclampsia Development and Placenta Weight

Introduction: Some evidence indicates that the improper trophoblast invasion of maternal spiral arteries could be caused by an imbalance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), leading to preeclampsia (PE) development. This study aimed to assess the potential role of MMP1, MMP9, TIMP1 and TIMP2 gene polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of PE. Materials and methods: A total of 308 Polish women, 115 preeclamptic (55 with early-onset preeclampsia [EOPE], 60 with late-onset preeclampsia [LOPE]) and 193 healthy pregnant women, all of Caucasian origin, were recruited to the study. PE was diagnosed following the ACOG criteria. The polymorphic variants of the MMP-TIMP pathway (MMP1 rs1799750, MMP9 rs17576, MMP9 rs17577, TIMP1 rs4898, TIMP2 rs2277698, TIMP2 rs55743137) were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. Results: Analyzing all SNPs in the MMP-TIMP pathway, no significant differences in allele frequencies between preeclamptic women and controls were observed. However, comparing the EOPE and LOPE groups with each other, we observed a statistically significant difference between them for the TIMP1 rs4898 variant. In the whole group of 308 women, the mean placenta weight was the lowest in carriers of the rs4898 CC genotype. Post hoc analysis revealed significant differences between CC-CT (p = 0.0209) and CC-TT (p = 0.0469). Additionally, during allele analysis, a statistically significant difference in the mean placenta weight (for C allele 529.32 ± 157.11 g, for T allele 560.24 ± 162.24 g, p = 0.021) was also observed. Conclusion: Our findings suggest a relationship between TIMP1 rs4898 (372T > C) polymorphism and increased risk of early-onset preeclampsia in a population of pregnant Polish women. Our data suggest that the TIMP1 rs4898 C allele might be associated with increased risk for early-onset, but not for late-onset preeclampsia. To evaluate the role of the TIMP1 polymorphic variants in the etiopathology of preeclampsia, further studies with a larger sample size are needed.

New insight into the role of long non-coding RNAs in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia

OBJECTIVE

Dysregulation of lncRNAs and the absence of coordination between them could affect the normal placentation, uteroplacental circulation, and endothelial cell function. All these misfunctions can finally lead to preeclampsia.

METHODS

 In the present review, we discuss current literature (till May 2018) about lncRNAs expression and function in the placenta, trophoblast cells, and decidua.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

It is explained how altered expression of the lncRNAs and abnormal regulation of them affect the risk of preeclampsia. However, the interaction between various lncRNAs and coordinate regulation of them in health and failure of such coordinative mechanisms in diseases such as preeclampsia need to be elucidated.

Matrix metalloproteinase-2 C-735T and its interaction with matrix metalloproteinase-7 A-181G polymorphism are associated with the risk of preeclampsia: influence on total antioxidant capacity and blood pressure

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) -2 C-735 T and MMP-7 A-181 G genotypes were studied in 144 pregnant patients with mild and severe preeclampsia and 103 healthy pregnant women. Significantly higher frequencies of CT and TT genotypes in patients compared to controls increased the risk of preeclampsia by 2.42 and 3.13 times, respectively. In severe preeclamptic women in the presence of MMP-2 CT the level of total antioxidant capacity was significantly lower than MMP-2 CC genotype. Also, in the presence of MMP-2 CT + TT blood pressure was significantly increased compared to CC genotype in all the patients. The combined presence of MMP-2 T and the MMP-7 A alleles compared to MMP-2 C and MMP-7 A alleles significantly increased the risk of preeclampsia by 3.08-fold. Our findings demonstrate an association between the MMP-2 C-735 T polymorphism with blood pressure and the risk of preeclampsia. Also, in the presence of polymorphism total antioxidant capacity level decreased in severe preeclampsia. Impact statement What is already known on this subject: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) including MMP-2 might be involved in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia through alteration of invasive ability of trophoblastic cells and abnormal placentation. In one available study the absence of association between MMP-2 C-735T polymorphism with gestational hypertension or preeclampsia has been reported. What the results of this study add: We found that the presence of MMP-2 C-735T polymorphism increased the risk of preeclampsia and there was a significantly lower level of total antioxidant capacity in the presence of the polymorphism in severe preeclampsia. Also, we found significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures in the presence of MMP-2 C-735T polymorphism. We detected a synergism between the MMP-2 T and the MMP-7 A alleles that increased the risk of preeclampsia. What the implications are of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research: New findings of our study are involvement of lower activity MMP-2 -735 T allele and its synergism with MMP-7 A allele, low promoter activity allele, in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia through possible impairment of placentation and also by decreased total antioxidant capacity and increased blood pressure. Further association studies of the role of MMP-2 polymorphism and MMP-2 activity in relation to oxidative stress parameters and blood pressure could elucidate the role of MMP-2 and MMP-7 in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.

Functional single nucleotide polymorphisms of matrix metalloproteinase 7 and 12 genes in idiopathic recurrent spontaneous abortion

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential association of matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7) -181 A/G and MMP12 -82 A/G functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) with idiopathic recurrent spontaneous abortion (IRSA) in Slovenian reproductive couples.

METHODS

A case-control study was conducted on 149 couples with 3 or more consecutive idiopathic spontaneous pregnancy loses and 149 women and men with at least 2 live births and no history of pregnancy complications. Genotyping of MMP7 -181 A/G and MMP12 -82 A/G SNPs was performed using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism methods.

RESULTS

There were no statistically significant differences in the distribution of MMP7 -181 A/G and MMP12 -82 A/G genotype, allele, or haplotype frequencies between IRSA patients and controls, as well as patients' primary and secondary IRSA. We also found no association of MMP7 -181 A/G and MMP12 -82 A/G genotypes, alleles, and haplotypes with IRSA.

CONCLUSIONS

We found no evidence to support the association between IRSA and MMP7 -181 A/G and MMP12 -82 A/G SNPs in Slovenian reproductive couples.

Maternal plasma TIMP-4 levels combined with clinical risk factors for the early prediction of pregnancy-induced hypertension

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to create a model for early predicting pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) using plasma markers and clinical risk factors.

METHODS

A nested case-control study was performed at the Laboratory Department of Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center. From a prospective cohort of tens of thousands of unselected women with singleton pregnancies at 8-20 weeks gestation, maternal plasma samples were obtained from 73 women who subsequently developed PIH (PIH group) and 146 gestational age- and maternal age-matched women with normotensive pregnancies (control group). Proteins extracted from the plasma samples were screened by microchip and verified by ELISA. Clinical risk factor data were analyzed retrospectively.

RESULTS

Compared to the control group, high concentrations of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-4 (TIMP-4) were found in women with PIH (P = 0.000). Univariate risk factor analysis identified three variables with significant differences between the groups: family history of PIH (P = 0.031), body mass index (BMI; P < 0.001), and non-glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency-induced anemia (P < 0.027). Multiple regression analyses revealed a significant relationship of PIH with TIMP-4 levels, BMI, and family history (combined area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.820).

CONCLUSION

Upregulation of plasma TIMP-4 might contribute to PIH processes. Potential risk factors of this disease may include a family history of PIH and BMI. The combination of TIMP-4 levels and these risk factors may have some predictive values for PIH. Future multicenter studies including greater numbers of samples, analyzed proteins, and risk factors are needed to obtain a higher predictive value of the model for the clinical diagnosis of PIH.